CO sooxi hoa+3: N2O3, NaNOj, P2O3, H3PO

- c6 sooxih6a+5:

P^O,, H3P04-

b) Phan

trong

oxi hoa ciia

tang :

0 „ +5

4P + 5O2 ——> 2P2O,

Phan

trong

oxi hoa cua

giam: 3Ca+

^

3Ca+

^

Bai

a) Nguyen to nitd c6 so oxi hoa la bao nhieu trong cac hdp chat sau : NO, NO2,

b) Hay cho biet so oxi hoa cua N va P trong cdc ph5n t^ v^ ion sau day: NH3,

N H ; , NO2, NO3, NH4HCO3, P2O3,

PBrj.

Zn3(P04)2.

Gidi

a) NO, NO2, "NH3, N2Ọ NH4CỊ N2O3, N2O5, Mg3N2.

b) NH3, N H t ,

P,03, PBrj. T O ^ ,

^ai 3. Tir khong khi, nirdc, KCl, CaCOj. Hay viét cac phi^dng trinh phan

can thiet de dieu che

chat sau :

'han dgng va phuong phip gi5i H6a hgc 11 V6 ca - D5 Xuan Hung

Gidi

Hoa long khong khi, sau do chiTng cát phan doan de lay N2 sau do den O2. 2KC1 + 2H2O • ''^V • 2KOH + H j t + Cl.T

t i l ma ng nga n H2 + CI2 2HC1

Hoa tan HCl vao niTdc diTdc dung djch HCl

N2 + HCl . ' 2NH3 NH3 + HCI >NH4C1 NH3 + HCI >NH4C1 . 2H2O 2H2 + O2

4NH3 + 5O2 4 N 0 + 6H2O 2 N 0 + O2 > 2NO2 2 N 0 + O2 > 2NO2

4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O — > 4HNO3

KOH + HNO3 > K N 0 3 + H20 • NH3 + HNO3 >NH4N03

• CaCOj CaO + CO2

CaO + 2HNO3 > CăN03)2 + H2O

hay CaC03 + 2HNO3 > CăN03)2 + CO2T + H2Ọ

Bai 4. Viet phifdng trmh phan tfng dieu che cac oxit nitcf: N2O, NO, NO2, N2O3,

N2O5.

Gidi

N2O (khi cufcfi) dinitd o x i t :

NH4NQ3

^^""-''"""S

NO (nitcJ o x i t ) :

3Cu + 8HNO3 — ^ 3Cu(N03)2 + 2 N 0 + 4H2O

hoac 4NH3 + 5O2 4 N 0 + 6H2O

*= NO2 nitd d i o x i t :

C U + 4HNO3 d^c m^ng > CU(N03)2 + 2N02 + 2H2O * N2O3 dinitd trioxit (anhidrit nitd):

N2O3 di/dc dieu che bang cich tr6n NO vdi NO2 theo ti le the tich bang nhau roi ha thap nhiet dp xuong dirdi-100"C.

* N2O5 dinitcf penta oxit (anhidrit nitric):

Trong ph6ng thi nghi^m: N2O5 tao nen khi khiSr ntfdc ciia axit nitric dac, loang bkng P2O5 trong binh kin.

2HNO3 + P2O5 — > N2O5 + 2HPO3 (axit metaphotphoric)

hoac cho clo tdc dung vdi AgNGj (60"C): 54

2AgN03 + C I 2 N2O5 + 2AgCl + i o ^ .

Bai 5. Hoa tan C U 2 S trong H2SO4 dac nong diTtlc dung dich A va khi B. B Ikm mat mau nxidc brom, cho NH3 tac dung vdi dung dich A tdi du". Hoi c6 hien túdng gi xay rạ Viet cac phiTdng trinh phan tuf va ion dc giai thich hien tUdng tren.

(HVCNBCVT) Gidi Gidi

CU2S + 6H2SO4 dac nong > 2CUSO4 +

5SO2T

Phtfcfng trinh ion :

CU2S + 12H^ + 4S0^- > 2Cu^\ 5S02t + 6H2O K h i B l a S 0 2 .

S02 + Br2 + 2H20 > H2SO4 + 2HBr

Dung dich A la CUSO4.

CUSO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O > Cu(0H)2i + (NH4)2S04

Cu(0H)2 + 4NH3 > [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 (dung dich xanh tham) Cú* + 4NH3 >[Cu(NH3)4]^

Bai 6.

a) TCf hidro, clo, nitcJ va cac hoa chat can thiet, hay viet cac phifdng trinh hoa hoc (c6 ghi ro dieu kien phan iJng) dieu chéphan dam amoni cloruạ

b) Tuf khong khi, than, niTdc v^ cac chat xiic tac can thiet, hay lap sd do dieu ché phan dam NH4NO3.

