ai chon eat tieng dan/ Tieng dan n h u eo mpc hoang". Tieng dan la tugng trui^^ cho tai nang va so phan ciia Lorca. Bpn phat xit da v u i chon Lorca nhi'^^ chiing khong the nao dap tat dug-c ngh^ thuat, tai nang va nhan pham "^"^^ Lorca. Cach so sanh " n h u c6 moc hoang" cho thay tieng dan hoang dai, bi^^ bung mpt sue song khong c6 gi c6 the dap tat duge nen Lorca tro thanh bat t^'
Hai cau tho cuoi, hinh anh tho d?p nhung d u g m buon : "giQt nuoc mat -
vang trang- long lanh trong day gieng". tho'ng thi anh nay gan voi the gidi j^gh? thuat sieu thuc ciia Lorca. No vua gan gui vua la lung. H i n h anh "gipt
j^itdc mat vang trang" c6 the hieu thanh: "gipt nuoc mat" la bieu tugng cho su
cao quy ciia tam hon; "vang trang" la bieu tugng cho su vinh hang, vinh cuu
ciia ty nhien. Hai hinh anh ay ket h^p lai v o i nhau tao nen ve d?p lung linh "giot nuoc mat vang trang". Gipt nuoc mat ay lai "long lanh trong day gieng" ]jiien ta lien tuong toi sy hi sinh ciia c6 gai thanh nien xung phong trong bai tho "Khoang troi ho'bom" ciia Lam Thi M y Da:
Em nam du&i dd't sau
Nhu khoang trai da nam yen trong dat ' , i i • •
Dim dim, tam hon em toa sang ' ' '
Nhimg VI sao ngai choi, lung linh ' -^^'•
Ho bom va day gieng noi nhimg nguoi chien sT ay nga xuong la hi^n than tpi ac ke thii nhung ky la thay, noi ma ke thii ngo da v i i i lap dupe nhimg nguoi anh hiing ay lai la noi tro thanh v i sao ngoi choi lung linh, noi tam hon hp long lanh trong day gieng.
b. Kho tho cuoi la sy suy ttr ve cugc giai thoat va each gia tir ciia Lor-ca:
WJL, duang chi tay da ditt
^ ^ • K , dong song rgng vo cung
^^H|i! Lor-ca bai sang ngang ^^^R tren chiic ghi ta mau bqc ^ ^ ^ K chang nem la bua co gdi Di-gan ^ ^ ^ V ^ vao xody nuac
^^^B chang nem trai tim minh HpP^ vdo lang yin bat chat ^(f li-la li-lali-la...
Cai chet dupe dien dat qua: "duong chi tay da dut" nghia la sinh m f nh da ^^t- Nha phe binh Chu Van Son gpi do la "cii giang phu phang trai ngang ciia So menh". Lorca da t u gia coi doi nay, tir gia cupc tranh dau chua den hoi ket thiic de "boi sang ngang". Va dong song rpng tro thanh gioi ranh ngan tro hai
am - duong. Tren dong song v6 cung ay nguoi nghf sT Lorca dang lam '^^c hanh trinh giai thoat eixng ehiec ghita mau bae. Tren dong song so phan rihieu each de "boi". Co nguoi ehpn each boi theo dong chay ciia dong song (^ha'p nhan buong xuoi). Co nguoi boi ngupc dong song (vay vung chong lai
|*^h m^nh). 6 day Lorca "boi sang ngang" la sy diit khoat choi bo tat ca de ve
"^^^sieu sinh.
H i n h anh cay dan c6 su bien ao t u mau nau, mau xanh, mau do da chuye'n hoa thanh "mau bac" - mau h u ao. Chang di ve coi vTnh hang coi "lang yen bat chgt". Lorca khong boi xuoi theo dong song, khong boi ngugc dong song de chong lai so'phan nghi#t nga cua minh, ma chang chpn "boi sang ngang". Day
chinh la su diit khoat gia tu. .fx; '
Voi mpt tarn the hanh dong kien quyet "nem la bua c6 gai Digan - nem trai tim minh". La bua la than ho m^nh, trai t i m la su song nhung gio day chang khong can den no niia chang nem tat ca vao xoay nuoc vao cupc tranh da'u, nem vao coi "lang yen bat chpt". Do la tam the, t u the cua nguai chien sT: san sang don nhan cai chet. Nhung do khong phai la cai chet "ve voi cat b u i " ma la cai chet hoi sinh, gieo mam su song.
