I. Kadazandusun
2)Tieng Murut vd tinh hinh giang day
Theo sff phan loai cua Vien Ngdn ngff hpc Miia he [din theo 52], cdng ddng Murut cd 15 ngdn ngff hoac phffdng ngff. Dd la Kolor, Gana, Kwijau, Kalabakan, Semakung, Serundung, Tagal va Murut Trung tam. Cac ngdn ngff thudc Murut Trung tam chii ye'u la Paluan, Timugon, Beaufort, Dusun-Murut, Sook-Murut,
Tim hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de eua cdc ddn tgc thieu sod Malaysia
Baukan va Nabai. Cdn Miller [dSn theo 52] da phan ra cac ngdn ngff Murut va dia ban cff trff ciia chung nhff sau:
Ngon neff Baukan Nabai Paluan Rundum Timugon Tagal Kolor Binta Khu vffc Tulid/Sook Keningau Dalit/Sook/Ponontomon Rundum/Sumambu/Kapulu Tenom Kemabong/Tomani Baru Jumpa/Sipitang Beaufort
A. H. Omar [26] cho rang ngffdi Timugon va Paluan Murut ndi cung mot thff tieng, chi hdi khac nhau mot chut ve mat phffdng ngff, nhffng lai khac ngdn ngff cua nhffng ngffdi d Keningau, Tiulon va Sumambuq. Miller [dan theo 52] cung cho rang ngffdi Tenom hay Timugon Murut ndi mot phffdng ngff khac ban vdi cac tieu nhdm khac. Nhffng ngffdi nay dung tieng Melayu de giao tiep vdi nhffng ngffdi thudc cac tieu nhdm kbac. Ngffdi Tagol Murut, Timugon Murut va Nabai Murut ndi tff "lua" nhff sau:
Tagol Timugon Nabai Hay cau: "Tdi di ra sdng"
Tagol Timugon Nabai Lamur Kaluu Lamud Muoi au ra siang Mongol aku ra tuunon Muoi oku do sungoi
L. Umbul [52] din theo mot nghien cffu ciia Duewel/Parthasarathy (1972) va Gill/MAFD (1984) ve 634 bd Murut cho biet cd 66% hd cd tiep nhan giao due, 48% da hpc tieu hoc, tuy nhien chi cd 21% da hoan thanh trung hpc va dffdi 1% da hoan thanh giao due dai hpc. Ngffdi Murut cd chieu hffdng thich cho con trai de'n trffdng hdn la con gai, va tre em cung thffdng hay bd hpc sdm. Nguyen nhan ciia tinh trang tren cd the ke ra nhff sau:
Tim hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de ciia cdc ddn tdc thieu sdd Malaysia
- Hau bet ngffdi Murut sd'ng d nhffng vung heo lanh khdng cd nhffng tien nghi cd ban nhff nffdc, dien va ti vi. Khdng cd ti vi va cac tai lieu dpc d nha lai cang ngan can ngffdi Murut d nhffng vung nay md rdng kien thffe phd thdng.
- Hau bet cac gia dinh Murut d vung ndng thdn vIn cbii trpng vao lam ndng nghiep nhd. Mot sd du canh du cff ludn chuyen tff ndi nay den ndi khac de tim da't mau md. Them vao dd, cd gia dinh phai chuyen den ndi khac sinh sd'ng vi ngffdi dffng dau gia dinh khdng ed viee lam dn dinh. Do dd, con cai hp chi di hpc mot thdi gian ngan rdi chuyen bet tff trffdng nay sang trffdng kbac.
- O cac vung ndng thdn, cha me thffdng cd thai dp coi nbe viee con cai vang mat d trffdng.
