1) Ngdn ngit sit dung trong cdc linh vUc kiem soat cua dat niidc vd sit dung d cap dg chinh thitc
La ngdn ngff qud'c gia eua da't nffdc, tie'ng Malaysia, ta't nhien, phai la ngdn ngff giao tie'p cua nha nffdc. O cap do ehinh thffe, bien ban cac cuoc hpp, bao cao v.v... dffdc viet bang tie'ng Malayu. Dien van, tuyen bd' trong cac budi le ehinh thffe dffde dpc bang ngdn ngff qud'c gia, tiding Anh chi dffdc dung d cac sff kien qud'c te. Tuy nhien, Nghi si Qudc hdi nao khdng thdng thao tie'ng Malaysia, khi dffdc phep, ed the thao luan bang tieng Anh, va ndi chung viee nay khdng dffde khuye'n khich lam. Tie'ng Anh chi dffde diing trong cac va'n de dd'i ngoai, dung khi
77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tie'ng me de cua cdc ddn toe thieu sod Malaysia
Chinh phu chi thi cho cac dai dien eua Malaysia d nffdc ngoai. Tuy nhien, do cong tac xda nan mu chff qud'c gia ehffa thffe sff hoan tat (den nam 2000 mdi chi ed 93,5% cong dan trong dp tudi 10-64 bie't dpe-vie't [30]) nen viee giao tie'p giffa nhan dan va nha nffdc edn bi han che. Khi dffdc hdi: "Thff tie'ng nao ban khdng bie't nhffng mud'n dffdc bie't va vi sao?", ed de'n 90% sd ngffdi dffde hdi d khu lao ddng ngffdi Hoa Jinjang Bac (Kuala Lumpur) da tra Idi la tieng Malaysia, vi nd cd the giiip hp lam viee trffe tidp vdi ehinh quyen va cd quan hanh ehinh cdng cong nhff hdi ddng thanh phd, van phdng nha da't, benh vien cdng... Hp ndi rang hp phai chiu thiet thdi khi khdng thdng thao ngdn ngff qudc gia trong nhffng trffdng hdp nhff the [40;252]. Chiing tdi da dffdc chffng kien dich vu khai hp ddn tff bang tie'ng Melayu trffdc effa mot van phdng xua't nhap canh vdi gia 4RM/bieu mau. Do dd, cac van ban chinh thffe, ne'u can, van dffde dich ra cac thff tie'ng khac de mpi ngffdi cung hieu rd.
Vdi ehinh sach giao due qud'c gia, tie'ng Malaysia cung da trd thanh ngdn ngff giang day trong nha trffdng qudc gia, tff cap tieu hpc cho den dai hpc. Nhieu the he hpc sinh, sinh vien da dffdc giao due hoan toan bang ngdn ngff qud'c gia. Cdng tac xay dffng ngdn ngff dffde chii trpng thdng qua quye't tam eua chinh phu, sff tich cffc cua Hdi ddng Ngdn ngff va Van hpc (Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka) va sff ung ho ciia cac td chffc, ca nhan. Mot trong nhffng cdng viee dd la xua't ban sach giao khoa va cac tai lieu dpc khac, xay dffng thuat ngff mdi, cac sach hffdng dan ngff phap, phat am... va tff dien. Tuy nhien giao due dai hpc vIn can cd sff trd giup ciia tieng Anh. Cd the do chinh sach song ngff eua minh - mdi hpc sinh, dac biet la sinh vien dai hpc deu phai nam vffng tieng Anh - ma nhieu tai lieu tham khao, nha't la cac mdn khoa hpc, chi cd the tim tha'y bang tieng Anh. Cac linh vffc ma Malaysia vin edn phai phu thuoe vao Iffc Iffdng giao vien nffdc ngoai, nhff Y hay Luat, thi tieng Anh vIn dffdc phep dung nhff ngdn ngff giang day. Ngoai ra, nhff ehinh sach ngdn ngff qud'c gia da ndi tdi, hien nay vIn edn ed cac trffdng loai qudc gia dung tie'ng phd thdng Trung Qud'c va Tamil lam ngdn ngff giang day. Cung cd cac trffdng trung hpc tff thue giang day bang tie'ng phd thdng Trung Qud'c, va sau nay lai xua't hien cac trffdng cao dang trffdc dai hpc sff dung tie'ng Anh nhff ngdn ngff giang day. Tinh trang song ngff Melayu-Anh cung xua't hien trong linh vffc hpc thuat. Cac bao cao khoa hpc nghiem tiic dffdc thffe hien bang ca hai thff tie'ng tuy thuoe vao mong mud'n ciia nhffng ngffdi lien quan. Gidi khoa hpc dffdc khuye'n khich viet cac cdng trinh cua minh bang hai thff tieng, phuc vu cho ddc gia trong nffdc cung nhff nffdc ngoai.
