du kien nang sua't, san luong cua tung loai.
♦ Chi tieu vat tu:
> So 1 irong phan bon, thudc trur sau, thudc bao ve thuc vat, giong, thuy loi cho timg loai cay trdng la bao nhieu.
> Sd luong thuc an thd, tinh, thudc phong dich, cho tung loai vat nudi la bao nhieu
♦ C7// lien lao dong:
* Cong lam dat, gieo trdng, cham soc thu hoach, phong tru sau benh, van
ehuyen cho tirng loai cay la bao nhieu.
r Cong che' bien, chan tha, cham soc, phong dich benh cho tirng loai vat nuoi. c To chuc thuc hien va quan ly san xuat
Muc dich chu yeu cua trang trai la san xuat va kinh doanh hang hoa nong san, dap ung nhu cSu thi trudng trong khu vuc, trong nude tham chi la xuat khaiu. Viec quan ly san xua't kinh doanh trong trang trai gom cac noi dung chmh sau:
♦ Quan ly san xuat: doi vdi noi dung nay chu trang trai phai dam bao: ^ Sir dung dat dai co hieu qua, day du va hop ly.
^ Quan ly chu trinh san xuat tu khau khoi diem den khau tieu thu san pham.
^ Tiet kiem tranh that thoat von.
^ Quan ly tai san tong the theo nien han ro rang.
♦ Quan ly tdi chinh: day la noi dung quan trong. phuc tap va co nhung thay doi boi nhung yeu to khach quan nhu nang su&'t, chat luong san pham va di6n bien cua thi trudng... Do vay, viec quan ly tai chmh trong trang trai phai dam bao:
> Dau tir chi phi d muc can thiet thap nhat (von va lao dong).
> Hieu qua san xuat cao nhat the hien d muc doanh thu va loi nhuan cao, tir dd se cd gia tri ngay cong lao dong cao nhat.
> Chi phi bu dap cho lao dong song, cung cd co cau san xuat va cho tai san xuat mot cach hop ly.
♦ Quan ly nguon nhan life: do tmh chat thdi vu cua san xuat ndng nghiep lien quan chat tre den viec su dung nguon nhan lire, do vay de dam bao viec thuc hien ke hoach san xuat mot cach chu dong, chu trang trai can phai: ^ Xay dung ke hoach san xuat va lich canh tac cang cu the cang tot.
> Tmh toan nhu cau ve lao dong va can ddi lao dong trong di6u kien kha thi.
r Co ke hoach b6 i dudng lao dong de nang cao chat luang, nang suat lao dong. Mat khac can de ra che do thudng phat hop ly de kfch thich tinh than lam vice cua ngudi lao dong.
♦ Quan ly thi trudng va nguon tieu thu san pham: trong san xuat kinh doanh ndi chung va trong trang trai ndi rieng viec quan ly thi trudng va nguon tieu thu san pham cd tmh chat quyet dinh, dam bao su thdng loi cua chu trang trai. De thuc hien tot ndi dung nay chu trang trai phai:
^ Nam vung nhu cau cua thi trudng bang cach tiep can theo nhieu kenh thong tin true tiep va thudng xuyen.
^ Du bao duoc nhung kha nang ve di£n bien nhung nhu cau cua thj trudng. ^ Tao ra san pham hang hoa dap ung duoc nhung nhu cau lau dai cua thi trudng. ^ Nang cao sue canh tranh ciia san pham hang hoa tao ra.
^ Dam bao tin nhiem vdi khach hang.
Tom lai: Viec dao tao trinh do ehuyen mon va quan ly cho chu trang trai la yeu cau quan trong ddi vdi su phat trien cua cac trang trai san xuat hang hoa tren dia ban huyen Bdc Quang. Bdi vi, thong qua dd chu trang trai se ITnh hoi duoc nhung kien thurc ehuyen mon va quan ly can thiet cho viec dieu hanh hoat dong cua trang trai, han che duoc nhung riii ro chu quan do thieu kien thuc ehuyen mon va quan ly cua chu trang trai, giup trang trai nhay ben vdi su thay doi cua thi trudng.
3.4.2.2.3. Giai pliap ve ky thuat
Ve cong tac giong: De dat duoc muc tieu la tang nhanh nang suat va san luong cua timg loai cay trong va vat nudi thi cong tac giong giur vj tri quan trong.