Do nhffng ye'u to' mdi trffdng, xa bdi va ca nhan nhff tren, hpc sinh Murut d cac vung heo lanh thffdng la it dat thanh tich td't trong hpc tap vdi nhffng ky nang cd ban yeu kem. Viee giao due ndi chung da la nhff vay, nen dl nhien viee giff gin tieng me de la khd khan hdn. L. Umbul viet: "Sff phat trien nhanh chdng va thay ddi xa hdi da tac ddng manh me den Idi sd'ng ciia cdng ddng Murut. Ngffdi Murut phai nen ludn ludn nhan thffe dffdc thffe te nay va dffdng dau vdi nhffng van de sd'ng cdn nhff sau: Chung ta ed that sff quan tam de^n sff tuyet chiing ciia ngdn ngff chung ta? Ne'u cd, chung ta phai ddng vai trd gi de gin giff va eiing ed ngdn ngff?" [52;134-135]. Tac gia dffa ra nhffng nguyen nhan sau de giai thich sff sa sut eiia tieng Murut:
- Sff thd'ng tri ciia tieng Malaysia va tiding Anh trong he thd'ng giao due da ngan can hpc sinh Murut dung tieng me de cua minh.
- Cho de^n tan ngay nay, tiding Murut van ehffa dffdc dung lam ngdn ngff ciia bat
ky td bao nao. Tac gia cho rang phai cd nhieu ngffdi Murut d\X(3c tao c(j hdi tham
gia vao nghe lam bao de giup tuyen truyen va phat trien ngdn ngff me de eiia bp. - Thie'u tai lieu dpc thich hdp cho hoc sinh viet bang tieng Murut khie^n cho the he tre Murut khdng cd dffdc kien thffe thdng qua tie'ng me de.
- Ket bdn giffa ngffdi Murut va ngffdi thudc cac nhdm ngdn ngff khac lam cho hp va eon cai ho chpn ndi thff tie'ng dffdc sff dung rdng rai hdn, chang ban nhff tieng Melayu.
- Xu hffdng ciia nhffng ngffdi Murut cd giao due cao la khdng ndi tieng me de, ma ndi tiding Anh hay Melayu vdi chinh cdng ddng ciia minh. Tac gia cho rang dd la mot nhan thffe meo md ve gia tri va hp nghi rang dia vi xa bdi ciia ho bien bd cho nhu cau tach hp ra khdi ngdn ngff me de.
77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de cua cdc ddn tgc thieu sdd Malaysia
- Mot xu hffdng khac eua ngffdi Murut la ndi xen tie'ng Melayu hay tie'ng Anh vao trong giao tie'p hang ngay ma tac gia gpi la sff "pha loang tieng Murut". Thay
vi ndi "Mongol aku ra baloi marualan'' (Tdi di de'n benh vien), hp ndi "Mongol aku ra hospitaV\ Hay ndi "Mongol dikn pengaja'' (Tdi di day) thay vi ndi "Mongol ^k\x pangila". Dieu nay ed hai cho nhffng dffa tre dang lam quen vdi tie'ng Murut.
- Cd hdi viee lam khien mot sd gia dinh chuyen ra thanh phd sinh sd'ng. Tre em Murut lam quen vdi hang xdm mdi thudc cac cdng ddng ngdn ngff khac.
Tac gia nhan manh sff can thiet phai cd nhieu nha nghien cffu tieng Murut hdn tap hdp trong Hiep hdi Murut Sabah Thd'ng nha't hay nhffng hpc gia chuyen nghiep; phai cd nhieu tai lieu vie't bang tie'ng Murut hdn phd bien tren nhffng phffdng tien thdng tin dai chung hay bang sach; nhu cau ca'p bach phai cd dffde sff ung hd nhieu hdn cua cdng ddng de cung cd' va phat trien tie'ng me de trong kha nang ciia minh va thay ddi thai dp cua nhffng ngffdi Murut cd giao due cao ddi vdi tie'ng me de cua hp. Tac gia cung de nghi Hiep hdi phai xay dffng nhffng chie'n Iffdc giao due the he tre, nhff:
- Thanh lap Quy Ngdn ngff Murut, nham cung cap mot dia chi cho cac tri thffe Murut va cac nha ngdn ngff hpc tham gia va ddng gdp vao viee gin giff, eiing ed va phat trien tie'ng Murut.
- Dao tao nhffng nha nghien cffu tie'ng Murut, nham lam cho ngay cang cd nhieu ngffdi Murut trd thanh nhffng nha ngdn ngff hpc, nha nghien cffu, nha van.
