4. Ve phong each hoe
4.1.Khai quat ve the loai thU tin.
4.LLCan cii' vao ndi dung cac van ban ta thdy lat ca cac van ban deu mang thdng tin ton giao, xoay quanh tinh hinh ciia cac xu* dao. Mot sd llur dc cap den nhii'ng van de rat cu th^, nhu cudi xin, nop chccx lam
phep thanh, hoac td cao vitc danh ngudi, bat ngudi, hoac xin y kien hi tren ve each umg xit, hoa giai nhiing bdt ddng giiia cac thdy ca. Mot so
thu la cua be trengiri cac ngudi trong nha thanh d cdp dudi, nhu nhirng quy tac cdm ky ddi vdi ngudi giang dao, hoac tham hdi giao dan ndi
chung trong nhirng ngay \i trong, keu ggi tuan thiJ phep dao, chdng han thu giri chi em giao dan (VB39) cd doan viet...."/^' ngdy thdy a ddng
trong md ra cho den rdy thi thdy chwa cd Idm thw chung cho chi em dwac biei Idng... thdy thwang linh hon chi em Id the ndo hoac chi em cd y trdch thdy... xin chi em chd ihei Irdu cau cho ngwdi nhd ihdy mla du md bdy Idu nay dd quen ihdi mac long song le thdy dd xel di xel Igi thdi Id Irdi thdi Ihi phdi bd riei hoac Id chi em cd dem cit le ludi ddng be iren dd dgy xwa nay nhdl Id sw di lei chdng... dy Id bdy nhieu ldi xin chi em nhd cdu nguyen cho ihdy vdi".
Nhu vay dii ihdy lat ca cac Ihu d^u la thu sir vu, chir khdng phai la llur ciia ca nhan giri cho ca nhan ma la giira ca nhan va lap Ihc cung nhu ngugc lai.
4.L2. Neu du'ng d gdc do ndi dung thdng tin van ban ihl cd the phan ra ba loai thdng tin:
a. Thdng tin sU kien: Ndi ve cac hien tugng, cac hanh vi da xay ra b. Thdng tin ly trf: Tlie hien qua each can dan ciia be Iren, thdy ca,
sw nhdc nhd cac giao ly ciia kinh thanh nham ly giai cac su kien hien hiru
IrcMig ddi sdng ihu'dng ngay d mot viing xii dao cu th^.
c. Thdng tin ihih thai: Ndi dung thdng tin nay the hien vi ihc hoac la vai giao tiep ciia ngudi viet thu. Trong phdn Idn cac biic thu, chii ngdn la ngirdi be Ircn ndi vdi cac thay be dudi hoac la be dudi lau len he Ircn. Vi Ihc ciia vai quy dinh linh cam, each diSn dat cac y kien khdng phai menh Icnh ma la khuyen giai ly tfnh. NghTa tinh thai Irong mdl buc ihu
ndi ve hon nhan cd th^ thdy rd trong nhiing cau nhu: 'Tod ihdnh dgy cdc
thdy Kharochi hay Id thdy cd khdc Idm phuc ddy thi phdi bdo cho nd biei dii md chdng cd nop cheo Idng dwac thi cUng nen va nen chdng, song le Cling phdi nop cheo Idng dd mdi nin Idm phep cwdi keo ke chdng cd dgo ihdy chdng cd phep nwdc Ihi ghet ta chdng.,," hoac trong mdl ihu khac,
vdi doan viel:"Co/i mon nWdc Annam chung tdi Id ma Igy cu tram Igy vay
cd Idng dam xin cu khi dd den Iru'dc mat tod thanh xin keu van cho con mon chiing tdi mat sW Id sw Igy vi Ihdi nwdc chung tdi trong sw Igy ndy Id dii Igy ddng ndo mac Idng tic vua chiia cho den ke tliic ddn hay Id ke chet Cling mdt cdch dy nhw nhau chdng cd khdc gi sot...."
Sau khi lap luan : quan IriSu lay vua chua, con cai lay cha me, ddy
Id lay Ihdy minh, thu viet tiep ''Phwang chi Id sdc diic thanh Phapha Id
ddng cdi tri sap klidp liel the gian Ihay quyen Dice chiia Jesu md ban moi an Idnh on trong ve phdn linh hon Ihi biii Id an rdi trong ciing ddng kinh Igy Id dudng ndo md ke cho xiei..."