77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de cua cdc ddn toe thieu so d Malaysia
Luat phap va tff phap dffde gidi thieu d Malaysia thdng qua tieng Anh tff thdi thudc dia. Linh vffc phap luat dang dffdc chuyen dan tff tie'ng Anh sang tieng Melayu. Tuy nhien, cac dao luat mdi vin phai dffdc soan thao bang hai thff tie'ng vdi ban tie'ng Melayu dffde xem la van ban chinh thffe. Con cac dao luat trffdc
1/9/1967 dffdc dich ra tieng Melayu thi ban tie'ng Anh lai la ban gd'e, trff nhffng phan dffdc sffa ddi sau nay. Viee chuyen ngdn ngff trong linh vffc tff phap xem ra trac trd hdn, trff trffdng hdp tda an Hoi giao da dung tieng Melayu. Chi de'n cudi nam 1981, tieng Melayu mdi bat dau bffdc vao tda an, nhffng chi dung cho xet xii' d cac tda sd tham. Cac toa an cap cao hdn vIn phai dung tie'ng Anh [20]. Nhffng nguyen nhan ehinh cua tinh trang nay cd the ke ra nhff sau:
- Nhffng ngffdi lam cdng tac phap luat va tff phap dffdc dao tao bang tie'ng Anh nen khdng cam tha'y tff tin khi dung tie'ng Melayu. Vi quyen Idi ciia tff phap, tie'ng Anh vIn dffde duy tri va dffdc dam bao trong Chinh sach Ngdn ngff Qud'c gia.
- Nhffng ngffdi dffdc dao tao song ngff thdng thao cd kha nang dung tie'ng Melayu td't hdn, song so' nay khdng nhieu nen khdng cd kha nang xoay chuyen tinh the.
- Cac van ban phap luat, tai lieu tham khao va cac tai lieu khac nhff sd sach, bao cao... phan Idn bang tie'ng Anh.
- Phan Idn nhffng ngffdi hanh nghe luat cho rang he thd'ng thuat ngff luat tie'ng Melayu can phai dffdc hoan thien va dn dinh hdn.
Do dd, nhff cai vdng luan quan, ngdn ngff ciia cac quan tda va luat sff gidi van la tie'ng Anh de tranh nhffng giai thich sai trong luat phap. Cac cdng ty luat tff nhan lai hau nhff chi dung tie'ng Anh.
