, Van detinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc.
IL2.1 Ngoai hinh cua cac nhan vat trong Truyen Kieụ
Bat ky nen van hgc nao cung deu ehiu su ehi phdi eua he: tu tuang thdng tri va van chuang trung dai Viet Nam eung khdng thoal ra khoi quy luat thdng thudng aỵ Nhirng quan niem Nho giao ehi phdi numh me lue lugng sang lac nha Nho dii de tao ra nhfrng dac trirng cer ban rieng bie:i khdng the hoa lan nd vdi bat ky giai doiin van hgc niio khiic. Chia ngdn tir 'thanh eae he: theing khac nhau, dimg de mieu la ciie loiii nhan xiii kluie nhau la mgl trong nhirng dac diem ecr ban. Nhu tren da ndi Nguyen Du khdng chia nhan vat eiia minh theo he: thdng giai ciip mil dua tren lieu chf dao dire phan bicit thiinh hai loai nhan vat tot vii nhan vat xiiii dimg hai hinh Ihiic bieu diil khiic nhau de dien ui chiing. Dieu niiy chiing la ec) the thiiy rd nhiit ki trerng mieu ui ngoai hinh ciia ciie nhan xiiị
Trudc het, di viio tim hieu nhfrng nhan vat de gay cho ngirdi Ui sir kim
tudng Nguyen Du da sang tiic Truyen Kieu bang phucrng phap hie:n thue ehu
nghia - nhan vat phan dien nhu Tii Biị Ma Giiim Sinh, Sa Khanh... Tuy khdng mieu ui that chi li, chi tiet, toim die:n ngoiii hinh eae nhan vat nay 'nhung Nguyen Du da di theo hudng mieu ta cu thé, gieing nhu that. Cho dii
chi bdng ft tir ngfr nhirng la efmg de dimg hinh dung ra "dung nhan" cua Tii
Bit:
Thodt trdng nhd'n nhót mdn da An chi cao Urn đy đ Idm saỏ
Nao lii miiu da '^nhdn nhgt" niio la Ciii than hinh to Idn day diị.. tiii
ea dc:u en the deu dugc die:n ui bdng nhfrng ngdn tir khii chfnh xiic. Tham
ehf lir ciich mieu ta đ chiing ta cdn lien tudng den nghe nghiep biii luerng eiia mil. Bdi chfnh lir "nhcrn nhot" da td ciio con ngirdi naỵ "Ciii miiu da .trans nhim nhat biio cho ta biet mii Tii Bii thudng seing xd dem nhieu hern
v6 ban ngaỵ Cdn cai vde dang day to cao nghe nghiep hoc ldi than xac
phu nir eua mu dang phat dat" (55.tr245).
Vdi Ma Giam Sinh. Nguyen Du edn sir dung nhfrng can ehfr dat hem de mieu tii hinh diing eiia ỵ
Qud nien trae ngoai td tudn
Mdy rdu nhdn nhiii do c/iidn hdnh hao 1 rif('/( thdy sau tó.xon xaọ..
