T^n s6' xuSft hien 1 Cac cap quan he Tan sd xual hien
Nhirng cau khdng sir dung lien ttf: TrOng cac van ban cd (ihe ky 18) cd 96 cau khdng sir dung lien tir. Vf du:
Ma cd riiudn ludi 30 (VB 6)
Aiuia Chi Yen Idm dau cau rut (VB 32)
So sanh vdi van xudi hien dai, cau khdng cd lien tir d hai thdi ky
chii yeu la cac cau don mot ndng cdt C- V. Xem nhirng cau van hien dai nhu:
Chung mdy ddng so' that (Phan Thi Vang Anh- Hoa mudn)
Han quay lai gwcnn gwdin (Lai Van Long - Kesdt nhdn hi'ong thien)
0 nhiing cau nay khong su dung \\tn \.\i la phu hop vdi 16 gfch cii
phap. Tfnh lien kel Irong nhirng cau nhu vay ra't chat che khong the chcn them lien lir. Trong 42 van ban c6 nhirng cau khong the sir dung lien lir chi xual hien trong nhirng ca'u Iriic don gian. Ra't hiem imdng hop cau ghep khdng sir dung lien tir. Trong van ban hien dai, cau ghep khong lien lir la mdl hien urong ph6 bien. Ngudi ta tang cudng viec sir dung dau cau.
Hien liiong cau khdng sij dung lien tir trong cac van ban co the hien mdl Idi viel mdi, g^n vdi phong each hien dai. Tuy nhien, dd la nhung drill hieu khdi dau tren con dudng phat tri^n ciia van xuoi lieng Viel ma Ihdi.
3.2 Cac quan he ci'i phap lien tu^ the hien
Nhu Ircn da phan lich, cau trong 42 van ban, chu yeu la cau ghep, Irudng cu. Quan he ngii' nghTa giua cac ve, cac menh dc sc lat Idng Ico,
neu khdng cd lien tir. (Tuy nhien, nhi^u trudng hop lien tir chi xuat hien vdi tu each la tir d6m). Dua vao lien tir chung ta cd th^ xac lap duoc mdi
quan he ngir nghla giiJa cac cau. Trong ht thdng cau ghep, lien tir khdng
nghieng vc chufc nang ndi ket cac bd phan, chiing thien ve chu'c nang danh dau, nha'n manh sU chuyen tiep. Nhiing tmdng hop nhu vay duoc xep vao nhdm lien tir thuan tuy hinh thu'c.
VD: 1. Ke cd Idi tnd iha su' Idi ay cho tdi cung lit Idi a ben ay md ve den
rdy sifdgo Irong nwdc nay chung tdi chdng cd dwac rdng may.... (\^B2)
2. BSi phd ihdy chang mudn ke ta Id gi, cutig chdng kinh Due Ihdnh Pliapha chut ndo (VB 16).
3.2.1. Cac Hen tir bieu thi quan he tuong phan.
Trong cac van ban dang xet, di chi quan he tUOng phan cd cac lien
lir sau: Song, nhung, nhung ma, song le, song bdi, vay ma, con, lai,
ma, ma con....
• * Ma la lien lir cd tan sd xua't hi6n cao nha't. Cd 64 Iru'dng hop lac
gia diing lir nia. Khi ddi chieu vdi ban ban hien dai vdi ciing do dai, la Ihay cd 81 tir nhirng va 6 lir ma d^ chi quan he ddi lap. O van ban cd vi
irf ciia lir ma Irong cau klidng 6n dinh, cd thi thay the bang lir nhung.
Dicu dd chung id rang cac tac gia viet theo khau ngiJ nen mdi thien ve
diing ma, chir khdng dung nhirng.
VD: Vi ben Iren d xa, lai cd nhieu khdch kliiia cung mua vice, md
Padcrc Luys ihi ngwdi ndng yen dudi ciing a xa... (\^B 13)
'^ Song le duoc diing kha phd bien (47 lan), cdn ngay nay, ihco sir
(Tir dien lieng Viet) song le la mdt tir va cd nghTa tuong duong vdi nhung
ma, chi quan he ddi lap, vdi sac thai nh^n manh.
VD: Song le chiing tdi nghe tin dice Ihdy cd VifVd Auren da day
phd Phatere ay Ihi phd chdng vang Idi... (VBl5)
Lien tir nay thudng du*ng d^u cau, ti^u cu, ndi cau vdi ngdn ban (21
Irudng hop) va ndi cac uiu cu lai vdi nhau. 0 tmdng hofp ihii hai cac lieu
cii cd the lach thanh cac cau don.
* Nhung ma xua't hien trong cac van ban dang xet: 19 lan. Xel ve mal nao dd, nhu'ng ma cd net nghTa tUOng duong vdi nhung, vay ma nd duoc thdng dung hon nhUng.
VD. Ld ke cd dao nhung md chdng dwac ngoan ihi cdng khd han...
(VH37). Lien lir nay cd sac thai nh^n manh tao nen ngir dieu trong khi viel. Cau van mang dang da'p cua kh^u ngii*.