Gidi

a) H2 + CI2 2HC1

N2 + 3H2 , ' 2NH3 p p

NH3 + HCl > NH4CI (amoni clorua).

b) Sd do dieu che phan dam NH4NO3:

K h S n g k h i- ^ ^ N 2 ^ pMn d o , „ X j c t ^ NO NO2 PI O _ dign ph5n ^ > ^ P xt, t + O: + H:0 N H . , NH4NỌ, HNO

i Bai 7. Viet phuttng trinh phan iJng nhiet phan cac muoi sau :

(NH4)2C03, NH4NO3, (NH4)2S04, KNO3, Fe(N03)3, AgN03.

Phan dang va phUOng phjp g\i\a hgc 11 Vfl co - B5 Xuan Hifng

(NH4)2C03 — ^

(NH4)2S04 — ^

2KN03 2 K N 0 2 + 0 2

2Fe(N03)3 — ^ Fe203 +

^Ô

AgNOj Ag + NO2 + ^ 0 2 .

Bui 8.

a) Ngi/di la san xuat supcphotphat đn va supepholphat kcp tijf qusing pirit va apatit

lhanh phan chinh la Ca3(P04)2. Viel cac phifdng trinh phan ifng xay

apatit

lhanh phan chinh la Ca3(P04)2. Viel cac phifdng trinh phan ifng xay

rạ

b) Hay giai thich vi sao khi bon cac loai phan dam

(NH4)2S04 do chiia cua dat tang len?

cua dat tang len?

Giai

a) Supcphotphat đn gom hai muoi CăH2P04)2 va CaS04

Supepholphat kcp : CăH2P04)2 Cac phan iJng xay ra :

Cac phan iJng xay ra :

4 F e S 2 + 1IO2

-A

+ 8S0:t

'2SO2 + O2 2SO3

S03 + H20^ >H2S04

Ca3(P04)2 + 2H2S04dạ >CăH:P04)2 + 2CaS04i

(supepholphat đn)

Ca3(P04)2

+ 3CaS04>l'

Ca3(P04)2

3CăH2P04)2 (supepholphat kep)

(supepholphat kep)

b) Cac muoi

(NH4)2S04 deu de bi thiiy phan, c6 ion NHj c6 tinh axit.

NH4NO3 > NH+ + NO3-

(NH4)2S04 > 2 N H; + S O ^

NH^ + H 2 O - > NH3 + H3O*

hay NH+

+ H*

Vay khi bon phan dam

hay (NH4)2S04 lam tang H"" trong dat (nghia la lam giam pH) do do do chua cua dat tSng len.

la lam giam pH) do do do chua cua dat tSng len.

66

D a n g 2.

- Viet sd d o p l i a n (ing

- Bo tCic v a h o d n tlianii pini/oing trinh BAI TAP IVlAU

IJai 1. Hoiin thiinh stJ do chuycn hoa sau va viet cac phúdng trinh hoa hoc

a) Khi A dungdich A B khi A C

(5) J ; "

D +

Biet rcHng A la hdp chat cua nild.

b)

Cu(N03)2 Cu(0H)2 Cu(N03)2 CuO

CUCI2 ^ Cu

Giai

a) Khi A : N H 3 ; B : N H 4 C I ; C : N H 4 N O 3 ; D : N.O

(1) NH3 + H 2 O - > N H 4 O H

(2) N H 4 O H + HCl > N H 4 C I + H2O

(3) NH4Cl + NaOH > NaCl +

(4) NH3 + H N O 3 > N H 4 N O 3

(5) NH4NO3 -A N2O + 2H2Ọ

b) (1) 4 N O 2 + O2 + 2H2O > 4 H N O 3

(2)

+ CuO > Cu(N03)2

(3) Cu(N03)2 + 2NaOH > Cu(0H)2 + 2NaN03

(4)

Cu(OH): +

— > Cu(N03)2

(5) Cu(N03)2 CuO +

(5) Cu(N03)2 CuO +

2 (6) CuO + Hj ^ > Cu +

(6) CuO + Hj ^ > Cu +

(7) Cu + CI2 - —> CuCb.