- Sach bang tieng Murut phai dffdc xua't ban nhieu hdn nffa, nhff cau dd, thd, chuyen di ddm va van hpc truyen mieng khac. Cac cay but cung phai ed' gang viet bang tie'ng Murut de xua't ban tren bao va tap chi.
- To chffc hdi thao, hdi nghi de nhan manh vai trd ciia tieng Murut trong sff phat trien van hpc va nghe thuat Sabah. Hiep hdi phai khuyen khich thanh vien ddng vai trd trong viee yeu qui, nang niu tieng me de. Cha me cung phai ddng vai trd trong viee tao mdi trffdng tie^ng Murut d nha bang each giao tiep vdi con cai va khuyen khich chung ndi bang tieng me de.
- Thanh lap Trung tam Ngdn ngff Murut de day tieng Murut cho ngffdi Murut va nhffng nha nghien cffu nffdc ngoai, tien hanh chuan hda tieng Murut,
Tdm lai, tieng Murut ehffa bao gid dffdc dffa vao nha trffdng, cung ehffa bao gid xua't ban thanh sach va cd mat d cac phffdng tien thdng tin dai chung. Viee sii dung chi gdi gpn trong giao tiep cdng ddng va tdn giao truyen thdng. Do dieu kien xa xdi thie'u thd'n, cung vdi cac thay ddi xa hdi va tinh thffe dung ciia ngffdi dan trong viee sff dung ngdn ngff phd bie^n hdn, pham vi sii dung tie'ng Murut cung
77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de ciia cdc ddn tgc thieu sd d Malaysia (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
dang bi de dpa. Do dd, nhu cau Idn nhat hien nay eua cdng ddng Murut la giff gin truyen thd'ng van hda. Dd la nhu cau chinh dang va nhffng de nghi dffa ra hoan toan kha thi. Tuy vay, dieu nay cung can sff giup dd ciia nha nffdc (dffa tidng Murut len cac phffdng tien thdng tin dai chiing, tao dieu kien cho ngffdi Murut viing heo lanh dffdc tiep can thdng tin...) va cac cd quan chuyen mdn (chuan hda tie'ng Murut..), chff mot minh cdng ddng nay cung khd ma tff xoay sd ndi.
V. Orang Asli
/ ) Ngitm Orang Asli (tho ddn)
Orang Asli la thuat ngff chung dung de chi mot trong nhffng tdc ngffdi ban dia d Ban dao Malaysia. Day la thuat ngff Melayu, cd nghia la "nhffng ngffdi dau tien". Ngffdi Orang Asli dffde chia ra lam 3 nhdm theo sff phan loai tren binh dien nhan loai hpc, gdm Negrito, Senoi va Proto-Malay. Mdi nhdm lai dffde chia ra lam 6 nhdm nhd hdn: Nhom chinh Negrito Senoi Proto-Malay Tieu nhom Kensiu Kintak Lanoh Jahai Mandriq Batiq T6ng cOng Temiar Semai Semoq Beri Jahut Mah Meri Che Wong T6^ng cOng Temuan Semelai Jakun Kanaq Kuala Seletar T6'ng cOng TONG CQNG Dan sd' 224 235 359 1.049 145 960 2.972 15.122 26.049 2.488 3.193 2.185 403 49.440 16.020 4.103 16.637 64 2.492 801 40.117 92.529
[Nguon: Cue cac vu viee cua ngu'di Orang Asli]
Tim hieu nhu edu gido due tieng me de ciia cdc ddn tdc thieu sdd Malaysia
Ndi chung, ngffdi Negrito sdng d vung thffdng Perak va Kelantan. Mot sd sdng du cff theo mua trai cay. Theo cac nha sff hpc, ngffdi Negrito la con chau cua ngffdi tien sff dffdc bie't de'n nhff ngffdi Australia-Melanesian den tff Trung Qud'c 7.000- 10.000 nam ve trffdc hoac hdn nffa. Ngffdi Senoi sd'ng d sffdn day Main Range ciia cac bang ndi dia nhff Perak, Kelantan va Pahang. Cdn ngffdi Proto-Malay sdng gan cac lang Melayu truyen thdng d cac bang Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Melaka va Johor. Ngffdi Senoi va Proto-Malay la eon chau cua ngffdi tien sff dffdc biet de'n nhff ngffdi Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) di cff de'n tff 3.000-3.500 nam trffdc. Ngffdi Orang Asli gidi khac gd, san pham eua hp mieu ta thien nhien va tin ngffdng eua hp. Ngffdi Orang Asli tin vao sffc manh cua than linh va thay cung/thay mo la ngffdi trung gian giao tie'p vdi nhffng Iffc Iffdng vd binh dd trong cac nghi le. San thu va bat ca la mot phan trong boat ddng kinh te cua hp. Ngoai ra hp edn lam ndng nghiep ca the nhff trdng ngd, ehud'i, kboai lang va cac loai rau. Hp trao ddi bang hda, dich vu va cac san pham khac giffa hp tren cd sd se chia va trao ddi, va he thd'ng kinh te nay da giiip cung cd md'i quan be ndng hau giffa nhffng ngffdi Orang Asli vdi nhau.
