I. Kadazandusun
PHAN KET LUAN
1. Malaysia la qud'c gia da dan tdc, da ngdn ngff d mffe dp cao. Dan sdva ngdn ngff dffdc chia cat theo tinh chat ban dia va khdng ban dia (nhap cff). Ba cdng ddng ngdn ngff cd sd dan ddng nhat la Melayu, Trung Qud'c va An Dp.
Do hoan canh lich sff, ngffdi Melayu - dan tdc ehii the ciia dat nffdc - bi day vao vi tri xa bdi be nhd. Sau Ddc lap, viee dffa tieng Melayu len dia vi ngdn ngff qud'c gia la mot trong nhffng bffdc dau tien eiia qua trinh ngffdi Melayu lay lai vi the ciia minh. Do khdng edn ffu the ve dan sd, lai bi tut hau kha xa so vdi cac cdng ddng nhap cff khac ve kinh te, van hda, giao due nen Chinh phu Malaysia da tien hanh nhieu bien phap phat trien kinh te-xa hdi, van bda-giao due ddng thdi de lam be phdng cho ngdn ngff qud'c gia. Chinh phii Malaysia cung da thffe hien chinh sach ngdn ngff qud'c gia mot each than trpng, kheo leo va dan tffng bffdc de ed thdi gian xay dffng ngdn ngff qud'c gia, chuan bi tam ly cho nhan dan va tranh gay mat dn dinh chinh tri. Malaysia cung da chap nhan lich sff de lai va giff mot thai dp than trpng trong ehinh sach dd'i vdi ngdn ngff cac dan tdc khac, khdng ngan can nhffng cung khdng khuyen khich viee day va hpc ngdn ngff cac dan tdc nay, dii de effdng quyet va kheo leo theo dudi mue dich ngdn ngff qud'c gia ma khdng gay bat hda sac tdc nghiem trpng. Tuy quyd^t tam "ha b e " tieng Anh, Malaysia van danh cho nd mot vi tri rat Idn la ngdn ngff thff hai cua da't nffdc ma Malaysia cho la can thiet dd'i vdi chii nghia qud'c gia, thdng qua dd eiing cd chii nghia dan toe.
Sau 45 nam thffe hien ehinh sach ngdn ngff, ngdn ngff qudc gia da dat dffdc mot sd thanh tffu kha quan. Tieng Malaysia da cd mat d ta't ca cac linh vffc quan trpng eua da't nffdc, tuy cd nhffng phan bi tieng Anh lan at. Tieng Malaysia cung da trd thanh ngdn ngff giao tie'p giffa cac nhdm dan tdc khdng sii' dung dffde tieng Anh. Thai dp ciia cdng ddng nhap cff dd'i vdi ngdn ngff qud'c gia cung dan thay ddi theo
chieu hffdng tich cffc, tff chd chd'ng dd'i nay da cdng nhan va c6 nhu cau hoc ngdn
ngff qud'c gia. Nhu cau td'i thieu la de giao tie'p vdi Nha nffdc, nhieu hdn la lam phffdng tien thda man nhu cau giao due va de kiem mot viee lam td't. Nhffng ngffdi dffdc giao due tie'ng Anh thudc cac tdc ngffdi khac nhau thffdng tff chdi giao tiep bang tieng Malaysia cho du hp cd kha nang giao tie'p bang ngdn ngff nay. Nguyen nhan la do thai dp khdng "tam phuc, khau phuc" ngdn ngff qud'c gia. Do dd, chffc nang lam phffdng tien tie'p nhan nen giao due qud'c gia va la ngdn ngff
Tim hieu nhu edu gido due tieng me de ciia ede ddn tgc thieu sdd Malaysia
chinh thffe cua da't nffdc nham mue dich xay dffng ban sac chung cho dan tdc Malaysia da dffdc hoan thanh. Cdn chffc nang lam ngdn ngff giao tie'p chung giffa cac dan tdc va mue dich hdi nhap toan qud'c ehffa dat hieu qua nhff mong mud'n.
