... of electrical sources. An electrical source is a device
that is capable of converting nonelectric energy to electric energy and
vice versa. A discharging battery converts chemical energy to electric ... than its electrical properties for the
flashlight design. Electrically, we can model the
connector with an ideal resistor, labeled R
{
.
The case also serves both a mechanical and an...
... identical electrical components.
For
example,
resistors produced from
the
same manufacturing process
can
vary
in
value
by
as
much
as
20%. Therefore,
in
creating
an
electrical ... instrumentation systems are good examples
because in the transmission of information, or data, via electric signals, the
power available at the transmitter or detector is limited.
Thus,
transm...
... with electric fields. The source of the electric field
is separation of charge, or voltage. If the voltage is varying with
time,
the electric field is varying with
time.
A time-varying electric ... capacitor is an electrical component that consists of two
conductors separated by an insulator or dielectric material. The
capacitor is the only device other than a battery that can...
...
Capacitance is a linear circuit parameter that relates the
current induced by a time-varying electric field to the
voltage producing the field. (See page 182.)
Inductors and capacitors are ... voltage divider just as the series resistor circuit did in Chapter 3.
In both voltage-divider circuits, the output voltage does not depend on
the component values but only on their ratio. Here...
... portions of the system. In power circuits, transformers are used to estab-
lish ac voltage levels that facilitate the transmission, distribution, and con-
sumption of electrical power. A knowledge ... finding the Thevenin
equivalent voltage and impedance are identical to those used for resistive
circuits, except that the frequency-domain equivalent circuit involves the
manipulation of c...
... or decrease
voltages from a source to a load. Thus, ideal transformers are used widely
in the electric utility industry, where it is desirable to decrease, or step
down, the voltage level at
... low-voltage appliances (such as televisions) and
higher voltage appliances (such as electric ranges). Appliances such as
electric lamps, irons, and toasters all carry rms ratings on their nameplates. ... volt-amps. The
apparent power, or volt-amp, requirement of a device designed to convert
electric energy to a nonelectric form is more important than the average
power requirement. Al...
... circuit for
the system in Fig.
11.21.
Practical Perspective
Transmission and Distribution of Electric Power
At the start of this chapter we pointed out the obligation utilities have to
maintain
... + 3 + /4
(12.57)
Again, we need to make some observations. First, in physically realiz-
able circuits, complex roots always appear in conjugate pairs. Second, the
coefficients associated with
... opera-
tional transform pairs are summarized in Table 12.2.
(See page 437.)
In linear lumped-parameter circuits, F(s) is a rational
function of s. (See page 444.)
If F(s) is a proper rational function,
...
acting alone.
The
Use of
Superposition
Because
we are
analyzing linear lumped-parameter circuits,
we can use
superposition
to
divide
the
response into components that
can be
identi-
fied