4.L3 Mac dii day la ihu* tin, nhung khdng mang ifnh ca nhan ma mang tfnh cdng vu. Ngay ca cdng vu ciing khdng phai la hanh chfnh, ma la phan Ifch, giai bay ly le nhdm ihuyet phuc. Cach xung hd iheo tdn li
khicm tdn, ranh mach, nghiem luc, chang han: Igy dice ihdy, xin dwac an
mdy cha, xin thdy vi cdng Irong Dice Chiia Trdi md thwang lay linh hdn Amen. Trong phdn Idn thu, vai ihua giri d ngdi thii nhdl sd nhieu : Cdc chiing Idi, moi cliinig tdi, con mon Annam....
Thu Cci nhan dimg ngdi ihii nhdl sd ft: tdi, vdi trach nhiem nhat dinh. Sdc ihai bieu cam ca nhan khu biet vdi sdc thai bieu cam Irong Uur cdng vu.
4.2.1 Hdu het cac van ban dang xet deu la thu ihinh cau, ihu khuyen du, thu tudng trinh, minh oan. Bd cue ndi chung la:
- Ngudi nhan
- Ngudi giri hoac co sd giao hdi Doan md ddu thudng la nhirng ldi chuc tung Tiep theo la ndi dung ihu
Ldi kel thudng la ldi bieu hien sir cung kinh, nhu kiidi Igy. ihdn
khdu. vdy con xin. Dit'c cii day con the ndo cho con dwac cir, con rdi hem mon Id Du Miidi Phiic.v.v...
Ngay, thang, nam Irai vdi thu tii hitn dai thudng dugc ghi d cudi ihu, ihco duong lich, hoac theo am lich hoac ca hai, chang han, ///' ndm
Difc (Jiiia Trdi ra ddi Id 1792 ndm, hoac: Cdi2h liwng nhi thdp nicfi, ngii ngodc I hgp ngii nhcit.
Ndi chung, cac biic ihu khdng cd khudn mdu thdng nhdl, khdng phan doan rd rang. Cau chuyen cimg cac ndi dung thdng tin Irinh bay khdng mach lac- Neu khdng vi mot ddng co tim hieu nao dd ngirdi doc khd ma Iri nhan dugc dieu ma ngudi viet mudn thdng bao. Tuy vay ddi vdi chiing ta ngay nay, cac nha khoa hoc, ndi dung thu cung cap nhiCu dieu quy, can ihiel de nghien cu'u ve tdn giao, ve ngdn ngu" hoc, van hoc, dd la nghe ihiial ihuycl phuc va each tu duy mot thdi. Dieu Ihu vi la each mieu la, each di6n giai ciia 42 biic thu chang khac may so vdi each di6n dai ciia Cuu ii'dc va Tan irdc (Saigon, xuat ban 1970). Xin doc doan Irfch sa day (Kinh ihanh, Irang 878).
^'Chiing nd hen ndi rdng: Hay den, ddng lap mwu nghich cung Gie-
re- mi, vi ihdy le le chdng thieu gi ludt phap, ngwdi khdn ngoan chdng thieu gi sW khdn ngoan, ddng lien Iri chdng thieu gi ldi tien tri. Chiing la
hdr den lav niieng Iwdi minh md cdng kich no, dii'ng de lai vdo ldi iw ndi
chill ndo ''
Kinh Thanh dimg hu tii', ddu ngdt cau ranh mach, nen de linh hdi, cdn each Irien kliai y tii' klidng khac gi nhi^u so vdi cac van ban dang xet. Ca kinh thanh Ufn 42 van ban the ky 18, trong cau phii dinh deu
dimg "chang" ma klidng dimg "khong", vi du'^Niii dng chdng //// thi
dng chdng rdi linh hon" (VB 18j; "Ngdi lai phdn ciing tdi rang: xong rdi! la Id Anpha vd Omega. nghTa Id ddu tiin vd cudi ciing. Kc mm khdi ta se lay nwdc siidi sw sdng md ban cho nhwng- khdng. Ke ndo thdng se dwac... cdn nliilng ke hen nhdl, ke chdng tin, ke ddng gdm ghet. ke giei ngwdi.... vd phdm kendo ndi ddi, phdn cua chiing nd a trong hd cd lira vd diem clidy bifng bifng: dd Id sw diet ihiihai (Kinh thanh, Irang 324,325)
4.2.2. Do dai ciia van ban khdng deu nhau, van ban dai nhdl cd 96 phcil ngdn vdi 1275 am tiel, van ban ngdn nha't chi cd 100 am licl.
