4. Ve phong each hoe
4.3.1.2. Tir lay hien nay vdn dugc dimg
Loai nay gdm cd cac lir ddi ddi, nghe nghe, lam Idm. vira vira,
Thdng kc Iren lai ca cac van ban dang xet thi thay chi cd vira vira xuai hien 2 lan, cdn nhiing tir khac, mdi tir chi xudt hien I lan. Hay xel mdl Vcii vf du dang chu y;
VD 1. "Hay Id ai iwi Idm sao thi nghe nghe Idm vdy "( VB 3)
2. Difc Chiia .lesu da sinh ra md bdy gid mac phdi sw irdi ndy
mdt nhieu lifih hdn lam lam (VB 4)
^lioiig van hoc hien dai Che Lan Vxtn cQng da di\n)i^ lir Idm Idm,
trong hai cau llur sau: "Du'dng ve thu trwdc xa Idm lam
Md ke di ve chi mdt Idi"
Xuan Dieu khcn Che Lan ViSn v^ tir lay n a y j a nha llur mdi khoang 16,17 ludi, dudi Ihdi Phap thuoc da ndi mot each dien hinh cai
tam Irang ciia ihdi dai cii^hay quay v^ qua khu'... lam Idm la mdl lir rai
scing lao. Mudn lang sir "xa Idm" ben ndi "xa lam Idm". Mdl ban lay nghe ihual non cd llic viel:
Dwdng ve thu Iru'dc xa, xa Idm Md ke di ve chi mdt tdi
Neu vici nhu vay thi that chdng vanh va chdng nen chuyen
Nay nghien ciru cac van ban qudc ngii" c6 thi mdi ihdy r^ing. cd ihc mdl Vcii ngudi Irong chung la ngay nay khdng biet, nhung lir lay kicu nay Vein va da cd lixMig dan gian lir Uiu, ft ra la tir 1688.
4.3.2. Dimg each so sanh
Cd hai dang so sanh. Mdl dang so sanh mang tfnh ihanh ngir, mdl dang mang ifnh nghe lluial, dd la so sanh sU viec vdi mdl hinh urong nao dd. Loai llui nhdl khdng cd sir sang tao ciia ngUdi vici. luy nhien nt') Cling lai*n cho phai ngdn li(V nen sinh ddng, giau sdc ihai hieu ci'ini.
Vl Lhy."\ 'i hcing ihcty muon hay mm cho bon quoc cluing duoc den
lang Ihi c\t nlur choi" (VB 27)
De nlur choi iu(yng dirang vdi Ihanh ngu so sanh ma hien nay liC-ng Viel hien dai vfln Ihirafng dung, chang han den nhir iiuic, ban nhir hui, hoi nhn cu. Dieu nay chirng l6 rang, cac ket cSu so sany mang linh Ihanh ngfr so sanh duoc ngudi Viet sir dung kha xua.
I.oai Ihu' hai, so sanh bAng hinh tuong, vf du:
I - " Nlnni,^ ngu-oi moi vao dao nhd thank nhir hoa (/lui hoi cd\ ma
va" {y\M)
2- " No nhu soi rung d ddu tlii an tliit a ddy" (VB 37) 3- " Nhdn diic hien lanh nhu dd nam cham (VB38)
7 ,
O vf du 3. su so scinh thai bat ngd. Vao the ky 18 ngudi Vici da
bicl dcMi da nam cham. Va khdng hi^u ngUdi thdi dd nghi ihc nao vc dac
ifnh cua da nam cham ma lai coi dd la hxiw lugng ciia nhan dire hien lanh. Phcii chang ngudi nhan dii'c hien lanh dt men, Uui hiil dugc moi
nguiyi den vdi minh nhu da nam cham hut cac vat bang sal xung c|uanh nd. Dii cd phai y nhla dimg cua sU so sanh nay la nhu vay hay khdng ihi vice lam nay Vcln la moi su sang tao rieng ciia ngudi cdm biil.
4.3.3. Dimg cau hoi tu tir.
Trong cac van ban dang xel ludn gap nhiing can hdi Ngudi vici
khcu goi (^ ngu'di doc can Ira Idi, va cau tra Idi se la klidng dong linh vdi
svi kien da neu. Cach vici nhu vay the hien sU danh gia ciia lac gia, ddng
Ihdi chicn luoc giao licp ciia chii ngdn. VI vay nhu'ng cau hoi nay la nhirng cAu hdi lu lir. Nd lang cUc^^ng ifnh bi^u cam ciia dicn ngdn. Ta hay
1- " Cd thdy den thdng ndm thdng mwdi thi dong thdc cho nhieu
md den fhdng ba, Ihdng Idm ihi bdn cho duac ldi md khi fhdx hdi den ihi lim ddng md chil'a rdng. Tdi dong liia cho ngwdi nhd dn. cdif dw ihi ddi
hgl, nhu the da that doi hat chang? (VB15)
2- Nhil'ng sw sap phep trong dgo chdng vifng phep ihdnh Igh Roma
truyen, nhu the ay co phai la sang danh trong dao U ? (VB 24)
Trong VI du 1 cd 3 vc: Trudc hei la thdng bao ve sv\ kien da dicn ra, Ccic Ihay lu dii lam vice Irai vdi giao \^ cua nha Thanh, lire la mua ihdc liic gui ha dc driu co' Ifch Iru', den khi thdc ddt thi ban ra lay Idi. sit vice
nay la khdng ldi. Vc ihii hai la ldi thanh minh cua cac ihriy da lam vice lien. Vc llur ha la su danh gia ve ldi thanh minh: Diing hay khdng dimg. Ngudi vici khdng iruc licp danh gia md neu len cau hdi. dc ngu'di doc Ira
\o\. Nhu" vay su danh gia ciia ngudi viSi, danh gia lieu cue. sc dugc lang
hieu luc ho'n nhicu.
Vf du 2 Cling nlur vay, sau ihdng bao ve sir kien hi su danh gui ciia chii ngdn su danh gui ham y niia mai, khdng ddng linh. cilng dugc lang cui)'ng hieu luc hang moi cau hdi.
4.4. Vc lien kei van bcin
T i r nhiing ihu ngAn khdng cd nhieu doan y, cdn cac ihir dai mang linh Iv sir. lluiyci giao ihi cd nhieu doan van. Mdi doan van la mdl sd lieu dc hoac nhicu vi dc chap ghep lai vdi nhau bdng cac lac lir nhu Song le,
khi... Ihi. Ciiira cac doan van Ihu'dng diing cac kei lii*: Sau nua, ay la, vay
la, hay nhicu dieu, con su... thi. Cac phuong tien nay lap di lap hu, Ihieii nluinu bicn Ihc Uix^iig irng nhu Irong tieng Viel hien dai.
Vc cai phuong lien lien kci bilu thi quan he Id jiich nhan -qua,
quan he Id gich luong phan/ddl lap, hoac tuyen chon da dwo^j dc cap
den khi khao sal cac lien tir Irong phdn ngO phap. 6 day chung ldi chi
nhac qua ma khdng muon lap lai, vdi nhirng vf du tiich dcln cu ihc lir 42 van ban.