I. Kadazandusun
2) Tieng Iban vd tinh hinh gidng d^y
Vinson Sutlive [dan theo 34] viet: "Iban la tdc ngffdi Idn nha't Borneo, va tieng cua hp la ngdn ngff giang day chinh ciia it nhat nffa trieu ngffdi. Mac du khdng cd bang chffng cii the ung hd tuyen bd' nay, nhffng tie^ng Iban hau nhff chac chan la ngdn ngff thff hai quan trpng nha't trong thffdng mai ciia it nha't mot phan tff trieu
77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de eiia cdc ddn tgc thieu sd d Malaysia
ngffdi bao gdm ca ngffdi Hoa, Melayu, Kayan, Kenyah, Kelabit, Kajang, v.v... Hau het ngffdi Iban sdng d Sarawak, nhffng cd the tim tha'y nhffng ngffdi dung tie'ng Iban d ta't ca cac ranh gidi chinh trj d Borneo".
Tieng Iban cd quan he chat che vdi tieng Melayu, cdng vdi mot vai dac diem tff nhien ma ngffdi Iban dffdc xem la Proto-Malay [26;483]. Tuy nhien trong qua trinh phat trien, nd da trd thanh mot ngdn ngff vdi nhffng dac diem rieng eua minh, khdng phai la phffdng ngff ciia tie^ng Melayu. Tie'ng Iban, cung nhff mpi ngdn ngff khac, cd phffdng ngff dia ly eua minh. Tuy nhien chung khac nhau rat it, chu yeu ve mat am vi. Bien the tieu chuan la eiia nhffng ngffdi d Khu vffc Hai eiia Sarawak. Nguyen nhan duy nhat la hau bet nhffng ngffdi Iban ed hpc thffe ngay nay deu xua't phat tff khu nay. Tieng Iban ehffa cd chff viet chuan. Dau thd ky XIX, cac nha truyen giao Cd ddc da diing chff La-tinh de ghi lai tie^ng Iban va he thdng chff viet nay dffdc dung cho de'n tan ngay nay.
Dffdi thdi "cac vua da trang" Brooke (1841-1941), tieng Iban la mot ngdn ngff quan trpng bdi vi nd rat dd hieu ddi vdi hau het nhffng ngffdi sinh sd'ng d Sarawak va Tay Kalimantan. Tieng Iban thdi dd dffdc dung de lam ngdn ngff giao tiep chung trong cdng ddng Iban va giffa ngffdi Iban vdi cac tdc ngffdi khac; lam ngdn ngff giao tiep cua chinh quyen vdi cdng ddng Iban (nhff phd bien luat phap, ehinh sach cua chinh phii, hdi hpp giffa quan chffc chinh phu vdi nhffng nha lanh dao Iban, thdng tff eua chinh phu gffi tdi cac nha dai cung nhff dung tren bang thdng bao eiia ehinh quyen tai cac van phdng quan); lam ngdn ngff giang day d cac trffdng do cac nha truyen giao quan ly va la mot trong nhffng ngdn ngff dffde chpn
de truyen ba, giang dao Cd ddc. Hai tai lieu bang tieng Iban cd anh hffdng den sff
phat trien ngdn ngff nay vao thdi ky dd ed "A Sea Dayak Dictionary" (W. Howell va D. J. Bailey, Singapore 1900) la tai lieu tham khao chinh cho nhffng ngffdi hpc tieng Iban sau nay va "Tangga Serega" (Dffdng len Thien dang) (W. Howell,
1936).
