- Riii ro vl ty gia khi doanh thu bIng VND nhung vay ng bang ngoai te
3.1. Djnh hudng chien luge cua VEC Su menh cua VEC
Qua viee phan tich cac ylu to ben ngoai mdi trudng, ben trong cua VEC, viee dIu tien la phai xac djnh rd djnh hudng chiln luge kinh doanh ciia VEC. Dd la kim chi nam cho viee phat trien cac chien luge kinh doanh ciia VEC.
Vdi nhiem vu dugc giao la tu van, dau tu, xay dung, khai thac, kinh doanh dudng cao toe va cac loai hinh giao thdng khac, VEC nen tap trung ngudn lire ciia minh vao dudng cao toe va bd qua ca hdi kinh doanh d cac loai hinh giao thdng khac. Ro rang VEC cd lgi the canh tranh rat Idn tu su hd trg ciia Nha nude trong xay dung va kinh doanh san pham "dudng cao tdc".
Viee gidi ban ITnh vue kinh doanh chi d dudng cao tde, se giiip cho VEC tap trung nguon lire, ma khdng bj dan trai d nhieu ITnh vue kinh doanh khac nhau.
Mdt slogan ngin ggn phan anh sii menh va cam kit ciia VEC cd the la
"Mang ludi dudng cao tdc cua VEC la bilu tugng cua chat lugng, tien nghi, an toan, va
nhanh chdng"
1) Thuang hieu VEC se gan lien vdi "dudng cao tdc" va cac djch vu tren dudng cao toe ciia VEC.
2) Khach hang tieu diing con dudng cao toe ciia VEC se dugc hudng nhilu djch vu khac
3) Viee xay dung dudng cao toe gin liln vdi quy hoach kinh doanh dich vu tren dudng
cao tdc. Dk dam bao su thanh cdng cua VEC la kha nang buy ddng va da dang hoa
cac loai hinh thu hiit von kinh doanh ciia VEC.
3.2. Cac chien luge lua chon cua VEC
De dat dugc su menh tren, VEC can tap trung thue hien cac chiln luge:
1) Chiin luge phdt trien thuang hieu
Chien luge nay nhan manh vao muc tieu phat trien thuang hieu ciia VEC. Thuang hieu ciia VEC phai gan lien vdi chat lugng ciia djch vu va he thdng dudng cao tdc ma VEC dau tu khai thac.
Phat triln thuang hieu ciia VEC cung se giam riii ro khi chinh sach cua nha nude thay ddi tao dieu kien cho nhieu ddi thii canh tranh tham gia vao thj trudng san pham "dudng cao toe". VEC hien tai cd mdt lgi thi rat Idn la dang d thi "ddc quyIn" tren mdt thj trudng rIt sa khai. VEC phai nhanh chdng xay dung thuang hieu dl khi doi thii tilm nang ed kha nang tham gia thi VEC da cd vi thi vd hinh tren thj trudng.
Phat triln thuang hieu ciia VEC gin lien vdi chit lugng ciia dudng cao tdc cung se giiip cho VEC keu ggi thu hiit cac nguon vdn dIu tu tii nhilu ngudn khac nhau.
Mdt khi VEC cd mdt thuang hieu manh, VEC cd thi ban hang vdi gia cao ban, cd thi thu hiit dugc nhilu nhan vien gidi cung nhu cac ddi tac kinh doanh va cac khach hang Idn, tham chi van cd the phat trien tdt khi nen kinh te xudng ddc.
Theo William Arruda - Mot chuyen gia xay dung nhan hieu quoc tl vdi 20 nam kinh nghiem da dua ra ly thuyet 9C dudi day giiip cac doanh nghiep xay dung cho minh nhiing nhan hieu manh.
Competent (chat lugng cao)
Viee xay dung mdt nhan hieu dugc bat dau bang van de chat lugng. Doanh nghiep khdng the tien xa trong viee xay dung nhan hieu neu san pham hay dich vu eiia doanh nghiep khdng thue bien diing nhiing Idi biia ve chat lugng ddi vdi khach hang.
Credible (Co the tin cay)
San phim hay djch vu cd chit lugng cao vIn chua dii dl xay dung mdt nhan hieu manh. VEC phai thi hien dugc uy tin ddi vdi khach hang khi dem din cho hg nhiing san pham hay dich vu cd chit lugng cao. Sir tin cay nIm d nhiing gia tri cdt loi ma doanh nghiep mudn ehuyin tai din khach hang thdng qua mgi boat ddng eiia minh.
Clear (ro rang trong muc tieu)
VEC phai hilu rIt rd minh la ai, dilm manh va dilm ylu ciia minh la gi, hieu dugc nhung Idi hiia vl gia trj mang tinh dac thu ma hg mang din cho khach hang va chinh Idi hiia dd giiip VEC phan biet minh vdi cac ddi thii canh tranh, thu hut khach hang va xay dung long trung thanh ciia khach hang..