Xel Ihco hau qua giao liep, thu tin ma cd do dai Idn, cau qua dai Ihl lac dung ciia nd gidng nhu nhu'ng cay la xum xue che hcl moi hoa Irai ciia y nghTa. Cac phai ngdn ngdn vdi do dai trung binh cd lac dung thdng bcio sau dam ho'n. Thu Ifn d day de cap den nhihig vdn dc cd lien quan ldi giao ly lai dien dai Iheo ldi ndi khdu ngir tu nhien. Chii dc mang Ifnh luy hung. Ngudi doc phai Idp ghep, hdi tudng cac sir kien. hanh vi. ngdn ngu* ciia ngudi viet de xau chudi cac thdng tin lai ma ITnh hdi chii de,. DiCu nay lam cho cac thu tfn d day khac vdi thu tin ca nhan. Ihu ifn ngoai
giao hoac ihir Ifn ihirong mai. Khdng khi diin ngdn cua Ihu Ifn d day nhu
la nhu'ng cudc "dam phan" xa hdi, dam phan mem vdi muc lieu dung hoa Ccic mdi quan he xa hdi, Idn giao tren cO sd tinh thuong yeu con ngudi, vi khdng ai Ifnh Ihicl ho'n tren linh yeu thuOng. Phuong phap nay phan bicl vdi phucyng phap dam phan ciing va dam phan nguyen U'lc quy udc.
Nhd cd quan ni£m ve each tiep can chu de trong giao licp nhu vay, chung ta/mdi Iri nhan dugc chan gia tri cua 42 van ban va chia sc nhung khd khan trong dien dat ngdn tir cua cac tac gia.
4,3. Ve cac bien phap tu tir.
Cd Ihc khdng dinh rang cac thu nay klidng cd gi mang linh nghe thuat. Cac phuong lien phong each ve tir ngiJ phan anh cac khai nicm, cac nghi Ihiic giao licp tdn giao. Hien tugng lap tir, lap ngfr rai cao chiing id su nghco nan, don dieu. Tuy nhien, v^ mat lich sir phong each cd ihc nha'n manh vai hien lugng sau day:
4.3.1. Dimg lir lay
Trong long sd 27 Iru'dng hgp lay tim dugc Ihi loan bd la lay doi, vdi 24 li'Udng hop lay hoan loan nhu doi ddi, nghe nghe, him Idm, chi cd 3 Iru'dng hop ddi vdn la xao xac, ghen ghet, xon xao.
Neu so sanh vdi cac dang lay trong cac van ban hien dai ihi lay d
day dan gian. Hau hei cac lir lay trong cac van ban co deu dugc cau lao
bdng each nhan ddi lieng gdc. Nhu'ng du sao, trong nhu'ng phai ngdn cu ihc, Ccic lu lay dd cung cd vai trd va gia tri nhdl dinh ve mal phong each.
Dung vc mal lich sir chiing tdi chia 27 imdngMay ra lam hai loai: - Mdl la nhung lir lay ngay nay khdng diing hay ft diing
- Hai lei nhung lir ma ngay nay vdn thudng diing
4.3.1.1. Tir lay nay it dugc diing: Dd la nhung lir thay thay, thay thay, man man, chang chang, muon muon.
Thay Ihay xual hien 8 iSn (tren l6ng so 27 Irudng hop). Day la
mdl lir cd. cd nghia la lat ca :
VD-L "Cdc dng vien quan ke cha cilng cdc bdn dgo cdc xif irong
ngodi cdc dng, cdc bd gid Ire dgi lieu thay thay" (VB4)
2- "Md Ihdy cung ngd Id biei thay thay cd Idng vdng cii nhw vdy"
(VB15)
3- "Ngwdi cdm cdc thdy cdc ddng thay thay dii ddng difc Chiia
.lesu Cling v(?y"(VB15)
Tu lay Ihay (hay xual hien 1 Idn :
VD: \ V.v neu anh em thay thay ndi the khdc xa chdng cdn khifng
chill dwng nhw xwa mla (VB5)
Phai chang thay thay la mot bien th^ cua thay Ihay. nhu'ng fl dugc diing. Ca hai dang neu di vdi danh tir deu dirng sau danh hi chir khdng dirng Irudc danh lir nhu lir "tat ca" cua chung ta ngay nay.
Khi hieu Ihi sd nhieu, ta Ihu'dng dung muon, nhung dc nhan manh, vdi y nghTa "rdi nhicu" cac tac gia da dung tir lay muon muon
Muon muon xuai hien 4 Idn.
VD: "Cdc (long chirng tdi gdi ldi kinh Igy cdc Difc Thdy cd mudn
muon Igy" (VB6)
Man man ciing cd nghTa lu'Ong lu, nhung it dirng \\on, chi xuai
hien 1 Icin. Vf dii:"CV;// mon cluing Idi Id Philiphe Thdng cimg Anrc Khdi
lav Difc cu man man lay (VB 29)
Nhirng lir lay khac ciing cd tdn sd xudt hien rai thdp, chi 1 ISn