Nguydn Du da td ra tinh tudng, sdc siio trc^ng quan siiị vii the hie:n bdng mot vai chi liet that lieu bieu cho ban chai eiia nhan viit. Chfnh ciii xe . banh baọ miiy rau nhiin nhiii dat trong tucmg quan tudi uie "trae ngoai ifr
luan" da td ciio ban ehiil eua Ma Giam Sinh. thue chiit ehi la ten chuyen hip bcrm, leri dung hoim canh đ lira mua eon gai nhii lucrng ihiclMi day xiio lau xanh. Vdi chiing ta ngity nay hem beín chue tudi thue ra van ehua kiy gi kim gia kim, nhung vdi ngucri xua tudi nay da bi coi ki gia gan den ludi "in thien menh" rdị Hay xem Ciieh Hoang Nggc Phiieh eV viio dau the ky XIX tiuan
nit:m the niio ki giiị Trong lieu thuyet To Tdm (1925) dng Ui Dam Thuy kin
dau lien den chai nha To Tam nhin thiiy me ciia Td Tam "mcit ba eu ehirng bdn muai tiim, bdn mirai chin tudi". Chiins ta that khd hinh duns ra ducrẹ chiing ta chi coi mgl ngucri la gia khi hg dfi siiu miroị bay mucri tham chf 'hem nfra ehfr quyet khdng the ggi mcit ngucri khoang beín mireri tiim. bdn ehfn ludi lii bii CII dirc;c. Mdi thdi diii ed each quan nie:m ve tudi tiic rieng cua nd chiing ta khdng biin d daỵ Didu mil chiing ta khdng dinh lii Nkl Giiim Sinh da giii nui cdn nuicin to ra ki trai la, mudn phd truang sir trang irgng mii niio lér niio thay xdn kio nhiio d hcip khdng ra dau xiio dau ca xii dau sao chang nfíii xdn khdng thd che dim ducic sir xd hgc the hien ra ben ngoiiị
Rd rimg cr hai nhan viii niiy yCui lei ihirc ducre xan dung khii linh hoiil Xii seing dcing. Ngiriri Ui ed the hera lai duoe chan dung eua Ma Giam Sinh Xii Tii Bii thdng qua nhiíng đng mieu la eua Nguxen Dụ Ben eluil lúu de 45
Van detinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc...
Nguydn Du xay dung len hai nhan vat nay dugc lay tir manh dai cude sdng tran the va hidn nhien chung ta hoan loan khdng he bat giip ludt lir nao thudc ve thidn nhien. Nhirng nhan vat nay vdn bi coi ki nhfrng nhan 'vat tdm thudng xau xa do vay nd miing day dii nhiJng ne:t cua cucie sdng pham lue chu khdng dugc dien ta bdng nhirng tir ngir mang dim hie:u eua
thidn nhien. Dae biet tai nang ciia Nguyen Du edn dugc the hie:n a chd
dng cd kha nang "giet chet" nhan vat chi bdng mot viii tir ngfr chfnh xiic mieu tii ngOiii hinh nhan vat. Ta nhan vat Hd Tdn Hien:
La cho mat sdt cung ngdy vi tinh
Chi bdng cum tir '^mal sdt", '^ngay xi tinh" ma doan gic'ri thieu eua
Nguyen Du vd Hd Tdn Hien "Cc; cpian long doc trong thdn, Td lid idn
Hien kinh ludn gom tdị Day xe vdng chi dac sai, Tien nghi hdt tieu vice ngodi dong nhung''' trudc đ chi nhu mcit sir mia luai diia ecrt. Qua thue
Nguyc:n Du da riii tiii nang khi de cho ngoiii hinh ciia nhan xat tu lo ciio nd, nhan vat tu be) Id ban chiit ciia minh thdng qua ngoai hinh vii ehiu su diinh giii khiich quan, true tiep lir ngudi dgc.
Tat nhien, chiing la khdng the dem so mieu la ngoai hinh eua ciie
nhan vat trong Truyen Kieu vdi mieu ta ngoiii hinh eua ehu nghia hic:n thuẹ Ngoiii hinh eiia Ciie nhan vat trong Truyen Kieu chi cd nhfrng yeu id.