Cac cdng ddng thieu sdddng ngffdi (Trung Qud'c, An Dp) cd nhu cau rat Idn ve tieng me de de giao tiep vdi cdng ddng minh, giff gin truyen thd'ng van hda, lam cdng cu giao tiep trong nghe nghiep va lam cau ndi hpc ngdn ngff qud'c gia. Nghe nghiep da tao ra net rieng ciia mdi cdng ddng, do dd cdng cu giao tiep trong nghe nghiep la mot chffc nang quan trpng eiia tieng me de dd'i vdi nhffng cdng ddng nay. Hp can ca trffdng loai qudc gia lan trffdng qud'c gia cd ldp POL. Ngffdi Hoa trong qua khff da cd mot nen giao due phat trien va bien tai vIn mud'n duy tri nd thdng qua he thd'ng trffdng ddc lap ciia minh. Chinh phii da va dang ed gang can thiep vao cac trffdng nay, nhffng cac bien phap trong thdi gian qua ehffa mang lai ket qua. Cdng ddng ngffdi An lai dang dffng trffdc tinh the tie'n thoai Iffdng nan. Mot ben la Idng trung thanh va nhu cau vdi tieng me de, ben kia la nhu cau thanh thao ngdn ngff qud'c gia de thda man nhffng khat vpng ve giao due va kinh te. Mae du Chinh phii thinh thoang van qua quyet rang se khdng cd chuyen ddng effa cac trffdng Trung Qudc va Tamil, nhffng mot vai dieu khoan phap luat van lam cac cdng ddng nay lo lang khdng yen.
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Cac cdng ddng dan tdc thieu sd it ngffdi deu cam thay nhu cau giff gin va phat trien ngdn ngff me de nham mue dich giff gin truyen thdng van hda cua minh va giao tiep trong cdng ddng. Cdng ddng nao cd ngdn ngff kha phat trien va dam nhan dffdc nhieu chffc nang xa hdi trong qua khff thi mong mud'n dffdc dffa tieng me de trd lai nha trffdng va cd dffdc sff giup dd ling hd tff nha nffdc (Kadazandusun, Iban). Cong ddng Bidayuh lai nhin tha'y viee dffa tieng Bidayuh vao nha trffdng nhff mot ngdn ngff chuyen tiep trong nhffng nam dau di hpc. Cdn cdng ddng cd sd' ngffdi ndi it hdn, ngdn ngff khdng phat trien (nhff Murut) thi mong mudn cd dffdc cac binh thffe kbac nhff sach bao, sdng phat thanh bang ngdn ngff me de. Do ehffa cd ehinh sach rd rang, cac cdng ddng nay dffdng nhff khdng biet bat dau viee giao due tieng me de tff dau, manh cdng ddng nao cdng ddng dd keu len Qud'c bdi. Mot va'n de khac ndi len la tinh thffe dung va Idng tff ti dan tdc da va dang lam cho ldp tre cac dan tdc it ngffdi dan chdi bd van hda va ngdn ngff ciia minh. Nhin chung, van de ma giao due tie'ng me de d trffdng qud'c gia ciia cac cdng ddng thieu sd (ddng ngffdi cung nhff it ngffdi) gap phai la thieu sff quan tam hd trd va cam thdng tff phia nha trffdng.
Ttm hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de ciia cdc ddn tdc thieu sdd Malaysia
Chinh sach song ngff Melayu-Anh gid day cang the hien rd hdn bao gid bet bang quyet dinh dffa tieng Anb vao giang day hai mdn Toan va Khoa hpc trong nha trffdng va tffdng lai la trong ca cac trffdng dai hoc. Day khdng phai la hien tffdng mdi me dd'i vdi mot sd nffdc Ddng Nam A, nhffng lai la quyet dinh tao bao dd'i vdi Malaysia. Tuy nhu cau ve tie'ng Anh, eua ca nhan cung nhff eiia da't nffdc la ra't Idn, song viee nay da gay phan ffng tff phia cac cdng ddng ngdn ngff Idn (Melayu, Trung Qud'c) do ed anb hffdng trffe tiep de'n ngdn ngff me de eiia cac tdc ngffdi nay.