Khoa hpc, cdng nghe, nghe nghiep chuyen mdn va kinh doanh, thffdng mai, cdng nghiep cung dffdc gidi thieu d Malaysia thdng qua tieng Anh. Do dd, truyen thd'ng va nhu cau giao tie'p vdi qud'c te' da quye't dinh md hinh sff dung ngdn ngff trong cac linh vffc nay. Tie'ng Anh chiem ffu the hdn ca. Benh an va cac bao cao chuyen mdn d cac benh vien dffde ghi bang tie'ng Anh, edn tie'p xiie vdi benh nhan thudc nhdm thu nhap thap hoac khdng bie't tieng Anh thi bang tie'ng Melayu. Tie'ng Anh ddng vai trd quan trpng d khu vffc tff nhan, qud'c doanh (thffdng mai va ngan hang) va cac cdng ty da qud'c gia. A. H. Omar [25;98] din Idi mot ngffdi Phap cd cdng ty thffdng mai d Malaysia, ndi rang dng nay td ra bffe xiie khi bi bude phai dien vao td khai hang hda xua't nhap khau bang tieng Melayu. Dung tie'ng Melayu cd nghia la cac cdng ty nffdc ngoai phai thue phien dich, va se lam can trd cdng viee le ra khdng dang cd neu dung tie'ng Anh. Cung nhff trong linh vffc luat phap, cac linh vffc y te", kien triic, cdng trinh dung nhieu tie'ng Anh cung la do cac bac si, nha si, kien triie sff, ky sff dffdc dao tao bang tie'ng Anh, nha't la d
Tim hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de cua cdc ddn tdc thieu sdd Malaysia
nffdc ngoai. Tuy nhien, linh vffc nghe nghiep chuyen mdn, kinh doanh, thffdng mai va cdng nghiep lai hau nhff trd thanh linh vffc ciia tffng dan tdc nhat dinh (nhff thffdng mai ndi chung la linh vffc ciia ngffdi Hoa, y te va giao due ndi chung la ciia ngffdi An v.v...), thi giao dich trong ndi bd thffdng bang ngdn ngff ciia dan tpc do, trong khi tie'ng Melayu chd bua va tie'ng Anh Malaysia lai hanh chffc nhff ngdn ngff giao tie'p khdng chinh thffe giffa cac nhdm tpc ngffdi. Song ngff va da ngff dffdc sff dung rong rai va hien tffdng chuyen ma hau nhff da trd thanh thdi quen [41;183].
Thdng tin dai chung ed ba phffdng tien: bao chi, truyen thanh va truyen hinh. Trong linh vffc bao chi, mdi dan tdc cd mot vai td bao rieng bang tie'ng ciia dan tdc minh, ngoai ra edn cd cac bao b^ng tieng Anh, Ne'u nhff trong thdi ky thudc dia, bao tie'ng Anh cd sd' phat hanh nhieu nhat thi sau ddc lap, tinh the lai dao ngffdc. Td bao cd so'phat hanh nhieu nha't vao cudi nhffng nam 80 la td Utusan Malaysia bang tieng Melayu (2.920.500 sd, Chu nhat len de'n 5.200.000 sd), tie'p theo la Berita Harian (cung bang tie'ng Melayu) (2.078.120 sd, Chii nhat - 2.917.300 sd). Td bao tie'ng Anh ban chay nha't la The New Straits Times chi cd 1.946.880 sd, Chu nhat la 2.364.620 so [41; 179-180]. Truyen thanh, cung nhff bao chi, ed cac kenh rieng phat bang ngdn ngff qud'c gia, tie'ng Anh, tieng phd thdng Trung Qud'c va Tamil ma A. H. Omar gpi la "md hinh spe". Md hinh nay cung da cd tff thdi thudc dia, nhffng ngay nay kenh qud'c gia dffdc chu trpng de'n nhieu hdn. Ngffdc lai, truyen hinh lai ap dung "md hinh chap va", cd nghia la mot kenh phat nhieu thff tie'ng khac nhau. Tin tffc dffde phat bang 4 thff tie'ng - Melayu, Anh, Trung Qud'c va Tamil vdi ban tin ehinh vao luc 8 gid td'i bang ngdn ngff qud'c gia (tren ta't ca cac kenh). Cac chffdng trinh giai tri dffdc chieu bang cac thff tieng Melayu, Anh, phd thdng Trung Qud'c, Quang Ddng, Tamil, Hindi va A Rap; con quang cao thi bang tie^ng Melayu, tie'ng Anh va mot trong cac phffdng ngff Trung Qudc [41;180].
2) Ngon ngit giao tiep giita cdc ddn toe vd sit dung & cap do khong chinh thitc
La qud"c gia da dan tdc, ngdn ngff giao tiep trong cuoc sd'ng thffdng ngay ciia ngffdi dan Malaysia rat phong phu.
Tieng Melayu va cac phffdng ngff Trung Qudc, An Dp dffdc dung trong cdng ddng ciia minh. Tieng Melayu hay dang pidgin hda ciia nd cung dffde dung trong giao tie'p giffa nhffng ngffdi khdng cd giao due tieng Anh thudc cac dan tpc khac nhau. Con nhffng ngffdi cd giao due tieng Anh, bat ke thudc dan tdc nao, cung
Tim hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de eua cdc ddn toe thieu sod Malaysia
deu dung tieng Anh de giao tie'p vdi nhau. Neu la nhffng ngffdi eiing dan tdc, se cd sff chuyen ma giffa tieng Anh va tieng eua dan tdc minh [24;73].