Dffdi thdi thudc dia (1948-1963), vai trd eua tieng Iban lai cang ndi bat. Ngoai nhffng chffc nang tren day, tie'ng Iban cdn la ngdn ngff ciia tda an, dac biet la khi ngffdi bi xet xff la ngffdi Iban hay hieu tieng Iban; la ngdn ngff cua Radio Sarawak nam 1955 (thdng bao tin tffc, tuyen truyen ehinh sach cua Chinh phii, cac mue ve sffc khoe, thdng tin ndng nghiep, cac chffdng trinh giai tri bang tieng Iban nhff thd truyen thdng, dd vui, truyen dan gian, cac bai hat Iban v.v...). J.A. Tawai [34; 104] danh gia rat cao vai trd cua Radio Sarawak trong viee nang cao nhan thffe cua cdng ddng Iban trong viee phat trien ngdn ngff va van hda ciia minh. Thdi ky
Tim hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de ciia cdc ddn tdc thieu sdd Malaysia
thudc dia cung la mot md'c quan trpng trong lich sff tieng Iban vi vao khoang thdi gian nay, lan dau tien, tieng Iban bat dau cd vai trd trong Chffdng trinh Giao due Qudc gia d Sarawak. Nam 1957, tieng Iban dffdc gidi thieu d mdn "Ngdn ngff chau A" trong "Chffng chi Td't nghiep Tieu hpc Sarawak". Dau nam 1963, van de giao due tieng Iban dffde dem ra thao luan tai "Hdi ddng Lap phap bang Sarawak" va tff nam dd, mdn "Ngdn ngff chau A" dffdc ddi thanh mdn "Ngdn ngff Iban". Ddng thdi, tieng Iban dffdc day nhff mot mdn hpc cho hpc sinh tieu hpc va trung hpc d Sarawak. Tff nam 1968 den 1969, tieng Iban dffde dffa ra nhff mot mdn tff chpn d trffdng Cao dang Sff pham tai Batu Lintang, Kuching. Ngay 15/9/1958, ehinh phu thudc dia da chinh thffe ddng y thanh lap Phdng Van hpc Borneo, dat tai Kuching, vdi mue dich thu thap va xua't ban van hpc truyen mieng ciia cac dan tdc khac nhau d Borneo bang ngdn ngff ciia chinh hp. Ngffdi Iban giau van hpc truyen mieng, dac biet la thd va truyen dan gian. Do viee trdng lua la trpng tam ciia ddi sdng ngffdi Iban ma van hda ciia hp rat giau ve nhffng nghi thffe lien quan de'n viee trdng lua va tff vffng thi giau ve tff ngff eiia linh vffc nay. O ngffdi Iban, va ngay ca trong truyen than thoai va dan gian, rat thffdng hay gap cau "Adat kami bumai" (Tap quan cua chung tdi bao gdm ca viee trdng lua). Trong mot thdi gian ngan, Phdng nay da xua't ban dffdc bdn 60 cud'n sach bang tie'ng Iban ma ngay nay van edn dffdc ngffdi Iban tran trpng giff gin.
Sau khi sat nhap vao Malaysia, tiding Iban dffdc phep day nhff mot mdn hpc tff chpn, ngang vdi cac mdn nhff tieng Phap, A Rap hay Nhat, theo thdng tff ciia Bd giao due Sarawak ngay 13/5/1987. Tieng Iban ehffa ed ldp POL. Bp Giao due da cho ra ddi giao trinh va sach giao khoa tieng Iban cho ca'p tieu hpc (cac ldp 3, 4, 5, 6) va trung hpc bac thap, tai lieu giao due cho sdng phat thanh thdng qua Phdng Giao due va Cdng nghe. Ta't ca cac sach giao khoa dffdc in bdi Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Sarawak vdi sff cdng tac ciia "Chffdng trinh cho mffdn sach giao khoa" thudc bd Giao due Malaysia tff nam 1990. Tuy nhien cac tai lieu dpc them khac lai dffdc xuat ban d cac nha in tff nhan vi Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka khdng xua't ban chung. Ngoai ra cdn cud'n "Chinh ta chuan tie'ng Iban" dffdc Quy Van hda Dayak xua't ban nam 1995. Tff nam 1983, Bd Giao due Sarawak da thanh lap vai uy ban giam sat viee chuan bi tai lieu giao due tie'ng Iban. Tuy nhien, tieng Iban da khdng cdn la mdn tff chpn d bat ky trffdng sff pham nao d Sarawak, va nhff the cd nghia la cac giao vien day tieng Iban la nhffng ngffdi ehffa dffdc dao tao. Van de nay, cung vdi cac van de khac, da dffdc mot thanh vien Qud'c hdi neu ra chat van tai Qud'c hdi nam 1996. Thanh vien nay ndi them: "Tdi khdng bao gid met mdi trong viee thao luan van de giao due tieng Iban d trffdng trung hpc va
71m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de eiia cdc ddn tgc thieu sod Malaysia
tieu hpc d Sarawak vi dd la van de phai dffde dffdng dau va giai quyet" [34;108- 109].