Compelling (Co sue thu hut)
VEC phai ludn biet rd khach hang muc tieu ciia minh la ai va tap trung no lire dl lam cho nhdm khach hang dd cam thIy dugc sir lien quan, gin gui, su thii vj va yeu thich khi sii dung san pham ciia doanh nghiep.
Consistant (Nhat quan)
VEC phai nhat quan trong viee the hien nhung gia trj ciia minh. Ludn di tim cai mdi sang tao cung la mdt gia trj ciia mot thuang hieu manh. Tinh nhat quan trong trudng hgp ciia VEC la ludn dam bao tieu chuan chat lugng cao eiia cac djch vu ma VEC cung cap. Cac djch vu khdng triing lap vdi nhung san pham da va dang ed tren thj trudng.
Constant (Xuat hien thudng xuyen)
Hinh anh ciia VEC phai thudng xuyen xuat hien tren cdng chiing, trudc khach hang hien tai va tuang lai. Cac boat ddng PR d n phai dugc coi trgng.
Connected (Cd nhirng mdi quan he gin kit)
Mdt thuang hieu manh phai ludn cd cac quan he gin kit xung quanh: VEC phai duy tri mdi quan he vdi cac doi tac, vdi cac nhan hieu trong cung nganh, nghl va vdi khach hang. Doanh nghiep d n phai phat triln cac moi quan he nhIm lam manh nhan hieu cua minh.
Committed (Cam kit lau dai)
Xay dung mdt thuang hieu khdng phai la mot viee lam nhlt thdi, ma phai dugc thue hien thudng xuyen, lau dai, ddi hdi VEC phai cd cam kit va su kien trong viee thue hien nhung cam ket.
Current (Gan gui va thiet thue cho cuoc song hien tai)
VEC phai duy tri dugc quan he gin gui ddi vdi cac khach hang muc tieu trong hien tai va bilt tu thay ddi khi cac khach hang muc tieu thay ddi.
2) Chien luge gid tri cd gdi
Chiln luge gia trj ca gdi ban chit la tap trung chiln luge kinh doanh khdng chi lien quan din san phim dudng cao tdc ma cdn lien quan din cac djch vu tren dudng dudng cao tdc. Mot diem luu y quan trgng la nha nude chi kilm soat phi giao thdng chu khdng kilm soat cac phi cho djch vu tren dudng cao tdc. Do vay VEC d n phat triln rat nhilu loai hinh djch vu lien quan ma cd the dem lai lgi nhuan cao.
Dk thue hien chiln luge nay, VEC nen tap trung nguon luc cho viee nghien ciiu va phat triln
cac loai hinh djch vu tren va hai ben dudng cao tdc.
Ben canh dd VEC nen tap trung nghien ciiu va phat triln cac cdng nghe mdi, vat lieu mdi trong xay dung dudng cao tdc; cac cdng nghe mdi phue vu an toan giao thdng, sii dung cdng nghe thdng tin trong cdng tac dieu hanh quan ly va td chiic quan ly khai thacdjeh vu tren he thong dudng cao tdc. Ap dung cdng nghe mdi kiem soat mdi trudng nhu giam tieng dn, ddc hai ciia khi thai ....
DIU tu va ling dung cac thilt bi, cdng nghe xay dung hien dai trong viee lap bao cao nghien ciiu tiln kha thi, kha thi, khao sat, thilt kl cac du an do cdng ty quan ly nhIm dam bao chat lugng cdng trinh, giam thilu chi phi bao dudng va tang kha nang hoan tra vdn vay.
iTng dung cdng nghe tin hge, thilt lap he thong cac chuang trinh ling dung, dIu tu cac he
thing theo doi, giam sat tu xa dk cap nhat du lieu nhIm kilm soat he thdng djnh miic chi phi
dau vao ciia qua trinh san xult tren ca sd kiem soat he thong quan ly thu phi, quan ly tai chinh, dinh miic hao phi nguyen vat lieu, nhien lieu, ddng luc, thi cdng, cdng lao ddng, cac chi phi CO djnh khac, ddng thdi giam thilu thdi gian giao djch va lam viee, giiip lanh dao dua ra nhiing phan quyet kjp thdi va hieu qua.
- De thirc hien hai chien luge tren, ngudn lire mlu chot eiia VEC la con ngudi. VEC phai tuyln dung can bg theo hinh thiic thi tuyln dl lira chgn dugc nhung ngudi cd nang luc va phim chit dao diic tot. Sip xIp, bd tri can bd theo chiic danh tieu chuIn phu hgp vdi trinh do chuyen mdn, nang luc cua can bd nhIm dap ling nhiem vu chiln luge cua VEC va tang nang suat lao ddng.