Bai 2. Lap piiiAJng Irinh hoa hoc cua cac phan tfng sau day va cho biet trong ciic phan ufng nay, P c6 tinh khiir hay tinh oxi hoa :

phan ufng nay, P c6 tinh khiir hay tinh oxi hoa :

P +

PfC!, >PCl3

P + S - >

P + Mg > Mg3P2

67

Phan d?ng va phuang phap giai H6a hqc 11 VP ca - 05 Xuan Hung Gidi 0 0 4 P + — - > 2 R , 0 5 P l i n h khur 2 P +3CI2 -> 2 P C I 3 P t i n h khur 2 P +3S- i — > +3 P2S3 ^{P t i n h khur} 2 P + 5 S > +5 P2S5 P t i n h khijr 2 P + 3 M g — _{-> M g ; ^} P t i n h o x i h 6 a 6 P + 5 K C I O 3 > 3%0, + 5KC1 P - t i n h khu".

B a i 3. Cho quang cancopirit (CuFeS2) tac dung v d i dung dich H N O 3 vuTa du, thu

dúdc k h i A khong mau, sau do k h i nay bien thanh mau nau trong khong k h i va dung dich B. Chia dung dich B l a m hai phan :

- Phan I tac dung v d i khi NH3 dir.

- Phan I I tac dung v d i dung dich BaClj cho ket tua mau trang. Xac dinh k h i A va cac chát trong B.

Viét cac phufdng trinh hda hoc xay rạ

Gidi

3CuFeS2 + 32HNO3 - » 3Cu(N03)2 + 3Fe(N03)3 + 1 7 N 0 + 6 H 2 S O 4 + IOH2O * K h i A : N O

2 N 0 + O2 > 2NO2

* Dung-dich B : Cu(N03)2. Fe(N03)3, H 2 S O 4

- Phan I : Cu(N03)2 + 4NH3 > [Cu(NH3)4](N03)2 (tan) Fe(N03)3 + 3NH3 + 3H20- > Fe(OH)34 + 3NH4NO3

H 2 S O 4 + 2NH3 > (NH4)2S04

- Phan I I : H2SO4 + BaClj > B a S 0 4 i + 2HC1.

B a i 4. L a p cac phUdng trinh hoa hoc : a) A g + HNO3 dac > N O j t + ? + ? b) A g + HNO3 K.a„g > N O T + ? + ? c) A l + HNO3 > N2OT + ? + ? d) Z n + HNO3 > NH4NO3 + ? + ? e) FeO + HNO3 > NOT + Fe(N03)3 +? g) Fe304 + HNO3 > NOT + Fe(N03)3 + ? h) H2PO4 + ? > HPOl' + ?

i) HPỖ + ? > H 2 P O 4 .

68

KWAwrfiviiiT

Gidi

a) A g + 2HNO3 > A g N O j + NO2T + H2O b) 3Ag + 4HNO3 ị,a„g > 3AgN03 + NOT + 2H2O c) 8A1 + 3OHNO3 > 3N2OT + 8A1(N03)3 + I5H2O d) 4Zn + IOHNO3 > 4Zn(N03)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O e) 3FeO + IOHNO3 > 3Fe(N03)3 + NOT + SH.O g) 3Fe304 + 28HNO3 > 9Fe(N03)3 + NOT + M H j O h) H2PO4 + O H - > H P O ^ + H2O

i) HPO4" + > H2PO4 .

Bai 5. V i e t phiTdng Irinh phan uTng thifc hicn day bien hoa sau :

a) Quang photphorit -> P(,r,ing) Ca3P2 PH3 P2O5 H3PO4 — Phan supephotphat kep <-

b) Ca3(P04)2 A ^ B C ^ D

c) Quang apatit ^ H3PO4 CaHP04 -> Ca3(P04)2 -> P(dc,) - > PCI3 — H3PO4 <-H3PO3 ^

Gidi

a) Ca3(P04)2 + 3Si02 + 5C SCaSiOj + 2P + 5CO

p ngimg tu ^ p

r (h<)i) * r ( i r i i i i g )

3Ca + 2P > C'diPi

CajPs + 6H2O > 2PH3 + 3CăOH)2 2PH3 + 4O2 > P2O5 + 3H2O P2Ọ, + 3H2O > 2H3PO4

2H3PO4 + CăOH)2 > CăH2p04)2 + 2H2Ọ b) A : P; B : Ca3P2; C : PH3; D : H3PO4

Ca3(P04)2 + 5C + 3Si02 ) 3CaSi03 + 2P + 5 C 0 (A) • 2P + 3Ca Ca3P2 (B)

Ca3P2 + 6HC1 > 3CaCl2 + 2PH3T (C) PH3 + 2O2 H3PO4 (D).