nhfrng chi tiet ed tfnh hien thue ehfr ehua phai ki ngoiii hinh eua nhan lieu bieu eiia chii nghia hien t h u c Liii ndi ve Td Tam eua Hoiing Nggc Phiieh d mot khfa Ciinh niio đ vdn cdn mang hai hirdng ciia tu duy trung dai .song da bat dau mang sir khac hoii nhan vai cua thdi hien dai nen ve mieu
ta ngoiii hinh da cd sir khac biet riit Idn. 6 day nhan vat dugc khac hoa riii ehi tiet, cu the ve ngOiii hinh, khi mieu ta vd Td Tam: ' T d i nom khudn nuit ngirdi thieu nfr xdi ciiu Tan thi hiel ngay la chi em rudị cfmg mdt nirfre da rid nhọ ciing mdt khudn nuit irai xoan, nhung er nguiri ehi la nfr nhi nen tay thg tao cd phan sac sao nui dm dimg hem mdt ehiil: ciii duerng
mui hai cao cao nhd thang xudng eai mieng xinh xinh. xien hai dudng moi mgng ma tham ihdm, tiic ra eai ve rat thanh tao tinh xaọ nhung iren
khudn mat dao ta man mdn đ ed moi ve budn cao kfn dao bai a đi eon
mdt trong ma lai Id đ, tire la thii eon mdt ciia ngucii ed tu tucrng hay ma mang nhu:ng chuyen vien vdng. Cai khudn mat thien nhien đ de tren mcit tam than manh khanh cao lam cho tdi bay gid mdi trdng thiiy thu de:p thanh tii tinh mac ed eai ve thieng lieng" (14.tr37). Ve de:p cua Td Tam rat thuc cung rat ehi liet, thdng qua ngoiii hinh tac gia da kit la ducre phan
nao tam triing va tfnh each nhan vat. Td Tam hie:n len ki ngirdi con gai
yeu dt, m a mgng va khdng cd kha nang dim tranh, ke ca de bao xe cho linh yeu hanh phue eiia đi minh. Chiing ta mdi chi diem quạ so sanh
mot each sa lucre mieu ta nhan vat trong Truyen Kieu vdi mcil lac phdm
khdng phai lii ciia phucrng phap sang uic hien thue chu nghia ihdi ky hien diii ma da bdt giip nhic:u sir khac nhaụ Tuy nhien sir so siinh nay dau sao vdn khap khieng, nhiil ki khi diing neu diing tren quan diem lieu ehi the loiii de so sanh.
6 nhung nhiin vat phan dien neu Nguyen Du da co gang di vao nhung chi tiet, ngon tu cua cuoc sdng pham trim de mieu ta ngoai hinh,
thi a nhung nhan vat chfnh dien ong lai van dung but phap udc lẹ tirong
trirng. ly tirdng hoa de mieu tạ Day chfnh la diem lam cho cac nha
nghien ciru Tinven Kicu theo phirang phap sang tac hien thuc chu nghTa
td ra bdi rdị lung tung. Nguyen Du mieu ta ngoai hinh Thuy Kieu, Thuy Van:
Vdn .xem ti-cnii^ trong klidc v^// Khnon Iranị; chiv dun net n^^di //<-/ nan;^
lloa ciídl ngoc thól doan irang Mdy thiia nud'c tdc tuyet nhúifng mdu da
Kieu cdng sdc sao man md So he tdi sdc lai Id phan hón
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghih hien thuc.
Ldn thu thuy net xudn sdn
Hoa ghen thua tham lieu //r/// kem xanh
Tat nhien, ve dep eiia hai nhan vat niiy ed didm khac nhaụ Thuy v a n de:p mot Ciich hicJn lanh, ve de:p duerng nhu em a binh yen. ludl ve dep phue hau va khdng gay ra sdng gid gị Cdn ve ckp eiia Kieu thi lo ra sac sao va dudng an chu:a nhirng mam mong eiia biii hiinh. 0 Thuy Van vdi khudn mat day dan iron ehinh nhu mat trang la mcit xe dc:p ly tuang,
khudn mdu trong xa hdi phong kien xuạ May phai ehiu thua ea xe dep