- Cii can bd ky thuat, quan ly va kinh doanh theo hge cac khoa Dao tao d nude ngoai, di dao tao ve chuyen giao cdng nghe mdi, di tham quan thue tl cac cdng trinh dudng cao toe cd quy
md Idn, phiic tap d nude ngoai dk hoc hdi ca vl thilt kl va thi cdng, lien kit vdi cac ca sd
dao tao nghe quoc te.
- Tang cudng dao tao, tuyln dung dii lire lugng ky su lam cdng tac tu vIn thilt kl ludn ludn CO dugc nhiing thiet ke toi uu, tiep can nhanh vdi nhiing cdng nghe tien tiln, sii dung phan mem thiet ke mdi; tang cudng dau tu dii thilt bi phue vu cdng tac khao sat, thilt kl dl chii dong trong thiet ke va thi cdng, tao nen san pham vugt trdi.
- Vdi mdt sd cdng trinh, cdng viee dac biet, thue chuyen gia nude ngoai va chii ddng nam bat, hge hdi kien thiic tii nhijng chuyen gia nay de van dung cho nhiing cdng trinh tuong tu. - Coi trgng dao tao, xay dung ddi ngu quan ly, dieu hanh cac du an, quan ly hgp ddng. Xay dung tieu chuIn mdi vl lua chgn can bd ky thuat, thg lanh nghe; ra soat, xet lai cac tieu chuan cu.
- Ngoai ra, VEC cd thi thue bien cac hinh thiic lien doanh, lien ket vdi cac ddi tac cd kinh nghiem va cd ngudn luc khai thac cac djch vu tren dudng cao tdc
4) Chien luge tgo ngudn tdi chinh
Nhin chung, ca d u von khdng phai la vIn dl ddi vdi VEC khi la cdng ty thugc sd hiru nha nude va dugc Chinh phu d p vdn. Trai philu cua VEC, hoac cac khoan vay cua IFl dugc
Chinh phii bao lanh. Tuy nhien VEC d n phai cd dii ngudn vdn dk dat dugc cac muc tieu ciia minh; va trong trudng hgp VEC phai tim kilm dk vay tir cac thj trudng tai chinh ma khdng
dugc Chinh phu hd trg, d n phai cd mdt ca d u vdn dang tin cay khi dugc xem xet ciia cac nha cho vay tiem nang.
Hien nay VEC cd so vdn dilu le (danh nghTa) la 1000 ty VND. Dilu le hien tai eiia VEC bit
huge VEC phai quan ly va 'su dung vdi muc tieu Igi nhuan' 'toan bd vdn do do nha nude
dau tu' (Khoan 29.1). Tuy nhien cung neu ring VEC la dan vj 'tu hach toan' & ^tu kilm soat' trong 'cac boat ddng kinh doanh' (Khoan 29.4). VEC ed quyIn su dung vdn ciia cdng ty de dau tu vao cac lien doanh & cac cdng ty true thugc (Dilu 9).
Vdn cho xay dung ca ban cd the la vdn tu ngan sach Nha nude hoac OCR hoac cac khoan vay thuang mai khac. Tuy nhien van de d day la cac ngudn vdn nay dugc phan biet tii ca 'Vdn kinh doanh' ciia VEC & Vdn dieu le. Bat ky Igi nhuan nao thu dugc (sau thul) dugc bo sung vao vdn dieu le. Rd rang tu dieu nay la sir phan biet d cac qude gia phuang tay, giua von cd phan (cd gidi ban phap ly ve sii dung, & vdn boat ddng (cd the la khoan vay hoac lgi nhuan) chua dugc nhan bilt tai Viet Nam. Tat nhien hgp ly vi mdt doanh nghiep nha nude ma trong thue tl khdng thi bj rai vao tinh trang khdng tra dugc ng, khdng cd ly do gi ma khdng sii dung vdn dilu le vao muc dich kinh doanh. Khi doanh nghiep da dugc ehuyin ddi thanh, nhu chiing tdi khuyin nghj, mdt cdng ty cd phln, & cd cac khoan ng Idn tren bang can ddi kl toan ciia minh, vi the ciia cdng ty se khac.