Cav liia: thay cac giong dai ngay cd nang suat thap nhu CR 203, DT10, X21, X22 bang cac giong lua ngan ngay chu lire cd nang suat cao, kha nang chong chju tot nhu Khang Dan 18. Q2, Q s cua Trung Quoc, nep IR 352, Tap giao 1...
Cav ngo: su dung cac giong ngo mdi nhu: VN25 do Vien Nghien ciru
Ngo lai tao, CD- DK999, CD- DK8 8 8, CP 989, CP 2000, cac ddng ngo lai
Bioseed nhu 9670, 9681, 9797... (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
Cay dau tirantz: sir dung giong DT- 2000, DT- 2001 do Vien Di truyen Nong nghiep san xua't co kha nang chju han, cho nang suat cao, chat lugng tot phu hap vdi dieu kien cua huyen Bac Quang.
Cay khoai lang: tap trung trong mot sd giong khoai lang cho nang suat cao nhir KL5, KB1, K51 nham lay san pham phuc vu chan nudi.
Cay lac: thay doi giong lac cu nhu Dd Bac Giang, V79 bang cac giong
nhir L1 2, L l4, L is cua Vien KHKT NN Viet Nam, MD7 cua Trung Quoc cd kha
nang chong benh cao, khong bi thdi cu hoac than, cho nang suat trung binh tu 29 den 56,5 ta /ha.
Cay che: Hien nay che trong tai cac trang trai cung nhu tren dja ban huyen deu la giong che Trung Quoc la to hay con goi la che Trung du dugc trong bang hat. De tang nang suat cung nhu chat lugng cua che Bac Quang canh tranh dugc tren thi trudng nham nang cao dugc gia tri kinh te thi cac trang trai can phai thay cac giong che tren bang cac giong che nhu TRI 777, LDP1, LDP2 trong bang hom cd kha nang phat trien manh cho nang suat cao va chat lugng tot.
Cay an qua: cai tao vudn tap, thay the cac giong cay an qua cd gia trj kinh te thap hoac nang suat thap bang cac giong cay an qua cd nang suat, chat lugng cao va cd gia tri kinh te nhu: Cam, Vai thieu, nhan long, hong khong hat.
Chan nuoi: vdi muc tieu ciia huyen la nham dua nganh chan nudi len thanh nganh san xuat chmh.
Bd: thay giong bd dia phuong cham ldn, nhd bang each cho lai vdi giong bd sind de lay con lai nudi lay thjt cho pham chat thjt tot, ldn nhanh.
L o n : dung cac giong lgn due ngoai nhu: Landrace, Yoocsai cho lai vdi lgn M ong Cai de lay con lai nudi thjt. Lgn con lai ra cd dac diem de nudi, chong ldn, chat lugng thit tot hon so vdi lgn thuan chung Mong Cai, ty le nac dat 40 - 43%
G a : Hien nay, ga dugc nudi tuong ddi nhieu tai cac trang trai chu yeu van la chan nudi ga tha vudn. Trong thdi gian tdi de’ chan nudi ga dat hieu qua cao thi c<m tap trung nudi theo phuong thuc cong nghiep hoac ket hgp vdi tha vudn
nhir: chan nuoi ga sieu thit, sieu trimg voi cac giong nhir: AA, Avian, Tam
hoang. Kabiar, IsaJa57...
Ky th u a t tham canh: can ehuyen djch co cau mua vu, tap trung gieo trong nh&ng giong ngdn ngay, coi san xuat vu dong la vu san xuat chmh thur 3
chu yeu la cay mau nhu: ngo, khoai va cac loai dau do. Doi voi cay che, ap (lung cac bien phap ky thuat can thiet (thiet bi tudi tieu, tii goc, bon phan...) nham tang nang suat, chat luong che vu ddng. Ve chan nudi, can xay dung co so thuc an phii hop vdi timg ddi tuong vat nudi, phong chong dich benh djnh ky, ap dung cac bien phap ky thuat vao chan nudi theo hudng cong nghiep, ehuyen mon hoa cao.