Tdm lai, vdi chinh sach ngdn ngff, Malaysia da thay ddi bffe tranh ngdn ngff ciia da't nffdc minh so vdi trffdc Dpc lap:
H L L
Tie'ng Anh
Tie'ng Melayu, Trung Quo'c, Tamil va cac ngon ngff ban dia khac Tru*dc Doc lap
HI H2 H2 L
Tie'ng Melayu Tie'ng Anh
Ngon ngff cac dan toe thieu so
Sau Doc lap
Chinh sach Ngdn ngff ciia Malaysia da phan anh dffdc ndi dung eiia chinh sach dan tdc eiia Nha nffdc Malaysia, giai quyet dffdc ve can ban nhffng va'n de ngdn ngff do Nha nffdc dat ra va gdp phan thffe hien chinh sach dan tdc va cac chinh sach xa hdi kbac. Tuy nhien, ngffdc lai, ehinh sach dan tdc va cac chinh sach xa hdi khac dffdc thffe hien qua lau va bien phap thffe hien cdn nhieu va'n de phai ban cai, nen da anh hffdng den viee thffe hien chinh sach ngdn ngff (thai dp tieu cffc din de'n viee tff ehd'i suT dung ngdn ngff qud'c gia, sff ye'u kem tieng Anh trong cdng ddng Melayu, van de giao due tff tbiie Trung Qud'c...). Chinh sach dd'i vdi ngdn ngff dan tdc thieu sd ehffa rd rang va ehffa dap ffng dffde nhu cau chinh dang eiia cac cdng ddng nay, ngoai trff nhu cau ve trffdng ddc lap ciia ngffdi Hoa khdng phu hdp vdi dffdng Idi chinh sach cua Malaysia. Theo thien y ciia chung tdi, vIn cdn nhffng van de tdn tai sau ma Malaysia can phai giai quye't:
- Van de giao due ngdn ngff me de ciia cac dan tdc thieu so. Van ehffa ban ed nhffng y kie'n thd'ng nha't ve va'n de nay trong cac nha lanh dao va ngay ca gidi tri thffe. Chinh sach dd'i vdi ngdn ngff cac dan tpc thieu sd dffa tren sff chap nhan lich sff va thai dp than trpng. Nha nffdc va cdng ddng nen nhin va'n de nay tff khia canh ed Idi cho da't nffdc. Ngdn ngff la tai san qud'c gia vdi nhffng gia tri van hda dang giff gin. Ngdn ngff cac dan tpc cdn la ngudn bd sung quy gia cho ngdn ngff qudc gia. Da sac tdc, da van hda, da ngdn ngff neu dffdc khai thac td't se cdn la
Tim hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de eiia cdc ddn tgc thieu sod Malaysia
ngudn tri Iffc ddi dao bd sung cho nhau, tao thanh the manh cua qudc gia. Nd edn tao ra ddng Iffc phat trien ben vffng cho cac qudc gia da dan toe.
- Van de trffdng loai qud'c gia. Khdng nen coi nhffng trffdng nay la sff can trd viee thd'ng nha't va hdi nhap dan tpc ma nen nhin chiing tff gdc do la ndi dap ffng nhffng nhu cau chinh dang va cd that eua cdng ddng cac dan tpc thieu sd. Viee hpc ngdn ngff me de vffa dap ffng dffdc tam nguyen ciia nhan dan, vffa lam cau ndi de hpc ngdn ngff qud'c gia td't hdn, tff dd mdi din den viee tiep thu nen giao due vdi ngdn ngff qud'c gia la ngdn ngff giang day chinh nhff mue tieu eua ehinh sach ngdn ngff dffdc thffe hien td't hdn.