"dng mucrt ciia kin tdc mem. luyet da trang mil efmg phai ehiu kem nuiu trdng eiia lan da min mang nhu nggc ngii eiia nimg. Tiit ca nhu nuicin la Ciii ve dep tu nhien ciia Thuy Van nhung ciii ve dep đ khdng den nuie liim cho thien nhien phai ghen ly cd xe gi đ yen binh. "an phan Uui thuerng" hoa quyen vcri thien nhien. Cdn Kieu eai "kieu dep" "km thu thuy net xuan scrn", than tdm ea ve dep sdng mii ihi qua thue khdng edn but niio la ducic, cd ciii gi đ nhu thiich thfrẹ nhu Ireu nguen tao hoiị Mat trong nhu nucre miia thụ long may plum phéri xanh nhu mii nuui xiuin. xe dep ciia Kieu nhu bao hiim ca diii trdi non nucrẹ ciii dc:p eua ke eki tinh... Nd liio ra ciii ve '^nghieng nude nghieng thimh" eiia nang nui efmg chfnh "vi the "hoa ghen" vi khdng thdm ducre nhu nimg va cay lidu efmg "hern" vi
khdng bang nimg. Phai chang chfnh ve dep gay đ ki ca vdi thien nhien đ da dn chira nhfrng biit hanh se trdi qua trong đi Kieủ Dau sao chang nfra ta cfmg phai ghi nhan d Thuy Van. Thuy Kieụ ngoai hinh khdng ducre mieu ta bdng nhfrng tir ngfr hien ihue mil nd dirge su dung nhfrng ngdn tir ihucic ve ihien nhien mgl each ucre lẹ
Trong đi Kieu da tirng cd nhieu kin nimg khdẹ khde thuerng cho ngudị nhung chu yeu ki khde thuerng minh. Va nhfrng giot nucre nuit cua nimg Cling duc;c Nguyen Du vf vcri chau nggc xdn la nhfrng ihu quy gia dep de cua lir nhien:
- Nhin cdng Id chd giot hdng Ri tai ndng mdfi gidi long thap ( aọ..
- Ndng cdng giot ngoc nhir c han
Ndi long luong nhiing hdn hodn miem tdỵ..
- Giot chdu thdnh thdt c/uen hdo
MiYfig tninig tui tui xiet hao Id tinh...
Den ndi budn eiia Thuy Kieu efmg ducre Nguxen Du xf xdi hoạ cung ma hd la lii khac vdi each hinh dung ciia chiing la ngiix nax :
Lai cdng u dot net hoa
Sdu tudn di(t ndi, chdu sa vdn đi
Vdi Nguyen Du, Thuy Kieu dcip ngoiii hinh, dc:p ea trcMig ndi huon Vii tham chf den nhfrng gigt nucre mat cfmg la chau ki nggc chu dau phai tam thuerng. Nhu the tiit yeu mdi lieng khde ciia Kieu cfmg se la mdt eu ehi de:p, cho dii ki dep den dau long
6 nhan vat Kim Trgng sir dung eae yeu td ihien nhien khdng chi de hinh dung vd dien miio mil edn ducre buy đng mdt each rcmg rai de hinh dung ca quan iio, vat dung tu trang, ca eir ehi himh vị mdi irudng hoai dcing eiia nhan vat nfrạ
Diuig đng niía d núa ve
Nhac vdng đu đ tieng nghe gdn gdn Trdng chicug thay mdt van nhdn Long hudng tay khau hifdc Idn dam hdng
De hue lúng tui gid trdng
Sau chdn theo mot vdi thdng con am Tuyet in sdc ngúa cdn gidn Co pha mdu do nhudm non da trd'i
Mdi birére di cua Kim Trgng nhu ner ra mudn van hoa kị chi liet nay duerng nhu cfmg ndi len diic^e cai ehiu phong luu tai tu cua Kim Trong:
Hdi vdn Idn húd'c dam xanh
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.
Mdt vung nhir the cay quynh cdnh dao
R6 rang, nhirng ngdn tir mieu ta ngoai hinh eua Kim Trong la ueVe le, tir nhirng cdng thuc ed sdn Nguyen Du da ap dung de mieu la nhan vaị Mam cho nhan vat dep nhung khdng t'huẹ khdng ed su eu the xe Uio hinh.
Ddi khi dng edn sir dung ea nhfrng dien ed de mieu ta ngoai hinh nen chung ta lai eang khdng the nao ndm bdt ducre eai die:n lUiio iiy:
... Trdm lied dung (/nang
Chdng sdn ngoc hdi cung phúd'ng kim mon
Den vdi Tir Hai su ucre le: niiy eiing ducre thd hie:n rd nel.