3 . 4 .2 . 2 .4 . Gidi phap rieng cho titng loai hinli trang trqi
Gidi phap riene : De kinh te trang trai phat trien dem lai hieu qua cao, ben vung thi mdi loai hinh trang trai phai cd nhirng hudng san xuat phii hop. Vi, phirong hudng san xuat quyet djnh san phaim san xuat ra ciia trang trai, quyet djnh tdi ket qua san xuat va hieu qua kinh te ciia trang trai
Ben canh nhirng giai phap chung cho cac loai hinh trang trai thi can thiet phai cd nhung giai phap rieng cho timg trang trai boi vdi mdi loai hmh trang trai cd ngudn luc, nhung dieu kien de’ phat trien rieng ma cac loai hinh trang trai khac khong the cd duoc.
Qua so lieu dieu tra va phan tich cho thay cac trang trai tren dja ban huyen se cd nhirng hudng phat trien rieng, phu thuoc vao dieu kien dat dai, von, lao dong ciia minh. Tren co sd dd tdi dua ra mot sd giai phap rieng cho mdi loai hinh trang trai cu the nhu sau:
V di loai hinh tranz trai cay lau nam: vdi dac diem la dien tfch dat tuong ddi ldn, do vay, trong thdi gian tdi loai hinh trang trai nay can tap trung vao mot sd hudng san xuat sau day:
Ve trong trot: vdi loi the ve dat dai sa'n cd, trang trai can quy hoach lai vudn tap loai bd nhung c£y cd gia trj kinh te th&p, thay ddi giong cay trong phu hop. Tot nhat la cac trang trai nen tim kiem vay duoc nhirng nguon von dai han dau tu vao dien tich trong cam va cac cay lau nam khac nhu che, nhan Ben
canh do, nhirng trang trai nao co dien tfch trong lua thi can tan dung dien tich nay trong cac loai cay mau de dap ung nhu cau cho sinh hoat cung nhu hd tro eho nganh chan nuoi phat trien.
Ve chan nuoi: dan dan coi chan nuoi la nganh cho thu nhap chmh trong trang trai, do vay phuong huong trong thdi gian tdi la phat trien nudi cac loai gia sue: Ion bao gdm ca Ion thit va Ion nai, cac loai gia cam nhu ga, vjt nhung vdi dieu kien la phai chu y khau phong dich benh
Ve dich vu: vdi loi the ve von va trinh do nhirng trang trai cd dieu kien thuan loi nen phat trien them nganh nghe dich vu nham tan dung may moc cung nhu nhung uu the khac cua trang trai minh.
Ve co sd vat chat: can dau tu mdi hoac thav the mot sd thiet bi phuc vu san xuat nhu chuong trai phuc vu chan nudi, mua may moc phuc vu viec tham canh san xuat de dat hieu qua cao hon ddng thdi tan dung lam dich vu trong khu vuc trang trai cua minh.
Loai liinli trang lia i chan nuoi: vdi dac diem la dien tich dat san xuat it nhung co so lao dong, do vay de trang trai minh phat trien, cac trang trai phai tap trung dau tir vao san xua't nham ehuyen mon hoa san xuat.
Ve trong trot: vdi dien tich han hep cua minh cac trang trai can phai su dung triet de dien tich dat con bd hoac trdng cay khong cd gia tri kinh te thay the bang trdng cay cam giong mdi de cd the tang dien tich trdng cam, cay trdng chu luc lai the cua huyen nham tan dung ngudn phan bon tu nganh chan nudi san xuat ra.. Ddi vdi dat trong lua, cac trang trai can tan dung quy dat han hep nay de dau tu tham canh nang dien tfch lua 1 vu len thanh 2 den 3 vu trong dd
co 1 vu la trdng mau vdi cay trong chii yeu la ngo, khoai lang nhdm cung cap
thurc an cho nganh chan nudi cua trang trai.
Ve chan nudi: tan dung loi the san cd cua minh ve chuong trai, kinh nghiem d£ phat trien hon nua nganh chan nudi. Tap trung toan bo vao chan nudi oja sue va gia cam nhu: Ion nai de’ cung cap Ion con nudi lay thit. Ion thit nudi 51 eon/lira, nudi ga thit vdi sd luong tuong ddi ldn khoang 150 den 2 0 0con /lira. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
Ben canh do nhirng Irang trai nao co loi the ve ao h6 nen phat trien nuoi tha ca nham phat trien theo hudng VAC.
Ve dich vu: phat trien them cac nganh ngh6 dich vu vdi quy md cung nhu
dia ban rong hon. Nham tan dung duoc may moc tir dd nang cao hieu qua su dung cua tai san ed dinh. Gop phan nang cao ty trong ciia nganh dich vu trong co cau gia tri gia tang cua trang trai.