c) Quang apatit: 3Ca3(P04)2.CaF2

3Ca3(P04)2.CaF2 + IOH2SO4 > l ( ) C a S 0 4 i + 6H3PO4 + 2HF H3PO4 + Că0H)2 > CaHP04 + 2H2O

2CaHP04 + CăOH)2 > Ca3(P04)2 + 2H2O Ca3(P04)2 + 3Si02 + 5C > 3CaSi03 + SCO + 2P

PhSn d^ng phuang ph^p giai Hoa hqc 11 Vfl CO - D 5 Xuan Hang p ng^mg til p

» hiii * » mini;

Pirang * P j o

2 P + 3Cl2 > 2PCI3

PCI3 + 3H2O > H3PO3 + 3HC1

H3PO3 + - O , > H3PO4.

B a i 6. Hoiin thiinh cac phi/cfng Irinh phan ifng Ihco sd do sail :

NajCỌ, Fc(OH).,i + B + G ,;^,"'\ D

P ; t " ( 4 )

> ( 2 ) (5X + H.O

Fe304 ^ FC2O3 Gahi, (^"f^""" H - ^ ^ § 2 " ^ K,,HO B i c l rang phan tii^ D gom C, H , O, N vdi ti Ic khoi lifting lúcing úng la 3

: 7 vii trong phan tiV chi c6 hai ngiiycn lír nit(J.

Dat CTTQ cua D : C,H>0,N,. Ta c6 :

x : y : z : l = — — : — = 0,25:1:0,25:0,5 = 1 : 4 : 1: 2 12 1 16 14

: : > C T T Q: ( C H 4 0 N 2 ) „

V i D chi CO hai nguyen tuT niki ncn n = 1

=^CTPT cua D la CH4ON2 hay (NH2)2CO (iirc).

(1) : 3Na2C03 + 2FCCI3 + 3H2O > 2Fc(OH)3 + 6NaCl + 3CO2T (A) (B) (G) (2) : 2Fc(OH)3 Fe203 + 3H2O

(3) : 2Fe203 + CO 2FC3O4 + CO2

(E)

(4) : CO2 + 2NH3 > (NH2)2CO + H2O

(D)

(5) : (NH2)2CO + 2H2O > (NH4)2C03 (H)

(6) : (NH4)2C03 + H2SO4 > (NH4)2S04 + C O , ! + H2O

(7) : (NH4)2C03 + 2NaOH > NiXjCOi + 2NH3 + 2H2O ( K )

B a i 7. Lap cac phiTiIng trinh hoa hoc sau :

a) H3PO4 + K2HPO4 > b) H3PO4 + Că0H)2 >

1 mol 1 mol 2 niol 3 mol

7 0

c) NH3 j>f + CI2 > NH4CI +... d) (NH4)3P04 — > H3PO4 +...

e) H3PO4 + CăOH)2 > g) NH3 + C I . > N , +...

2 mol 1 mol h) NH3 + CH3COOH >...

Gidi

a) H3PO4 + K2HPO4 > 2KH2PO4

1 mol 1 mol

b) 2H3PO4 + 3CăOH)2 > Ca3(P04)2 + 6H2O 2 mol 3 mol

c) 8 N H 3 M + 3CI2 > 6NH4CI + N2

d) (NH4)3P04 ^ H3PO4 + 3NH3

e) 2H3PO4 + CăOH)2 > CăH2P04)2 + 2H2O 2 mol 1 mol

g) 2NH3 + 3CI2 ,d„ > N2 + 6HC1 h) NH3 + CH3COOH > CH3COONH4.

Bai 8. Hoan lhanh cac phifting Irinh phiin ifng ihco scJ do sau:

Zn ZnCl2 ^{^ A} (3) > B , 15) \ i r a

A4 ^ C ^ N z n C l . .

(3) : ZnCl2 + 6NH3 + 2H2O > (Zn(NH3)4|(OH)2 + 2NH4CI

(B)

(4) : |Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 + 6HC1 > ZnCU + 4NH4CI + 2H2O

(5) : ZnCl2 + 2NaOH > Z n l O H ) , ! + 2NaCl (6) : Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH —> Na2Zn02 + 2H2O

(7) : Na2Zn02 + 4HC1 > 2NaCl + ZnCb + 2H2Ọ B a i 9.

a) Co the dung dung djch bazd nao (NH3 hay NaOH) dc k c l tiia Cii(()H)j. Zn(0H)2, Fc(0H)2, A K O H ) , iff dung dich muoi cíia cac kirn loai dọ

b) Cho hon help gom FcS, CU2S vc'li ti Ic mol 1 : 1 lac dung vi'fi U N O , tiia dift^c dung djch A va khi B. A lao lhanh k c l liia Hang V('li BaCI;, dc lu)ng khoivj.