Rdu hum hdm en mdy ngdi
Vai ndm tac rdng thdn mir<yi ihiíd'c cao
Neu thue te ed mcil ngudi gidng nhu Tir Hai "vai nam Uie rdng than mueri thucre cao" thi qua la nuit ngucri khdng can đi, nhirng dat no trong ngdn ngfr van hgc trung diii thi su vd ly nay kii ed the ehiip nhan ducrẹ Kieu vf von vcii rdng. hiie, phirgng, loan... x'cin ki nhfrng eon xat thieng lieng ed siie miinh ducre coi nhir chuan mire eua xe dc:p iluri trung diii, eimg vci^i sir ehi phdi ciia tu tucrng Nho giiio xdn eoi nhfrng ciii gi ehinh nghia ki thuge vd the gidi thieng lieng, than linh, chan dung eua Tir Hai
hie:n len vcii Rdu hum hdm eti mdy figdi^' edn ggi mcit ciii gi xira uy nghi
vira da tinh.
Ve phuang die:n mieu ta ngOiii hinh nhan vat ta khang dinh Nguxen
i
' D U khdng ihe siing tiic 'Truyen Kieu dua tren phuong phap eua ehu nghia hie:n llurc. BcVi nhu chiing ldi da phan tfch. trong Truyen Kieu ehi ed mdt
sd nhan x'at ducre mieu Ui ngoiti hinh bang nhfrng chi liet kix tu cude sdng cdn nhfrng nhan xat khac kii ducre mieu Ui bang nhfrng ehi liei duoe lay ra tir quan nie:m. tir ly lUcVng ihdm my ciia lac giạ Nhu la da biei eon nguiri trong tiic pham cua ehu nghia hien thue phiii la nhfrng eon ngucri "quen
ma la" nd mang nhung dau an chung cua thdi dai song cung cd nhfrng dac
trung rieng khdng the trdn lan. Cdn nhirng ve mat "chim sa ca lan".
"nghieng nude nghieng thanh" dudng nhu da tro thanh nhung cong thuc mieu ta ngudi dep thdi van hoc truna dai khonii chi n e n c N«zu\en Du \a cung khdng chi rieng van hoc trung dai Viet Nam. Ndi the boi khong chi bat gap ldi sir dung thien nhien Nguyen Du dimg de mieu ta Thu\ Kieu
ma ta edn gap each midu ta nay trong Cung odn ngam khuc. khi Nguxen
Gia Thieu mieu ta ve de:p eiia nguiri eung nfr:
Md hdng khdng I huoc md say Nird/c kia muon do, thdnh nay muon l<mg
Khi Nguye:n Huy Tu mieu la ngoai hinh eua Dao Tien:
Man md chim sa vdi nhan
Nguyet ghen gúóng khep, hoa hón thdm hay 'I hien nhien sdn diic đy đy
Cdng túói tinh net cdng say siía tinh Bui trdn chdfig hón dinh dinh
Va han Nguyen Huy Tu efing cd y thfre xe sir dcíi lap gifra nhfrng dep de cao quy eua thien nhien xcri nhfrng gi xcin bi eoi la ihiide \e the
gieri hdng Iran khi ndi "Bui trdn chdng hón dinh dinh ".
Phai chang khi xay dung ngoiii hinh nhan x'at x'an hoc trung dai neii
chung x'ii 'Truyen Kieu ndi rieng ludn cd mcil edng thfre sdn ducre qux
chieu cluéri quan niem cua ciic nhii Nho de iip dung cho ciic loai nhan xat kluic nhiiu Irons Uic pluim ciui họ Nhfrns nhan xai xdn duere uie sia uu iiị
•
ki Uére nur |\ lucrng. ki nhan xiii chfnh dien, ehinh nshla thi dirae uie giii
sir dung nhung yeii id xcin uac \c de mieu lạ Di\ la anh hung thi phiii oai
phong kim Idm. "Ran luim ham en nui> nsaị \'ai luini tac thuVve than 51
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.
mudi thudc cao". Cdn van nhan nho nhạ hao hoa thi "Dc: hue lung iiii gid