... in an electrical
network. Kirchhoff’s laws, along with Ohm’s law, form the basis of circuit theory.
Born the son of a lawyer in Konigsberg, East Prussia, Kirchhoff entered
the University of Konigsberg ... large variety ofelectric circuits. Kirchhoff’s
lawswerefirst introduced in 1847 by theGermanphysicistGustav Robert
Kirchhoff (1824–1887). These laws are formally known as Kirchhoff’s
current ... chemist Robert Bunsen led to the
discovery of cesium in 1860 and rubidium in 1861. Kirchhoff was also credited with
the Kirchhoff law of radiation. Thus Kirchhoff is famous among engineers, chemists,
and...
... model of the
Lagoon of Venice by application of the steady-state software ECOPATH. Response
models are also presented. The Vollenweider model for temperate lakes is used as
an illustration of ... determine the optimum number of
subsystems to be included in the model for an acceptable level of accuracy defined by
the scope of the model. Due to lack of data, it will often become necessary at ... one of the core properties of eco-
systems: adaptation by change of the properties of the biological components or
by a shift to other better-fitted species. This development is considered of...
... United States of America
567891O-CRK-060504
FUNDAMENTALS OF
NGL
GRAMMAR
Third
Edition
with
Answer
Key
Betty
Schrampfer
Azar
FUNDAMENTALS
OF
'
GRAMMAR
Third
Edition
,'i ...
6-1
Pronunciation of final -s/-es
157
6-2
Plural forms of nouns
158
6-3
Subjects. verbs. and objects
159
6-4
Objects of prepositions
161
6-5
Prepositions of time
163
6-6 ...
178
6-14
Singular forms of other: another
vs
.
the other
181
6-15
Plural forms of other: other(s) vs
.
the
other(s)
183
6-16
Summary of forms of other
.
.
186
Vlll
CONTENTS...
...
The new editions of the texts in the Azar Grammar Series include these changes:
The communicative aspects are more fully developed and explicit in the third
editions. This editionof
Fundamentals ...
X
CONTENTS
Preface to the
Third Edition
Fundamentals of English Grammar
is a developmental skills text for lower-intermediate
and intermediate students of English as a second or foreign ... information with a variety of exercises and activities.
FundammtaLF of English Gmmmar
is the second in a series of three texts:
Bmic
English
,
Gmmmar
(red cover),
Fundamentak ofEnglish Grammar...
...
I am standing in front of an unpainted wall. I'm opening a can of paint. Now
'
I,
I'm picking up
a
paintbrush. I'm dipping the brush in the can of paint. I'm
lifting ... activities in progress. Work in groups or
as a class.
FIRST:
One member of the group pretends to do something, and the rest of the
group tries to guess what the action is and describe it, using ... Now I'm painting the wall.
Suggestions for actions:
painting a wall
drinking a cup of tealcoffee
petting a dog
dialing a telephone
climbing a tree
playing the piano
diving into a...
... meaning
of
frequency adverbs. (Chart
1-3)
Directions: Answer the questions. Discuss the meaning of
the
frequency adverbs.
What
is
something
that.
. .
1.
you
seldom
do?
2.
you often ... contain the most important news of the day.
14. Water freeze at 3 2OF (O•‹C) and boil at 212•‹F (lOO•‹C).
15.
Mrs.
Taylor never cross the street in the middle of a block. She always walk to ... not
marked by
"t")
rarely occur at the beginning or
end of a sentence. Their usual position is
in
the
middle of a sentence.
Frequency adverbs usually come between the
subject...
...
.
At least,
I
(think, not/
so.
3.
A:
(your
ftimds,
write)
a lot of e-mails?
B: Yes,
.
I
(get/
lots of e-mails all the time.
4.
A:
(the students, take)
a test in class right ... tan.
:/
i
:
":
ney
to music on a radio. They also
(hear)
the sound of seagulls and the sound of the waves.
6.
A:
What
(you, think)
about right now?
B:
I
(think)
about ...
A:
(you, believe)
only those things that you can see?
Look at the trees out the window. All of them
(grow)
at this very moment, but you can't see the growth. They
(ger)
bigger and...
...
(4 stop
stopping stopped
plan planning planned
lW0-SYLLABLE
VERBS
NO visiting visited
offering offered
YES
(0
pref+
preferring preferred
admit
admitting admitted
(g) play
leg
played ...
-ing
or
-ed
form.'
If the first syllable of
a
two-
syllable verb is stressed, do
not double the consonant.
If the second syllable of a
two-syllable verb is suessed,
double the consonant. ... 4:30 this morning.
,
.
2.
(
.
.
.
)
is standing in the comer of the classroom.
3.
(
.
.
.
)
stands in a comer of the classroom during class each day.
,
4.
(
.
. .
)
stood...
... glasses of water.
6.
Karen had to choose between a blue raincoat and a
tan
one. She finally
the blue one.
7.
My husband gave me a painting for my biiday. I it on a wall
(>din my office. ... -ED forms. (Chart 2-5)
Diremom:
Write the
-ing
and
-ed
forms of the following verbs. (The simple past/past
participle of irregular verbs is given in parentheses.)
-1NG
1.
start
stavi-iczp] ... outside.
,
T
20.
The children had a good time at the park yesterday. They the
ducks small pieces of bread.
21.
My dog
a hole in the yard and buried his bone.
22.
Ahmed
.
his apartment
in...
...
pairs of sentences. Discuss their use. What
are
the similarities between the two tenses?
1. A: Where are
Ann
and Rob?
I
haven't seen them for a couple of weeks.
B: They're out of ...
(be)
18
19
L
!
a kid. My family
(be)
too poor. Once
I
(try)
20
to learn on the bike of one of my friends, but the other kids
'id1
:>
'
,
21
all
(laugh)
at me. I never ... How is he?
A:
He looks fine.
B: Where did you see him?
A:
On the sidewalk near the corner of5th and Pine. He was walking to work.
EXERCISE
19.
Present and past verbs. (Chapters
1
and...
...
(weave)
in and out of the heavy tratFc. To Oscar,
35
the bicyclist
(seem)
fearless.
36
Oscar
([earn, never)
how to ride a bike when he
(be)
37
a child, so Toshi
(offer)
to teach him. ... finds happiness,
a poor orphan who succeeds in life with the help of a fairy godmother, a hermit who
rediscovers the joys of human companionship, etc. Discuss possible story ideas in class. ...
"immediately after"
PUNCTUATION:
Put a comma at the end of a time
clause when the time dause comes first in
a
sentence
(comes in front of the main clause):
time clause
+
comma
+
main
clause...