3) Vai tro cua cdc td chitc phi chinh phu trong viee phat trien tieng Iban - Nam 1962, mot liy ban dffde thanh lap gdm nhffng ngffdi dffng dau cac nha
thd Giao phai Anh va Hdi Giam ly d Sarawak de dich Kinh thanh ra tie'ng Iban cho nhieu ngffdi ed the dpc. Viee nay ed tam quan trpng ra't Idn trong viee phat trien tieng Iban d Sarawak.
- Nam 1964, mot td chffc phi ehinh phii khac la "Hdi vi sff tien bd cua tiding Iban" dffdc thanh lap tap hdp tang ldp ngffdi Iban tinh tuy thdi ba'y gid. Mue dich ehinh eua td chffc la chuan hda he thdng chinh ta tieng Iban va he thd'ng nay da dffde Phdng Van hpc Borneo sff dung rdng rai. Tide la tai lieu nay khdng dffdc xua't ban. Mot thanh vien ciia Hdi nglu nhien trd thanh ngffdi viet sach giao khoa tie'ng Iban cho trffdng tieu hpc ndi tieng d Sarawak.
- Nam 1984, Hiep hdi ngffdi Dayak Iban Sarawak dffdc thanh lap nham mue dich thd'ng nhat ngffdi Iban thdng qua ngdn ngff va van hda eua hp. Tff khi thanh lap, td chffc nay da tien hanh mot so' boat ddng nham giup phat trien tieng Iban, nhff cac cude thi viet truyen ngan va tai trd xua't ban mot sd sach bang tieng Iban, sSn sang ling hd bat ky boat ddng nao dffde Bd Giao due td chffc nham sff dung tieng Iban trong trffdng phd thdng d Sarawak.
- Nam 1985, mot td chffc khac ve phat trien giao due va van hda Iban dffdc thanh lap de tffdng nhd Gia lang da qua cd' cua cdng ddng Iban, gpi la Quy Tun Jugah. Chffc nang chinh cua Quy nay la phat trien ngdn ngff, giao due va van hda Iban. Tff khi thanh lap, Quy da tai trd nhieu cude hdi thao, thu thap va ghi lai van hpc Iban, tich cffc xua't ban sach va tff dien bang tieng Iban.
4) Cdc van de vd tiCctng lai cua gido due ngon ngit Iban
Giao due ngdn ngff Iban, cung nhff Kadazandusun, edn gap phai mot sd van de sau:
- Tiding Iban dffdc day 120 phut/tuan ngoai gid hpc ehinh, thffdng la vao budi chieu khi ldp hoc ra't ndng va hoc sinh cam tha'y khdng mudn quay lai trffdng hpc sau khi da ve nha an edm trffa. Do dd so hpc sinh den ldp hpc khdng nhieu.
- Thieu tai lieu dpc them do khdng cd cd quan nao cd trach nhiem trong viee xuat ban chung. Tff khi Phdng Van hpc Borneo dffdc Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka tiep quan, viee xua't ban cac sach ngdn ngff ban xff Borneo da bi ngffng lai. Hpc sinh phai phu thudc qua nhieu vao giao vien do khdng cd sach dpc them.
Tim hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de eiia cdc ddn toe thieu sd d Malaysia
- Thieu giao vien tie'ng Iban. Cd 702 trffdng tieu hpc (khdng ed sd lieu trffdng
trung hpc) ed ky thi tieng Iban vdi 16.351 hpc sinh tieu hpc va 13.140 hpc sinh trung hpc tham dff ky thi. Nhffng sd giao vien d ca hai cap chi la 782 ngffdi [34; 110]. Sdhpe sinh mud'n hpc tie'ng Iban tang len hang nam, nhffng sdgiao vien ed kha nang day tieng Iban ra't ban che do khdng dffdc dao tao.