'^ Nhung Irong 42 van ban klidng th^y xua't hien mdl lan nao, ma
Ihay vao do, cac lac gia lai diing song, song le, ma.... O cac van ban hien dai/Cr nhung xuat hien vdi l^n sd cao nha't, 81 Mn, trong khi dd ma 6 Ifin, song 8 irin.
VD. 1: Nhung nd vdn goi bdng chii, cd Ihdi quen lie khi biei ndi
mac dii Idi vdn mang no (Nguyen Ban - Sdi^g Lap).
VD.2. Song ddn ddn Iheo cac loai tuyen truyen dng iw fwi vdi
fninh 15 ndm rdi, idl cd Id ngu'di Viel Nam.
(Lai Van Long- ke sat nhan luong thien)
3.2.2. Cac lien tir chi quan he lira chon
Dc chi quan he nay Irong 42 van ban dang xel cd cac lien lir hay, hay la, hoac irong dd hay la cd l^n sd xua't hien cao nha'l : 64 lan.
VD 1. Chiing tdi chdng khi ndo ddi tien bac cua cdi gi cua bon
dao ciing chdng bao gid ddi hay la xin bon dao ra tien bac hay la cua ke
khdc cho chung tdi Idm .... (VB37)
VD 2. Bac ndo hay la ke chit thi cUng lay mot each ay md ihdi ...
(VB17)
Cac van ban hien dai thi khac, du true lira chon thudng diing lir
hay, hoac. Chi trong kh^u ngO mdi xua't hien hay la. Ngoai vice bieu ihi
ciuan he lira chon, hay la cdn cd gia tri nhSfn manh tmc tiep va'n de duoc
ndi den trong cau. Nd duoc dung di ndi hai ngir doan hoac ndng cdl vdi
ngif doan.
3.2.3. Cac lien tir chi quan he dieu kien - ket qua
De bi^ii Ihi quan he nay cac tac gia chu yeu sir dung nliimg cap lir sau:
* Cap "neu - thi" xua't hien 22 \in
VD 1. Neu Anh em ihay ihdy ndi the khdcxa chdng cdn khinig chiu
dwng nhwxwa ihi did lay Idm la chi... (VB5)
VD 2. Neu da cac ihdy ciing thay cd Philiphe md ngu'di dd chiu
phgl Ihdy thi xdu ho Idm ... (VB9)
So vdi ngay nay thi trong van ban h\tn dai cd 7 liirdng hop xua't
hien cap neu- thi. Trong nhii'ng ket hop nay ta cd th^ bd thi hoac neu ma
van khdng anh hudng gi den ca'u true y nghTa ciia cau:
VD: 1. Me tdi rdi Idm ly neu biet tdi hdm sau phdi di cdy bu'a hoac
Idm vice, bd giuc Idi di ngil sdm.
(Nguyin Minh Chfnh - Me chdng Idi)
VD 2. Neu Doanli cung Idm dwac mot cd gdi, Doanh quy xudng
Hien tuong nay duoc dung nhieu trong tieng Viet hien dai... Ngoai ra trong phuong thu'c ndi - lien ket van ban, cd th^ tach cap quan he thanh
hai cau khac nhau nhung cd quan ht chat vdi nhau. Dd la phuc^ng thuc
ca'u tao ngQ tiiic thuoc.
VD: Tdi sea lai, neu anh ra di
(Thai Sinh - Thuyen Id) * Ma - thi la cap cd tan so xua't hien cao nha't: 81 lan
VD 1. Vil vd Auren day lay mdt Ie240 dong cw bac ma chia thi
lay mgl md ihdi.
2. Vi cd nhieu Idn gi chung tdi md chung tdi chdng chiu Ihi bdy ra chwdc nd chwdc kia (VBI2).
Thuc ra ngti' ngliTa cua ca'u ti-uc nay phai dat trong van canh mdi cd the xac dinh duoc rd rang. Tieng Viet hien dai, de chi quan he nay, chii yeu sii' dung cap neu- thi, he- thi, cdn cap ma thi khdng phai la hien tuong phd bidn.
3.2.4. Cac lien tir chi nguyen nhSn - ket qua,
Ccic Icic gia sir dung ra't nhieu lien tir d^ chi quan he nay: nen, cho nen, vi- ma, vi chung- cho nen, bdi vi - cho nen, boi day - cho nen, bdi.... Chung xual hien rai rac trong 42 van ban. Xet ve phuong dien nghTa ndi chung, chung klidng kliac nhau nhieu. Tuy thudc vao lii'ng hoan canh cu the ma cd sir xua't hien tir nay hay tir kia. Lien lir vi va cho
nen co lan xual hien cao nha't: 133 va 64 Idn.
VD: I. Ke klidng cd dao Ihi nhieu cho nen ke cd dgo giw chdng
dwac ....(\B\1)
VD.2. Khi ay cung cd song le bdy gid ihi khdc vi dd cim hen iren
nay md Ihdi ... (VBI9)