Ca tom tat va ghi chep deu la cac phuong phap tdng hop thong tin. Tire la, ca
hai deu sir dung ngon ngiJ. Thong tin cung c6 the duoc ma hoa dudi dang phi
ngon ngiJ hay dudi dang hinh anh. Paivio (Paivio, 1969, 1971, 1990; Sadoski & Paivio, 2001) da giai thich chi tiet ve each xir li th6ng tin ki^u naỵ Khia canh ngon ngi! ciia qua trinh xir li th6ng tin nay la de thay nhait ve kha nang dien dat, ve cai ma ngucri ta da doc, nghe, hay trai quạ Khia canh phi ngon ngir ciia qua
tiinh xijr If thong tin la de nhan thaiy nhât khi cac hinh anh trong tri nao dugc ket hop vdi trai nghiem cua con ngudị Vf du, mot hoc sinh da tiimg hoc va hie'u cac dac di^m xac dinh ciia te bao se c6 nhiJng hinh anh tam If gan vdi thdng tin dọ Cac hoat dong h6 trg hoc sinh trong qua trinh xijr If th6ng tin phi ngon ngiJ bao
gom viec tao ra cac bieu dien dugc bieu do hoa (Alvermann & Boothby, 1986; Armbmster, Anderson, & Meyer, 1992; Darch, Gamine, & Kameenui, 1986; Griffin, Simmons, & Kameenui, 1992; Horton, Lovitt, &Bergerud, 1990; McLaughlin, 1991; Robinson & Keiwra, 1996), lam ra nhiing mo hinh vat chat
(Corkill, 1992; Welch, 1997), san sinh ra cac hinh anh tam If (Muehlherr
&Siennann, 1996; Willoughby, Desmarias, Wood, Sims, & Kalra, 1997), ve cac
bwc tranh va cac chir tugng hinh (Macklin, 1997; Newton, 1995; Pmitt, 1993) va tham gia vao viec dien dat kien thiic bang dieu bg (Aubusson, Foswill, Barr, &
Perkovic, 1997;Druyan, 1997). g . i • i,
Ngoai ra, c6 kha nhieu nghien cuu cho tháy hieu qua cua qua tnnh xir If
^^ng tin theo cac hinh thiic phi ngon ngft. Bang 2.4 phan anh ve mot so nghien cuu dọ
M6t khia canh cua qua trinh xvr If phi ngdn ngu c&i noi dén la cac b6 phai) cua tri nh6 van dung m6t s6' loai diSn dat kien thiic phi ng6n ngiJ. Mayer (2003) mieu ta cac chien thuat ghi nhd nhu sau:
Cac thu thuat ghi nhd la cac thu thuat giup hoc sinh nhd cac tu lieu nhu cac su kien
thuc t€. Ghi nhd nghia la c6 the nhd lai va van dung cac tu lieu khong c^n tdi n() luc nhan tliiic ciia tri 6c... Cac chien thuat ghi nhd bao g6m cac hoat dong giiip
ngudi hoc nhd duoc tu lieu da duoc thii nghiem qua thdi gian. (tr. 364-365). Dieu quan trong la can nhan thdc rang khi duoc su dung mot each hiau qua cac thu thuat ghi nhd ve ban chat khdng phai la qua trinh tir duy bac thap. Thue
ra, neu duoc su dung thich hop, cac thu thuat nhd bao gom ca cac qua trinh tu duy bac cao (xem Hayes, 1981). Dang tied la mot so nha giao due ed khuynh hudiig danh dong cac thii thuat ghi nhd vdi su nhd thuoc long ma thuc ra la vi pham hau het cac nguyen tac ve viec sir dung hieu qua thu thuat nhd. Cu the, hoc sinh phai hieu thong tin tnrdc khi mot thii thuat nhd duoc van dung. Cac thii thuat nlid khdng chi giup hdi tudng lai thdng tin ma con giup hieu v6 thong tin dọ
Bang 2.4. Cac ket qua nghien ciJIU ve viec diln dat kien thuHc phi ngon ngiir
Nghien cijru
tong hop Trong tarn
So he so tac dong He so tac dong trung binh Phan vj dat difdc Powell, 19803 Cac thu thuat phi ngon ngu Chung
13 6 6 4 1,01 1,16 0,56 34 38 21 Stahl& Fairbanks, 1986
Cac thu thuat phi ngon ngu Chung
2 8 8 0,92 1,23 32 39 ,
Mayer, 1989 Cac thu thuat phi ngon ngu Chung
6 16 16 1,47 1,20 43 39 Guzzetti va nhiing nguoi khac, 1993
Cac thu thuat
phi ngon nguchung . 3 0,51 20
Hattie va nhijng nguoi khac,1996
Cac thu thuat
phi ngon ngu chung 9 0,91 32
Haas, 2005 Cac thu thuat (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
phi ngon ngu chung 5 0,38 15
50 ''••'':•'.•/.••:;'••!'.', ; ^''t 4.NTVKHDH_-B
Mghien cuTu
tdng hop Trong tarn
So he so
tac dong He so tac dong trung binh
Phan vj dat duoc
Lovelace, 2005 Cac thu thuat phi ngon nguchung - 0,82 0,92 0,42 29 32 16 Nesbit & Adesope,