- Sach giao khoa cho hpc sinh tieu hpc mdi chi dffdc in vao cud'i nam 1997. Trffdc dd, hpc sinh khdng cd sach giao khoa ma giao vien chi dffa tren hffdng dan cua giao trinh de day.
- Tuy so' Iffdng hpc sinh hpc mdn nay da len de'n hdn 20.000, nhffng cho den nam 1997 vIn ehffa cd can bd phu trach mdn tieng Iban d Phdng Chffdng trinh hpc thudc Bd Giao due. Cung khdng cd ngan sach dac biet nao tff Phdng Chffdng trinh hpc cho viee dao tao, cung nhff phat trien tieng Iban.
Cong ddng Iban, trong khi thffe sff da chap nhan tieng Malaysia la ngdn ngff qud'c gia va chap nhan tieng Iban nhff mdn tff chpn d trffdng phd thdng, cung td long mong mud'n nhan dffdc sff quan tam nhieu hdn den viee phat trien tiding Iban cung nhff ngdn ngff cac dan tpc thieu so' khac, ca ve mat hpc thuat nhff chuan hda ngdn ngff lan ve mat tai chinh, nhan sff nham dap ffng nhu cau ciia trffdng hpc. Hp cung de nghi Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka nen xem xet lai chinh sach eiia minh de xua't ban sach bang tieng me de eua cac dan tdc cung nhff sach song ngff vi cdng viee nay la qua nang dd'i vdi nhffng cay but thie'u kinh nghiem eua dia phffdng.
Tdm lai, tie'ng Iban trong qua khff da ed mot thdi ky "vang son" ciia minh. Sau Ddc lap, mot so' chffc nang chinh cua tie'ng Iban da khdng cdn gia tri nhff trffdc do he qua logic cua viee sat nhap vao Lien bang Malaysia vdi tieng Melayu la ngdn ngff qud'c gia. Tuy nhien, cdng ddng nay van ed nhu cau rat Idn ve tie'ng me de nham:
- Giao tiep trong ndi bd cdng ddng va trong mot chffng mffe nao dd vdi cac cdng ddng khac;
- Giff gin truyen thd'ng van hda.
Tuy tieng Iban chi dffdc day nhff mot mdn tff chpn nhffng sd Iffdng hpc sinh quan tam de'n viee hpc tieng me de ngay mot tang len. Trong khi dd, sff quan tam, ung hd ciia nha nffdc va cac cd quan chffc nang la ehffa thoa dang. Nhffng ddng gdp cho sff phat trien tie'ng Iban phan Idn la eua cac td chffc phi ehinh phii, ndi len long thiet tha mud'n dffdc giff gin ngdn ngff va van hda dan tdc. Tuy nhien^ chac chan la du hp cd ed' gang den dau, viee phat trien tieng Iban van can phai dffde sff giup dd mang tinh chuyen nghiep tff phia cac cd quan chffc nang.
Tim hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de eiia cdc ddn tgc thieu so d Malaysia
III. Bidayuh
1) CQng dong Bidayuh
Theo Dieu 161A Hien phap Malaysia, tff "Dayak" dffde chi hai tdc ngffdi d Sarawak, dd la Iban hay cdn gpi la "Sea Dayak" va Bidayuh hay la "Land Dayak", hien nay sd'ng tai Vanh dai Bidayuh gdm cac quan Serian, Kuching, Bau va Lundu. Theo so lieu nam 1997, cdng ddng nay cd 158.700 ngffdi, chie'm 8,4% sd dan Sarawak [46; 115]. Hp dffdc xem la mot trong nhffng cff dan dau tien ciia Sarawak.