- Van de ldp POL. Malaysia nen td chffc td't va cd chat Iffdng md hinh nay trong trffdng qud'c gia. Phai thffe sff coi bd mdn nay quan trpng khdng kem cac mdn hpc khac va danh cho nd sff ling hd can thie't. Dieu nay khdng nhffng giiip thda man nhu cau hpc ngdn ngff qud'c gia va ngdn ngff me de ciia mot bd phan nhan dan khdng phai ban dia, ma edn thda man nhu cau hpc ngoai ngff eiia chinh nhan dan ban dia va cac toe ngffdi khac. Dieu nay edn giiip cho mue dich hdi nhap dan tdc ma Malaysia da de ra cho trffdng qud'c gia dffde thffe hien td't hdn.
- Van de chinh sach ddi vdi ngdn ngff dan tdc ban dia. Phai ed hffdng dan cu the viee thffe hien nham dap ffng nhffng nhu cau khac nhau eua mdi cdng ddng. Ho trd cac cdng ddng nay ve mat hpc thuat.
- Nang cao y thffe giff gin ngdn ngff va van hda trong nhan dan cac dan tdc ban dia. Nha nffdc nen chang nghien cffu them viee dffa van hda dan tdc vao giang day trong trffdng phd thdng, lam nang cao long tff hao dan tpc va tang effdng sff hieu bie't va tdn trpng lan nhau giffa cac tdc ngffdi.
- Va'n de trffdng trung hpc tff thiic Trung Qudc. Nen tim cac bien phap cho phep canh tranh se td't hdn nhffng gi da lam trong thdi gian qua.
45 nam khdng phai la mot quang thdi gian ngan de thi hanh ehinh sach ngdn ngff nhiftig cung khdng the ndi la dai khi dat nd trong qua trinh xay dffng mot qud'c gia that sff hda nhap, hieu biet, tdn trpng lln nhau va phat trien ben vffng. Trong bdi canh da sac tdc, vdi tinh chat phffc tap cua cac van de ngdn ngff, dan tdc, chinh tri, kinh te', tdn giao dan xen vao nhau nhff Malaysia, viee tieng Malaysia cd dffdc dia vi nhff ngay hdm nay ma khdng gay ra ba't hda sac tdc nghiem trpng thffe sff da la mot thanh cdng Idn. 45 nam mdi chi la chang dffdng dau tien xay dffng va cung cd dia vi ngdn ngff qud'c gia va lam diu cang thang cua nhffng mau thuan sac tpc vd'n da cd tff lau ddi. Chung tdi tin rang gid day, khi mpi dan tpc da thffe sff chap nhan tie'ng Melayu la ngdn ngff qud'c gia, se la mot giai doan mdi ciia chang dffdng tie'n tdi hda hdp dan tdc. Cung vdi chinh sach song ngff Melayu-Anh, ngdn ngff dan tdc thieu sd cung se dffdc quan tam nhieu hdn
Tim hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de ciia cdc ddn tgc thieu sdd Malaysia
nham gdp phan bien Malaysia thanh mot nffdc phat trien vao nam 2020 nhff mue
tieu da de ra ma win giff dffdc ban sac dan tpc vdi dac diem da sac tpc, da van
hda eua minh.