2) Ngon ngit cua ngUM Orang Asli vd tinh hinh gidng day
Cac tieu nhdm ngffdi Orang Ash ndi cac phffdng ngff kbac nhau, khdng ke phffdng ngff Melayu dia phffdng minh. A. H. Omar [26;36] ndi rang ngdn ngff cua ngffdi Senoi la Mdn-Khdmer, cdn ngdn ngff cua ngffdi Proto-Malay la Melayu va khdng cd tff vay mffdn ben ngoai.
N. Colin [28] cho rSng, trong qua khff, cac ngdn ngff Orang Asli da may man sd'ng sdt vdi chi vai tram bay vai nghin ngffdi ndi. Ngffdi Kanaq vIn duy tri dffdc ngdn ngff ddc dao cua hp cho du dan sd' chi ed vai chuc ngffdi. Tuy nhien ngay nay, ngdn ngff cua bp dang bi de dpa bdi "nhffng phffdng each gie't chet ngdn ngff kieu mdi" thdng qua pham vi ngay cang md rdng cua cac quan be xa hdi trong mdi trffdng bien dai. Tac gia lay dan chffng ve viee giao Iffu budn ban giffa cac tdc ngffdi vdn cd thu ban vdi nhau, ket hdn giffa cac tpc ngffdi, chuyen ra khu vffc thanh thi de tim viee lam, thffe hien he thd'ng giao due chu dao - dan den phat trien viee vay mffdn rat nhieu va/hoac chap nhan ngdn ngff da sd'. Phffdng tien thdng tin dai chung lai cang cung cd'chieu hffdng nay va lam xau them qua trinh bien mat cua ngdn ngff. Tac gia dan nghien cffu cua G. Benjamin, cho rang ty le vay mffdn tff tieng Melayu cao nha't la eua nhffng nhdm ngffdi nhd hdn sinh sdng bang hai Iffdm, dac biet la nhffng nhdm sd'ng d vung thap, an ngff nhffng con dffdng Melayu cd thdng qua rffng. Proto-Malay cung la nhdm vay mffdn rat nhieu
Tim hieu nhu cdu gido due tie'ng me de eiia cdc ddn tgc thieu sdd Malaysia
tff tie'ng Melayu tff khi hp ed md'i quan he budn ban ffu tien lau dai vdi ngffdi Melayu va nhffng nhdm khac d ha Iffu. Ty le vay mffdn thap nha't la cua nhffng cff dan lam ndng nghiep cd sd Iffdng ddng, nhff cua trffdng hdp ngffdi Semai, sinh sd'ng kha heo lanh va mffe dp tff ca'p tff tiie cao hdn. Tffdng tff nhff vay la nhdm ngffdi Temiar sdng d trong ndi dia, dffde cac tdc ngffdi khac sd'ng quanh nhff Semai, Lanoh, Jahai va Mandriq lam vat dem cho hp tranh khdi tiep xuc ngdn ngff vdi tie'ng Melayu. Ke't qua la tff vffng cua nhdm nay phong phu len do vay mffdn ga'p nhieu lan tff cac nhdm ngdn ngff khac va trd thanh mot kieu lingua franca giffa nhffng ngffdi Orang Asli.