Thue chat, dilu le cua VEC gidi ban kha nang ciia Hdi dong quan trj trong viee ra quylt dinh
dIu tu du an cd sd vdn ban 50% vdn dilu le vao cac du an dIu tu gdm dIu tu vao ed ph^n
ciia cac cdng ty khac, thanh lap cac cdng ty true thugc va doanh nghiep nha nude mot thanh vien trong do VEC 'sd huu toan bd vdn dilu le'. Bit ky du an nao vugt qua gidi ban nay phai dugc su phe duyet cua Bg Giao thdng van tai. Nhin chung, VEC ed trach nhiem (Dilu II) sii dung vdn dieu le cho 'cac san phim va djch vu cdng ich' khi 'dugc Nha nude yeu eau, ehl dan hoac tham gia dIu thIu'. Dae tinh thugc sd huu cua Nha nude dugc the hien trong Khoan 10.2 neu ring mdt trong cac nghTa vu tai chinh ciia VEC la 'sir dung vdn va cac nguon khac dl thue hien ... cac nhiem vu dac biet khi dugc Nha nude yeu d u ' .
DIU tu xay dung va phat trien he thong dudng cao toe la su nghiep lau dai, ddi hdi phai ed che do quan ly, dieu hanh va thue thi cac du an hieu qua, phai ed ca ehl phu hgp vdi tiing giai doan, tung thdi ky trong viee buy ddng cac ngudn vdn dau tu, giai phdng mat bIng, thilt ke thi cdng, giam sat, quan ly thu phi, duy tu bao dudng... Ca che tu buy ddng ngudn vdn, hoan tra vdn vay va can ddi tai chinh de dau tu vao cac du an xay dung cac tuyen dudng cao toe la cue ky quan trgng.
Do dd, chiln luge tao ngudn tai chinh cho cdng ty trong giai doan mdi hinh thanh dac biet quan trgng va du kiln hoach djnh theo phuang thue buy ddng cac ngudn vdn ngoai ngan sach nhu: Phat hanh trai philu cdng trinh cd bao lanh ciia Chinh phii, vay uu dai va thuang mai ciia cac td chiic tai chinh trong va ngoai nude.
Ddi vdi cac boat ddng kinh doanh djch vu, cdng ty thue hien phuang an hgp tac kinh doanh dudi hinh thiie co phln, lien doanh dau tu dl thu hiit cac nguon von.
Sau khi hoan tk dua cac du an vao str dung, cong ty se tiln hanh quan ly thu phi, khai thac, tich tu v6n ngan sach dugc giao 6k ti^p tuc dSu ttr pha. triln cac tuyln duang cao t6c mdi
ph,c vu phat triln kinh tl, xa hoi va an ninh qu6c phong, thue hien thing lai muc tieu cong
nghiep hoa va hien dai hoa dk nuac theo Nghj quylt cua Dang va Nha nuac da d& ra.
VEC nen van dung linh hoat cac hinh thue thu hut ngu6n tai chinh. Hinh thue thu nhat la dii dat lay ha tang. Day la hinh thue nha diu tu xay dung ha ting, nha nuac thanh toan bing quy dat. Nha diu tu kinh doanh quy dit do bing chuyin nhugng quyIn su dung dit, true tilp diu tu dl kinh doanh dich vu du lich hoac mai nha diu tu thu cip lien doanh dl diu tu.
Hinh thue thu hai la giao dit cho nha diu tu xay dung ha ting co thu tiln sir dung dit. Day la hinh thue giao mot dien tich dit nhit djnh cho nha diu tu xay dung ha ting theo quy hoach chi tiet. Sau khi tru di so tiln nha diu tu phai diu tu xay dung ha ting, phin con lai phai nop vao ngan sach Nha nuac.
Hinh thue ba la dau thiu quyIn sii dung dit de xay dung ha ting, d hinh thue nay, phin du
toan xay dung ha ting dugc tinh toan bing phin gia chuyin quyen sir dung dit chua xac djnh ma cac nha dau tu phai diu thau de xac djnh gia chuyin nhugng quyIn sir dung dit, nha dau tu nao bo gia cao se trung thiu.
Hinh thue thu tu, giao dat cho nha dau tu xay dung ha tang theo quy hoach ciing thu hut dugc nhieu du an. Hinh thue nay se thanh toan lai quy dat cho nha dau tu theo so von dau tu
dung cua Nha nude. Vdi hinh thii'c nay, Nha nude da cd quy dit dk bd tri tai djnh cu va cd dilu kien tang ngudn thu cho ngan sach vi gia chuyin nhugng quyIn sii dung dk sau khi da
d^u tu xong ha ting cd thi cao ban gia du toan ban diu.
Mot chinh sach quan trgng anh hudng din kit qua hoat dgng san xult kinh doanh eiia VEC la viee trien khai cdng tac giai phdng mat bang. Cdng tac giai phdng mat bing cang bi dinh tre thi boat ddng san xult kinh doanh cua VEC cang bj anh hudng. VEC phai tien hanh kiem dem den bii giai phdng mat bing phai cdng khai chinh sach, dan gia din bii trudc cac ho dan