Khi James Brooke de'n Sarawak, ngffdi Bidayuh van sd'ng d viing ddi nui va lam Ilia nffdng. Sau dd hp chuyen dan xudng cac vung da't thap do da't lam ndng nghiep khan hiem dan va dan sd' tang. Hp lam lua nffdc, trdng sago, cao su, tieu va chan nudi. Hien nay nhffng ngffdi Bidayuh cd hpc thffe hay thich phieu Iffu cdn ed mat d "thanh phd dau lffa" Miri hay "thanh phd gas" Bintulu. Hau bet ngffdi Bidayuh hien nay theo Thien chiia giao La Ma, chi ed mot It cai dao sang Hdi giao va rdi nha dai de'n sd'ng canh cac lang Melayu, ddng hda vdi ngffdi Melayu. Tuy theo Thien chiia giao, cude sd'ng ciia hp van mang day mau sac tin ngffdng truyen thd'ng eiia cha dng la tdn giao vat linh. Ngffdi Bidayuh gidi dan gid va cham khac tre. Hp sdng d nha dai, tuy nhien khdng dai bang nha ciia ngffdi Iban, Kayan hay Kenyah. Mot so'khac chpn d nha ddn. Ngffdi dffng dau mot lang cd vai trd rat quan trpng. Cac chffdng trinh sffc khde, giao due va kinh te' cua Chinh phii khdng the thffe hien dffdc neu khdng cd sff cdng tac eua nhffng ngffdi nay.
2) Tieng Bidayuh vd tinh hinh gidng day
Khdng nhff Iban, Bidayuh la tdc ngffdi gdm nhieu nhdm khdng thuan nhat ve ngdn ngff. Hp ndi nhieu ngdn ngff khac nhau nhffng cd quan he chat che vdi nhau. O Sarawak, Bidayuh cd 4 nhdm ngdn ngff chinh [46;116-117]:
Ten vung Sd'lang Ngon ngff
Serian Kuching Bipuruh Bau Lundu 126 84 43 41 Bukar-Sadong Biatah/Penyua Bau-Jagoi Selako Lara
Mdi nhdm tren lai cd nhieu phffdng ngff khac nhau, moi phffdng ngff lai ed cac bie^n the cua minh. Ngffdi Bidayuh sd'ng d thffdng Iffu sdng Sadong ndi hdi khac
77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de cua cdc ddn tgc thieu so d Malaysia
nhffng ngffdi d ha luti, cdn phffdng ngff eiia nhffng ngffdi sd'ng gan bien gidi Sarawak-Kalimantan lai khac ban phffdng ngff ciia nhffng ngffdi sdng dpc Kuching Serian Road. Mot sd tff d phffdng ngff nay cd y nghia khac ban trong phffdng ngff kia. Vi du, "bisaki" trong tie'ng Biatah nghia la "nhff the nao", nhffng lai la "an ai" trong tieng Bukar-Sadong. "Chide ao" dffdc gpi la "jipo" trong phffdng ngff Suburan va Binah nhffng lai dffdc gpi la "skinang" trong phffdng ngff Bistang, Bipuruh va Penyua. Cau "Tdi mudn an edm" dffdc ndi nhff sau:
Biatah Bau-Jagoi Bukar-Sadong
Aku an man tubi Oku raan man tobi Aku era naan sungkoi
Tuy nhien, tff vffng cua cac phffdng ngff Bidayuh van ehffa phat trien va phai vay mffdn tff cac ngdn ngff trdi hdn khi can thiet. Vi du, tieng Bidayuh khdng ed tff nao de ndi "cam dn" hay "tam biet". Khi giao tie'p vdi cac toe ngffdi khac, hp dung "terima kasih" hay "bye-bye".
Trong qua khff, giao due d hau bet cac viing Bidayuh deu la ket qua trffe tiep eiia viee truyen giao. Mdi hdi truyen giao phu trach mot so' viing, ke ca vung ndng thdn, va xay dffng trffdng hpc d do. Ngdn ngff giang day d nhffng trffdng nay la tieng Anh, nhffng trong 3 nam dau tieng Bidayuh dffde dung nhff ngdn ngff chuyen tiep. Ngoai ra, cac phffdng ngff Bidayuh cung edn dffde day nhff mdn "ngdn ngff ban dia". Cac hpc sinh d Kuching hpc tie'ng Biatah, Serian hpc tieng Bukar-Sadong, edn hpc sinh d Bau-Jagoi hpc tieng Jagoi hoac Bisinghai. Ddi vdi nhffng nha truyen giao nffdc ngoai hay giao vien thudc cac dan tdc khac, nhffng