2. Viet Nam, cung nhff Malaysia, la qudc gia da dan tdc va da tffng chiu sff xam Iffdc, dd ho keo dai cua nhieu de qudc hung manh tren the gidi. Trong khi tie'ng Melayu la ngdn ngff eua dan tdc chii the chi chie'm gan 50% dan so thi tieng Viet la ngdn ngff cua den gan 90% dan so. 54 dan tdc d Viet Nam la anh em mot nha, gan bd vdi nhau tff lau ddi va cung nhau doan ket trong qua trinh chdng ngoai xam. Ngffdi Viet lai cd ngdn ngff, kinh te, van hda, giao due phat trien hdn ban cac dan tdc cdn lai. Do dd, van de xac dinh tieng Viet la ngdn ngff qud'c gia khdng gap khd khan gi. Tuy nhien, Nha nffdc Viet Nam chi diing ten gpi chung nha't, dffdng nhff khdng mang mau sac va khdng ehffa dffng mot sff nhay cam chinh tri tiem tang nao la tieng phd thdng. So vdi Malaysia va mot sd nffdc khac trong khu vffc, Viet Nam da dat dffdc nhieu thanh tffu to Idn trong linh vffc ngdn ngff. Trffdc tien la tie'ng Viet da trd thanh ngdn ngff eua toan dan, dffdc dung trong toan bd cac linh vffc, kiem soat cung nhff khdng kiem soat, chinh thffe cung nhff khdng ehinh thffe cua ddi sdng da't nffdc va ca nhan; tieng Viet cung da dam dffdng dffde cac chffc nang ciia mot ngdn ngff hien dai. Tie'ng Phap da hoan toan mat vi tri cua minh d Viet Nam sau khi nffdc ta gianh dffdc Doe lap. Ne'u nhff chinh sach ngdn ngff eua Malaysia chii yeu hffdng den viee cung cd', xay dffng va phat trien ngdn ngff qudc gia, ddng thdi theo dudi giao due song ngff Melayu-Anh thi Viet Nam chu trpng hdn ca den van de quan he giffa ngdn ngff dan tdc thieu sd va tieng Viet. Van de nay dffdc Dang va Nha nffdc Viet Nam coi la nhiem vu hang dau, then ehdt cua qua trinh thffe hien ehinh sach ngdn ngff eiia da't nffdc. Dieu dd dffdc the hien trong cac van ban phap luat eiia Nha nffdc ta: "Tidng ndi va chff vie't ciia mdi dan tdc thieu so' d Viet Nam vffa la vd'n quy cua cac dan tdc, vffa la tai san van hda chung eiia ca nffdc... O vung dan tdc thieu sd, chff dan tdc dffdc day xen ke vdi chff phd thdng d cap I trong cac trffdng phd thdng va bd tiie van hda nham tao dieu kien thuan Idi cho ngffdi hpc vffa hieu biet chff dan tdc, vffa nam dffdc nhanh nhffng chff phd thdng... O cap II ciia cac trffdng phd thdng thudc vung ddng bao cac dan tdc thieu sd', ne'u da cd chff viet dan tdc, ed the td chffc day mdn ngff van dan tdc" [Nghi quyet 53-CP ciia HDCP; dan theo 5-31]. Do dd, giao due song ngff dan tdc-Viet la mue tieu ehinh ciia chinh sach ngdn ngff-dan tdc eua Nha nffdc Viet Nam. Dd la mot ehinh sach hoan toan dung dan, rd rang, lay ngdn ngff dan toe lam nen tang, phu hdp vdi nguyen vpng ciia toan dan ma khdng phai nffdc nao cung lam dffde.
Tim hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de ciia cdc ddn tgc thieu so d Malaysia
Tff khi gianh dffdc Ddc lap den nay, Nha nffdc ta ludn ludn kien tri va nha't quan thffe bien tff tffdng eiia ehinh sach a'y. Tuy nhien viee giao due ngdn ngff me de cho ddng bao dan toe thieu sd mien mii bien nay ehffa thu dffde nhffng ket qua nhff mong mud'n. Nhffng nam gan day, va'n de giao due ngdn ngff dan tpc, nha't la d cac tinh vung dan tpc phia Bac, hau nhff khdng dffdc thffe hien. Mot trong nhffng nguyen nhan lam cho mot chinh sach dung dan ehffa trd thanh hien thffe la bien phap thffe hien nd ehffa dffa tren nhu cau thffe te cua cac dan tdc thieu sd [xem them 5]. Neu nhff d Malaysia, nhffng ngffdi chi cd nhu cau hpc ldp POL phai do xd