Cau tho cuoi mo phong am thanh ciia tie'ng dan "li-la-li-la-li-la" tao nen mgt khuc nhac tram himg. No tua nhirng tieng dan dem cuoi ciing nham tao nhung d u am sau khi loi hat da ngung. A m thanh ay la linh hon cua Lorca. Tie'ng dan mang ten loai hoa L i La n h u mpt su song lang le toa huong, hi^n hiru giija cupc doi. Va Lorca cua chung ta da ra di trong am thanh va m u i huong hoa ay. Chuoi am thanh "lila' ay con gpi nen mpt y nghia khac: no gpi hinh anh nhiing trang hoa chuoi hoa bat tim lien tie'p. Do la nhiing doa hoa ngudi doi, nguoi tho tham kinh vieng huong hon Lorca hay chinh la ngan muon doa hoa cua su song dang nay no t u cai chet dau thuong ciia nha thi si, the hi^n sue song bat diet ciia nhiing gia tri chan chinh tren coi doi nay.
3. Nghe thuat: Thanh cong cua doan tho tren chinh la nho vao mpt so thii
phap ngh? thuat: cau tho khong viet hoa dau dong tao cam xiic lien mach;
ngon nga giau hinh anh (tupng trung sieu thuc); diep ngir; an du chuye'n doi
cam giac; tho ket hpp voi am nhac... tat ca da mang den mpt gipng tho moi la, truu tupng nhung cung rat de hieu.
I I I . K E T B A I
Tom l ^ i , doan tho ta vua phan tich 6 tren la mpt doan tho hay trong bai tha
"Dan ghita cua Lorca". Thanh Thao da tao dung chan dung nguoi nghf si - chien sT Garcia Lorca mpt each trung thuc, khien nguoi dpc cam nhan ro ve dep tam hon, tinh each dam cha't Tay Ban Nha cua Lorca. Bai tho gay xiic dong manh liet cho nguoi dpc, su cam thuong tie'c nuo'i truoc nguoi nghf si, chien si tai hoa bac m?nh. Gang yeu quy Lorca ta cang cam ghet nhirng the'lyc bao tan da cuop di nguoi nghe sT v i dai cua chiing ta. Gau mong cho anh dupe yen nghi trong m i i i huong l i - la vTnh hang. Nhan loai se mai nho den anh ! Cam on Thanh Thao - nha tho each tan ciia Viet Nam hi^n dai nguoi da mang den cho tho ca Vi§t Nam tie'ng noi giau chat suy tu, tran tro thoi ky doi moi.
3: Phan Hch bai tha "Dan ghita cua Lorca" cua nha tha Thanh Thao"
(Sach giao khoa Ngu van 12, tap 1, NXB Giao Dye 2012) BAI L A M
Thanh Thao thupc the'h^ nha tho truong thanh t u cupc khang chien chong I^y cuu nuoc nhung da tao dupe gipng di?u rieng ngay t u khi trinh lang thi
phaVn dau tien "Dau chan qua trang c6" roi den "Nhitng ngucri di tai bien", sau
<j6 la " K h o i vuong ru-bich". 6ng luon tim toi kham pha, sang tao tim each
bieu dat moi qua hinh thuc cau tho t u do, dem den mpt m l cam hien dai cho
tha bang thi anh va ngon t u moi me. "Dan ghita cua Lorca" la bai tho tieu bieu
cho kieu t u duy sang tao ay:
"nhimg tie'ng dan bot nu&c lila-lila-lila ..."
Lam nen cam hung ciia bai tho la hinh tupng tho Gacia Lorca - mpt ten tuoi ion ciia dat nuoc Tay Ban Nha. Do la nguoi nghe si tranh da'u chong lai chii nghia phat xit va each tan nen nghe thuat da gia nua ciia dat nude Tay Ban Nha. Anh hi sinh khi su nghi^p dang 6 dinh cao, de lai trong long nhan dan Tay Ban Nha noi rieng va nhan dan the gioi noi chung niem tie'c thuong v6 han. T u hinh tupng a'y, Thanh Thao da sang tac bai tho nay.