Cung theo N. Colin, dieu do khdng ed nghia la khdng cd nd Iffc nao nham giff gin ngdn ngff ciia hp (tff giff gin dffdc viet trong ngoac kep). Ngffdc lai, cd hang loat cd' gang nham xua't ban tidng Orang Asli. Tff nhffng nam 1950, ban tieng Semai eua kinh thanh va thanh ca, cung nhff mot cudn tff dien Senoi-Anh-Senoi ra ddi. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka cung xua't ban cud'n "Tengleq Kui Serok" gdm cd mot danh sach cac tff Temiar cung nhff nhffng gdi y ve ngff phap va cau true tie'ng Temiar, phuc vu cho viee sff dung cua Cue ve nhffng vu viee cua ngffdi Orang Asli. Nam 1959, trffdc tinh trang khan cap, mot chffdng trinh phat thanh cd ten la "Siaran Orang Asli" da dffde phat tren Radio Malaya, bang tieng Temiar va Semai. Sau do, chffdng trinh nay la cdng cu tuyen truyen eua Nha nffdc. Trffdc bau cff 1995, chffdng trinh hai tieng/ngay nay lai dffdc tang them 2 tieng nffa. Trong linh vffc giao due, ben canh nhffng cd' gang sffa ddi chffdng trinh hpc cho phu hdp vdi nhu cau cua ngffdi Orang Asli, da cd mot sd thao luan vao 4/1997 ve viee gidi thieu tieng Semai nhff mot mdn hpc d cac trffdng Pahang. Tuy nhien, N. Colin [28;141-143] chi trich rang mue dich eiia ta't ca nhffng viee tren khdng nham de giff gin ngdn ngff vi Idi ich ciia ehinh ngdn ngff dd, ma nhieu hdn la de tiep can vdi cdng ddng; khdng nhin ngdn ngff nhff mot cai gi dd Idn hdn cdng cu giao tiep. Nhffng thay ddi xa hdi va van hda dan den cac nhdm dan tdc thieu sd khdng cam tha'y gia tri ciia ban than va tff ti vao van hda va ngdn ngff eua hp. Nhff cai vdng luan quan, dieu nay lai cang lam van hda tan ra va ngdn ngff bien mat. Do dd, khdng the bat dau cffu mot ngdn ngff bang each chi day nd ma phai dat nd vao bd'i canh van hda. Ma van hda thi cung khdng the "day", ma phai thffe hanh. Tac gia cung cho rang, ne'u nhff vay, phai cd mot cam ke't thffe sff dd'i vdi van de da van hda, da ngdn ngff.
Neu khdng hieu nham y tac gia, chung tdi cho rang tac gia, trong khi mudn bao tdn ngdn ngff va van hda cua ngffdi Orang Asli, da mud'n bien hp cung vdi mdi trffdng eua hp thanh "rffng qud'c gia", ndi khdng mot van minh hien dai nao
Tim hieu nhu edu gido due tieng me de ciia cdc ddn toe thieu sd d Malaysia
^
ed the len Idi vao pha hdng van hda cua hp dffdc. Tuy nhien, xa bdi phat trien khdng the khdng cd giao Iffu kinh te, trao ddi thdng tin, tff dd tiep xuc ngdn ngff va giao thoa van hda la viee khdng the tranh khdi. Vay mffdn cffng la mot ngudn lam phong phu them ngdn ngff ciia ban than dan tdc dd. Day la ehffa ke den viee kim ham sff phat trien ciia nhffng tdc ngffdi nay trong nhffng "vien bao tang sd'ng" nhff the cdn la mot cai tdi Idn. Chung ta cung khdng the phii nhan viee ngdn ngff la cdng cu chinh tri sac ben. Ta't nhien, neu ngdn ngff dffde phat trien vdi y thffe bao tdn va phat trien van hda thi cdn gi bang. Nhffng neu khdng, ngdn ngff tdn tai vdi mue dich nguyen thiiy ciia nd la lam cdng cu giao tiep cung khdng phai la mot tinh trang tdi, bdi vi khdng phai qudc gia nao cung dii sffc duy tri va phat trien tat ca