Phan d?ng va phuang ph^p giai H6a hqc 11 VP co - D5 Xuan Hang

khi, B chuyen thanh khi mau niiu B,. Cho dung djch A tac dung vdi dung dich NH3 tao ra dung djch A, va kcl tiia A2. Nung A2 d nhict do cao difOc

dich NH3 tao ra dung djch A, va kcl tiia A2. Nung A2 d nhict do cao difOc

chat ran A3. Viét cac phifdng trinh phan iJng dang phiin ttir va dang ion.

Gidi

a) * Vdi dung dich NH3: chl tao ket liia Fc(0H)2 Vix A1(0H)3.

FeCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O >

Fe(0H)2^

Al(0H)3i

Cac hidroxit con lai deu tan trong NH3 diT vi tao thiinh hcfp chat phuTc tan. CuCb +

Cu(0H)2i

CuCb +

Cu(0H)2i

Cu(0H)2

lCu(NH3)4l(OH)2 phiJc tan

ZnCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O > Zn(0H)2i + 2NH4CI

Zn(OH)2

[Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 philc tan

* Vdi dung dich NaOH : c6 the dung NaOH de dieu che bon hidroxit tren, rieng Zn(0H)2 va A1(0H)3 can dung NaOH vifa dụ

rieng Zn(0H)2 va A1(0H)3 can dung NaOH vifa dụ

b)

3Fe(N03)3

+ 1 9 N 0 +

Phufcfng trinh ion rut gon :

3FeS +

+ 28H^ +

—^

+ 6Cú^ + 19N0 +

Bá* + SOf > BaS04i

2NO + O2 > 2NO2

(B) (B,)

Fé* +

Fe(0H)3i +

Cu^* + 2NH3 + 2H2O > Cu(0H)2i + 2 N H ;

C U(O H ) 2 + 4NHj >

lCu(NH3)4|(OH)2

2Fe(OH)3 Fe203 +

Bai 10. Sd do phan iJng sau day cho lhay ro vai tro ciia thien nhien va con ngifdi

trong viec chuyen nitd lit khi quyen vao trong dal, cung cap nguon phan dam

cho cay cóị

N _ / " ^ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ^ ^ '^'^'"''^^^

' M 4 ^ NO ^ NO, Y N H 4 N O 3

Hay viet phiTdng trinh hoa hoc cua cac phan iJng trong sO do chuyen hoa tren.

Gidi

(1) N2 + 0 2 ^ = 5 ^ 2 N O X: 0 2

72

KHAIgG VIET

(2) 2NO + O2 > 2NO2 Y : HNO3

(3) 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O > 4HNO3

(4) 2HNO3

+ CaO > CăN03)2

Z : CaO

(5) N2 + 3H2 . " ' p ' " ' 2NH3 M : NH3 (6) 4NH3 + 5O2 4N0 + 6H2O

(7) 2NO + O2 > 2NO2

(8) 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O > 4HNO3

(9) HNO3 + NH3 > NH4NO3.

BAI TAP AP DgNG

Bai 1. Viet sO do phan ỉng tht/c hicn chuoi bien hoa sau :

HNO3 NO2

NaN03

Ag3P04 < ^ Na3P04 ^

Ca3(P04)2

(NH4)3P04 ^ (NH4)2HP04 ^

Gidi

(1)

+ Cu > Cu(N03)2

NaN03 + NaNOj +

NaN03 + NaNOj +

2NaN03

+ Ọ

(4) 5O2 + 4P 2P2O5

(5) P2O5 + 3H2O > 2H3PO4

(6)

Na3P04 + SH.Q

(7) Na3P04 + 3AgN03 > Ag3P04i + 3NaN03

(8) NH3 + H3PO4 > NH4H2PO4

(9)

(NH4)2HP04

(10) (NH4)2HP04 + NH3 > (NH4)3P04

(11) 2(NH4)3P04 + 3Ca(OH)2 > Ca3(P04)2

^^ai 2. Lap phiTOng trinh hoa hoc cua cac phan iJng oxi hoa khu" sau :

^^ai 2. Lap phiTOng trinh hoa hoc cua cac phan iJng oxi hoa khu" sau :

a) K N O 2 + Kl + H2SO4 > I2 + NO + K2SO4 + H2O

b) FeSj +

+ HCl > FeCl3 +

+ NO +

; c) Zn +

Zn(N03)2

+ NO +

+ H.O