Thanh Thao mo dau bai tho bang chinh di nguyen ciia Lor-ea "Khi toi chel hay chon toi voi cay dan". Day la mpt di nguyen vua thieng lieng vua cao
thuong. A n h khong muon suo't doi la cai bong ngan can su phat trien ciia nhiing tai nang tre cua dat nuoc minh. Day chinh la cai tam ciia nguoi ngh^ sT Ion suo't doi hi sinh cho ngh^ thuat va da'u tranh chong phat xit bao tan. Ve mpt y nghia khac Dan ghita da gan voi giay phiit cuoi ciing ciia cupc doi Lor- ca. Cai chet ciia nguoi nghe sT ay va nhiing pham chat tai nang ciia anh da bat gap hon tho Thanh Thao lam nen thi pham tuy?t biit nay.
Bai tho CO loi dien dat khong viet hoa dau dong tao nen mpt sv lien mach
mpt dong chay ciia cam xiic khong eo diem dung. Su tai hoa ciia Thanh Thao con lam ta lien tuong bai tho nhu mpt ban dan ngan vang voi am thanh
li-la" menh mang, diu dat viit cao chap canh dua nguoi ngh^ si bay viit len
tren tat ca bao tan va chet choc.
nhibig tie'ng dan bgt nuoc , ^
Tay Ban Nha do choang do gat J '
I li-la, li-la, li-la • - i ' ^ ^' ; ^: •
di lang thang ve mien dem doc ' ' voi vang trang chue'nh chodng
tren yen ngua moi mon " •'
N h u n g cau t h o m a d a u g i a u sue g ^ i m a n g den m p t t r u o n g l i e n t u o n g ve
m p t da't n u o c d^p t u a i vol t i e n g g h i ta l a m me say l o n g n g u o i , n h i m g v u n u
D i g a n v d i Ian da r a m nSng v a v u k h i i c Flamenco chay b o n g , n h u n g t r a n da'u bo rue l u a va d a n h d u ciia n g u o i k i e m si va k h o n g the thie'u n h i i n g m i e n thao n g u y e n bao la x a n h b o n g nang. G i i i a nang va gio, g i i i a bao la t h i e n dia, Lorca h i ^ n l e n n g o i sang t r o n g t h o . Sy chuyen d o i cam giac t u t h i n h giac sang t h i
giac tao nen « t i e n g d a n b p t n u o c » day bien ao, k h i t r o n to, k h i phap phong t h o n thuc, k h i v o ra tuc t u o i n h u m o t « thien bac m ^ n h » c6 t i n h d u bao ve n h i r n g c h o n g gai, trac t r o m a so phan n g u o i n g h ^ sy se phai d o n n h a n 6 phia t r u a c . V a m a u « a o choang d o gat» tiep theo sau t i e n g d a n b p t n u o c ay c h i n h la
nhiJTig t r a n da'u b o s i n h t u . N h u n g dau t r u o n g bo t o t n g a y t r o n g s u chuyen
g a m cua T h a n h Thao da t r o t h a n h m p t dau t r u o n g c h i n h t r i k h o n g 16, ngot ngat, cang thang, d a m m a u cua Tay Ban N h a t h o i do. M a u ao cua k i e m si « do
g i t » l e n hay nen c h i n h t r i dpc tai t h a n phat x i t d a n g t h i e u d o t t u d o d a n chu
va k i e m h a m s y p h a t trien cua m p t nen nghe t h u a t d a n g gia coi. D a y la mpt tran chien I o n g i u a m p t ben la khat v p n g dan chu cua n h a n d a n n o i c h u n g , cua Lor-ca n o i r i e n g v o i nen c h i n h trj dpc tai. Xet t r o n g l l n h v u c n g h ^ thuat, d o la
cupc x u n g d p t giOa k h a t v p n g each tan eiia nha t h o v o i n e n n g h e t h u a t gia nua. Xet o phuong d i ? n nao t h i Lorca c u n g la m p t chien si d o n dpc d a n g t h u o n g .