Loai hinh trang trai kinh doanh tong hern: la loai hinh cd dien tfch dat binh quan ldn nhat, thuc te day la loai hinh san xuat cd hieu qua cao nhat, cd the ndi tiem nang dau tu phat trien cua loai hinh nay van con rat ldn
Ve trdng trot: vdi cay an qua tap trung cham soc sd cam hien cd dong thdi vdi quy dat van con thi cd the phat trien trdng them cam, nhan, hong khong hat nham da dang hoa san pham. Tiep tuc cham soc tham canh dien tfch ruong lua ket hop vdi trdng cay mau nham tao da cho sir phat trien ciia nganh chan nudi.
Ve chan nudi: tiep tuc tang quy md chan nudi vdi sd luong ldn, phat trien them chan nudi, phat trien chan nudi ga theo hudng ban cong nghiep tuc vira cho an thuc an tinh vira tha vudn nham dap ung nhu cau ciia ngudi tieu dung. Ngoai chan nudi ga. Ion thi ddi vdi loai hinh nay can phat trien them chan nudi dai gia sue de tan dung tot nguon dat dai rong ldn phat trien chan nudi bd, dong thdi phat trien them nudi de vi hien nay de vira cd gia tri kinh te cao lai, khong phai cham soc nhieu, thu'c an don gian, nhieu chiing loai.
Ve dich vu: tiep tuc phat trien nganh nghe djch vu tren dia ban xung quanh trang trai, nang cao chat luong djch vu, nganh nghe, dau tu them may moc hien dai hon nham ha gia thanh san pham.
KET LUAN
1. Kinh te trang trai ngay cang dong mot vai tro quan trong trong su phat
trien cua nong nghiep nong thon hien nay, dac biet 6 nhung viing doi nui nhu
Bac Quang, noi tiem nang ve dat dai con rat Ion.
2. Trong trang trai, muc tieu loi nhuan la muc tieu quan trong nhat, tuy nhien di kern theo muc tieu loi nhuan bao gom ca muc tieu chinh trj, kinh te- xa hoi va moi trudng.
3. O Bac Quang, chinh quyen dia phuong, cac to churc cu the la Uy ban nhan dan, Phong NN&PTNT va ngan hang rat chu trong, quan tam va tao dieu kien ve hd tro von, giong, giao dat giao rimg, tang cudng co sd ha ta n g ... de tao dieu kien thuan loi nhat cho cac loai hinh trang trai trong huyen phat trien. Tap trung xay dung diem tir 3 den 5 trang trai dien hinh de khong nhung cac trang trai trong huyen den hoc tap ma con khuyen khich ho ndng dan trong viing hoc tap gop phan vao phat trien ndng thdn trong viing.
4. Hien nay, d Bac Quang, loai hinh trang trai dang phd bien va phat trien manh la loai hinh ndng lam ket hop va nganh nghe djch vu. Cac trang trai trong huyen phat trien chii yeu cac loai cay trong cd tiem nang nhu: che, cay an qua (cam, vai, nhan), cac loai vat nudi nhu: ca, ga, Ion. Tuy vay, mot sd trang trai cung da manh dan dau tu vao ehuyen canh nhu nudi Ion, ca giong, chan nudi dai gia sue: trau, bd. Nhin chung, cac trang trai deu cd thu nhap tuong ddi cao, san xuat da hudng ra thj trudng, trang trai sir dung lao dong gia dinh la chmh, chu trang trai la ngudi khao khat lam giau, biet tmh toan Id lai. la ngudi am hieu thj trudng.
5. Tuy nhien, kinh te trang trai d Bac Quang con boc lo mot sd kho khan can sdm duoc khac phuc. Kho khan ldn nhat doi vdi la tieu thu san pham, ky thuat san xuat va von. Ben canh dd, thi nhung kho khan ben ngoai cung anh huong khong nhd den su phat trien nhu: he thong co sd ha tang, chat lumig cay con giong con chua dap ung duoc nhu cau, lao dong con thu cong, gap nhieu rui ro trong qua trinh san xu£t nhu an ninh.
LuMn van tot nghiep — Do Thi Bich L oan
6. T u ket qua nghien cuu ch o thay, yeu to chi phi, so lao don g ch m h , dientlc'h va trinh do quan ly cua chu trang trai c o anh huong ldn den ket qua va hieu