Trong cdng ddng Trung Qudc, neu la nhffng ngffdi cd giao due tie'ng Trung Qudc thi tie'ng phd thdng Trung Qudc la ngdn ngff giao tiep giffa hp. Ddng thdi, ne'u tie'ng me de ciia hp la nhffng phffdng ngff khac nhau thi ngffdi sdng d khu vffc eua phffdng ngff khac se diing phffdng ngff ap dao dd giao tiep. Vi du, ngffdi Phiie Kien sd'ng trong khu vffc da sd la ngffdi Quang Ddng thi diing tie'ng Quang Ddng ndi chuyen vdi ban be, hang xdm..., tinh hinh se ngffdc lai ddi vdi ngffdi Quang Ddng sd'ng trong khu vffc da so' la ngffdi Phuc Kien. Dd'i vdi cac dan tdc ban dia khac d Sabah va Sarawak, tieng Melayu la lingua franca ciia hp. Nhffng, tffdng tff nhff cdng ddng Trung Qudc, viee dung ngdn ngff cd tinh chat vung cung phd bien dd'i vdi nhffng ngffdi ban dia d day [24;72-73].
Ngoai ra, pidgin cung la ngdn ngff chd bua dac trimg cua Malaysia. Phd bien nhat la tie'ng Melayu pidgin, hay edn gpi la tie'ng Ma Lai chd bua, ed lich sff lau ddi (tff the ky XVI-XVII) va dffde sff dung rat rong rai (dffdc da so' ngffdi Malaysia bie't de'n va thffdng xuyen sff dung) nhffng chi trong mot sd giao tie'p xa hdi nhat dinh (chd bua, lam thue, quan he lang gieng...). O cap dp giao tie'p giffa cac dan tdc edn cd tieng Anh pidgin, hay tieng Anh Malaysia. Tieng Anh pidgin khdng phd bien bang tie'ng Melayu pidgin, vi nd ddi hdi phai cd giao due tie'ng Anh cho du vai nam, edn tieng Melayu pidgin thi khdng can thie't. Ngoai ra edn cd tie'ng Quang Ddng pidgin (phd bien d Kuala Lumpur) va Phiic Kien pidgin (phd bien d Pinang), tuy nhien chi d cap dp giao tiep giffa nhffng ngffdi ndi hai phffdng ngff nay vdi nhau ma thdi [24;73].
Cd the tdm tat viee sff dung ngdn ngff trong giao tie'p khdng ehinh thffe d Malaysia nhff sau:
Tieng Melayu
Tie'ng Anh Tie'ng pho thong Trung Quo'c Tamil
Tie'ng me de
(i) Trong noi bo nhom Melayu.
(ii) Giffa nhffng ngiXdi khong c6 giao due tieng Anh thuoe cac nhom khac nhau.
Giu'a nhiTng ngu'di c6 giao due tie'ng Anh d cap do (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
trong noi bo va giu'a cac nhom dan toe.
Giffa nhflng ngtfdi Trung Quo'c c6 giao due tie'ng phd thong Trung Quo'c.
Trong noi bo nhttng ngtfdi noi tie'ng Tamil va nhttng ngu'di An Dp c6 giao due tie'ng Tamil. Trong noi bp tijfng nhom dan tpc.
77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de ciia cdc ddn t()e thieu sdd Malaysia
Tie'ng me de ciia hang xom
Cac ngon ngu* pidgin
Dung d nhieu nhdm dan tpc khac nhau.
Ta't ca cac nhom dan tpc tuy thupc vao s\i chpn lifa
cua ho.
[Nguon: 24, trang 74]
Ta ed the tha'y tie'ng Melayu chi ddng vai trd la ngdn ngff giao tie'p giffa nhffng ngffdi khdng cd giao due tie'ng Anh thudc cac nhdm dan toe khac nhau, edn nhffng
ngffdi CO giao due tie'ng Anh van chpn tie'ng Anh lam ngdn ngff giao tiep ciia hp.