G i u a liic t r a n d a u d a n g cang thSng t h i b p n g v a n g len a m t h a n h d u d u o n g , bp'ng t r a m ciia t i e n g dan: li-la, li-la, li-la m p t t h a n h a m t r o n g treo, t h a n h tao q u y ^ n hoa m i i i h u o n g hoa L i l a d i u d i u , Ian toa v o i n h i i n g canh hoa m a u t i m
n o n g nan d a y sue song giua k h u n g canh bao tan va chet choc. D a u t r u o n g
khoc liet n h u o n g cho cho s u t h a n g hoa cua n g h ^ thuat. A i n o i n g h f thuat
k h o n g CO sue m a n h . K h o n g ! N g h § t h u a t c h i n h la sue m g n h v 6 d i c h c6 the hoa
giai m p i han t h u . V a chang ngh$ sy cua c h i i n g ta d a n g t h a n g hoa t r o n g ban hoa tau G h i t a d a y l a n g m a n . N g u o i dpc n h u d a n g d p i m a t theo t u n g b u d c chan
lang t u cua n g u o i n g h f sy tren h a n h t r i n h "lang thang vemien don doc" c i i n g voi
"vang trang - yen ngm". D a y la m p t h f t h o n g t h i anh t h u o n g bat gap t r o n g tho
Lorca, chang kj sy m p t m i n h t r e n l u n g "con ngtea den/ vang trang do" v o i nhiSng
ban d a n g h i t a p h i e u b p n g c i m g giac m o t r a n h da'u. T r p n g t h o T h a n h Thao,
Lorca h i e n len v o i d a n g d i ? u "chuenh choang". D a y la m p t h i n h anh m a n g cai h p n say cua n g u o i n g h ^ sy, k h o n g p h a i cai say t a m t h u o n g cua n h u n g coc
r u p u v a n g d o m a la say t r o n g t r a n h da'u, say t r o n g sang tao ngh? thuat. NeU
n h u chang D 6 n - k i - h 6 - t e t r o n g t r a n g v a n ciia Xec-van-tec m a i mie't v o i giac rr\o h i e p SI t h i Lorca mai "ntoi mdn" t r o n g hanh t r i n h chong lai tpc ac ciia be lu Pho-
rang-c6. N h u n g d a n g t h u o n g thay, t r o n g hanh t r i n h k h a t v p n g ay, Lprca la
m p t n g h ^ s l CP d o n t r o n g sang tao nghe t h u a t v a c6 dpc t r o n g chien da'u
N h u n g k h o n g v i the "con hoa mi cua xit Granada Iqi ngimg hot". C h a n g van
"Manh liet nhu tram ngansu tie/Vimgchdc nhu cam thqch" (Tho LoTca)
Cang chien da'u, Lorca cang say me, eang "hat ngheu ngao». N h u n g phO h a f g thay "ducmg chi tay da diet", d i n h m e n h da khie'n chang n g h ^ si d u ea cua
^hu"? P'^^' d a n g h a n h t r i n h k h a t v p n g . Phat s u n g ciia b p n phat x i t d a
^anh ha Lorca d a n g t h u o n g . T h a n h Thao t h o t len s u n g so "bong kinh hoang".
fjhu' k h o n g t i n vao m a t m i n h nua. Ca dan tpc Tay Ban N h a b a n g hoang, ca the
•Ai n i n lang/ ban giao h u o n g c h i i n g x u o n g r o i Igi v i i t cao len theo "mau anh hurt nhu liea dan cau vong". T h a n h Thao tao d y n g cai chet day b i p h a n a i a
liguoi anh h u n g m p t each t i i c t u o i bang t h i i p h a p n g h f t h u a t do'i lap. D61 lap
gifia n i e m t i n , t i n h y e u va lac quan, khat v p n g "hat ngheu ngao" v o i s u that p h u phang "^^ choang be bet do". Do la m a u m a u ciia Lprca l a m t a m ao choang d o g i t cang t h e m "be bet do". Do'i v o i Lorca, anh l u o n d u c a m v e cai chet n h u n g
anh ciing k h o n g the n g o r a n g cai chet lai den v o i m i n h n h a n h d e n the. A n h da
tirng thot len "Tor khong muo'n nhin thay maul". N h u n g m a u da d o . N g u o i k i e m
Sl muon m p t cai chet v i n h q u a n g g i i i a da'u t r u o n g c u n g v o i d o i k i e m sac n h u n g
lai bi ke t h u h a n h h i n h m p t each len l i i t bat m i n h . N h u n g Lprca chap nhan n h u
nguoi each m a n g da chap n h a n "Dan than vo la phai chin til day/ Guomi kecosung
ketai/ La than song chi coi con mot niea". Va v i chap nhan, n g u o i anh h i i n g da
ung d u n g , b i n h t h a n ra giua p h a p t r u o n g "chang di nhu nguoi mong du". M p n g
du la trang t h a i ciia t a m hSn da r o i the xac n h u n g k h o n g c6 n g h i a la b i e n m a t khoi the xac. T a m h o n va t i n h than ciia Lorca da g u i tat ca vao cupc t r a n h da'u va v i the'buoc chan m p n g d u da hpa t h a n h n h i i n g b u o c chan a n h h u n g . Cang tiec t h u o n g c h a n g n g h § s i bao n h i e u c h i i n g ta lai cang cam p h a n t p i ac bay nhieu. V a Lorca da h i sinh n h u n g nhCing ke that bai l a i c h i n h la be l u p h a t x i t . Boi chiing c h i c6 the h i i y d i ^ t d u p e t h a n xac ciia Lprca n h u n g k h p n g the h i i y di?t dupe sue sp'ng ciia anh d a n g b u n g n o g i u a ban hpa tau t r a m h u n g m a n g am Huong ciia n h i i n g tieng G h i t a n o n g nan v i d i e u :
tieng ghi -ta ndu j , bdu troico gdiay
tieng ghi -ta Id xanh biel may tieng ghi -ta tron bot nuoc va tan tieng ghi -ta rang rong mdu chdy
^ f5i?p k h i i c d o n d a p qua n h i p t h o T h a n h Thao n h u da l o t ta d u p e cai bang .^^'^g cam p h a n t r o n g ban g h i ta b i trang! T o i g p i day la k h i i c bien tau ciia dan, no thay m a u c h u y e n g a m rat 1?, bien ao k h o n g n g u n g va dac bi$t sinh soi nay no, g i p t nay v o d i , gipt k i a l a i trao ra k h o n g d u t . D o c h i n h la ^ song! T h a n h Thao s u d u n g an d u c h u y e n d o i cam giac m a n g den s y l i n h k h i m i e u ta t i e n g d a n . M a u nau xua't h i f n suy t u , t r a m t i n h d e n la t h u o n g . ° m a u n a u ciia cay dan, m a u n a u ciia da't dai, m a u n a u ciia Ian da r a m
nang tren than h i n h n h u n g v u n u Digan hoc Ivra. Truoc giay p h u t t u H, charig
da ngmic n h i n len bau troi xanh tha thiet "bau trai cd gdi ay". D o la bau troi cug
khat vpng, bau t r o i yeu t h u o n g noi c6 bong hinh nang Maria thuy chung. DQJ
lap vai mau nau tram tinh la mau xanh cua "tie'ng ghita Id xanh biel may". Ma^ xanh la sv hoa than cua Lorca va tieng dan vao thien nhien mang s\xc song
cay: mau xanh ciia n h i i n g v u o n cam, mau xanh cua thao nguyen va nhurig rang O l i u hay hang bach d u o n g n o i Lorca dang yen nghi. H a i tieng biet may nam 6 cuoi cau v u a la su tha thiet trong tinh cam cua n g u o i nghe sT Thanh Thao vua de ton them ve d?p cua tuoi tre Lorca - ve d?p cua nguai chie'n sj suot d a i h i sinh v i l i tuong.
Tieng dan khong chi mang sac mau bien ta'u ma con mang h i n h khoj d u o n g net n h u h i n h hai cua sinh menh. N o ciing tuc t u o i v a 6a, ciing biet noi