Trffdc kia, d cap dp khdng chinh thffe, cac quan chffc chinh phu va nhan vien nha nffdc thudc the he Idn tudi, do dffdc giao due bang tieng Anh nen vln dung tie'ng Anh de ndi chuyen vdi nhau. Chi cd the he tre dffdc giao due bang ngdn ngff qudc gia mdi cam thay de dang khi diing tidng Melayu. Vdi viee ddi hdi ta't ca cac vien chffc nha nffdc deu phai thanh thao tieng Malaysia de dffdc nhan vao lam viee va thang tien, cang ngay cang cd nhieu vien chffc thanh thao ngdn ngff nay. Viee giao tiep bang ngdn ngff qud'c gia giffa cac nhdm dan tpc vi the ngay cang tang. Tuy nhien, dieu nay chu ye'u xay ra chi giffa nhffng ngffdi Melayu va khdng Melayu, hay giffa nhffng ngffdi bumiputera va khdng bumiputera ma thdi. Tieng Melayu van ehffa thffe sff trd thanh ngdn ngff giao tie'p giffa nhffng ngffdi khdng phai ban dia. Hiem khi bat gap hai vien chffc nha nffdc, chang ban mot la ngffdi Hoa va mot la ngffdi An, lai ndi chuyen vdi nhau bang tieng Melayu. Hp van chpn tie'ng Anh lam ngdn ngff giao tiep ciia minh. A. H. Omar, dan mot nghien cffu ciia Tan C. B. [24;75] ndi rang, hai ngffdi Hoa thudc hai nhdm phffdng ngff khac nhau chang tha diing tidng Anh hay cat dfft hoan toan cau chuyen edn hdn la diing tie'ng Melayu ma ca hai eiing bie't ndi. Tan cung cho rang se la mot bffdc dot pha Idn ddi vdi ngffdi Trung Qud'c khi hp dat dffde de'n giai doan tieng Melayu trd thanh mot trong nhffng ngdn ngff dffde dung trong ndi bd ngffdi Trung Qudc. Cac cdng dan khdng phai bumiputera ed le van ehffa cam nhan dffdc ngdn ngff qudc gia la ngdn ngff cua minh. Nguyen nhan cua viee ngffdi ta tranh diing tie'ng Melayu cd the ke ra nhff sau:
- Khdng quen diing va khdng ed kha nang ndi tieng Melayu trdi chay. Hp ngai lam quen vdi mot ngdn ngff mdi.
- Sd bi ddng hoa, dac biet la cdng ddng ngffdi Hoa. Cd the, hp vIn edn ed y nghi va cam giae la tieng Melayu se mang lai cho hp dien mao Melayu.
- Cho rang tiding Melayu la ngdn ngff ddn gian va cd tinh rffng rii.
- Cong ddng nhap cff cho rang ngdn ngff ciia hp phai ngang hang vdi tieng Melayu.
Tim hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de ciia cdc ddn toe thieu sdd Malaysia
Nhffng budi le ciia cac td chffc tff nhan, chang ban le phat thffdng, lai cho tha'y mot md hinh giao tie^p khac ma A. H, Omar gpi la "md hinh gia'y tieu de" [24;77- 78]. Trong md hinh nay, vai ddng tieu de gdm Idi chao mffng va chuc tung bang tieng Melayu. Phan edn lai, tffc thdng diep thffe sff mud'n chuyen tai la bang tie'ng Anh, hoac pha trdn giffa tie'ng Anh va Melayu, hoac mot thff tie'ng khac. Ngdn ngff qudc gia trong trffdng hdp nay chi dffdc dung de td Idng tdn trpng chinh sach chff khdng thffe sff ddng vai trd giao tiep.
Tdm lai, tie'ng Melayu, vdi tff each la ngdn ngff qudc gia, da cd mat trong cac ITnh vffc quan trpng ciia da't nffdc. Trong 8 ITnh vffc dd, tieng Melayu da dffdc sff dung hoan toan trong 3 ITnh vffc la hanh chinh Nha nffdc, giao due va thdng tin dai chung. Cac ngdn ngff khac dffde sff dung trong ba ITnh vffc nay, theo chung tdi, la ta't ye'u dd'i vdi mot qud'c gia da dan tdc. Cac ITnh vffc edn lai, do chinh sach ddi vdi