phgl thay md thay cdn cd phep gidi tdi cho ngwdi (VB 15)
Viec dung nhieu tir ciing trong mdt cau lam cho cau van lung
ciing, dai ddng. Cac van ban hien dai han che bang viec thay vao dd cac da'u cha'm cau.
3.2.8. Lien tir "ciing, va" diing d^ chi quan he dang lap
Thdng kc cac trudng hgp nhu vay U'ong 42 van ban Iha'y 39 Idn
VD: I- Vi cdc ihdy ay ddrao rdng cdc thay cd bon qudc chdng cd phep
md gidi Idi cho cdc bon dgo va cam chdng cho bon dgo xung tdi (VBIO)
2- A^^ lay lira md dot chdn tdi cho dwac biei that tdi cdn
sdng chdng md nd Ihdy cdn sdng thi nd hen cdi do Idi ra ciing trdi loi
vdo cot (VBll)
3.2.9. Mot so lien tir dong thoi con la tir df m
* Til' vay cd tdn so xuat hien la 66, chii yeu dugc diing de ndi cac
lieu cii hoac ndi cau vdi van ban.
VD 1. Vay Ihdy cd Nhu dd ndi cdc viec hdu, cd long rdng rdi vi
cha cd Iren Irdi md Idm phiic bdy nhieu ci(a nhd ciing rudng nwang the
a>(VB 19)
2- Song le quan ay sai ngwdi linh theo Ircich nhiem vay cho
dwac biel that Id quan ndo ....(VB20)
Ngoai chiic nang lien kel, vay cdn cd tac dung nha'n manh sir luih dugc ndi den Irong cau.
* Tir lai xuS^t hien kha nhi^u trudc mdt ndng cdt trong cau ghep,
ndi cac ve'ciia cau.
VD: Vi ben tren a xa Igi cd nhieu khdch khica ciing mua viec thi
ngwdi ndng yeu dudi cung a xa Igi mdviec dgy dd hoc trd (VBl)
Lien tir nay vdn dugc sir dung trong cac van ban hien dai trong nhung cau triic ngdn va don gian hon.
3.3. Vai tro cua lien tir
Trong cac van ban dang xet, lien tir xudt hi6n nhieu d vi trf ndi
docin ngfr, ndi C-V, ndi cac ti^u cu. Do dd cd thi cm cu' vao vi trf ciia lien lir dc xac dinh so lugng cac doan ngir, cac ket cdu C-V, cac lieu cii.
VD: Sail Igi Ihdy hai ngwdi nii'a ld(Z) chin ngwdi vdo a nhd Ihdnh,
khi ay cdc ihdy hoi ihi (I) chdng ndi Id (1) ngwdi a dau md Igi (1) ndi ra nhil'ng Idi cioig cdi, cdng (1) kieu nggo, vi vay (3) cd Idi Ihdy ndi ra ciing (I) Idng chung Idi Id ngu'di a ddu (I) md Ig liing Idm xin Idng vdo md (!) hoi xem, keo cdc ihdy sa hai Idm md (1) ngd Id (2) qiidn Irdm cii'dp hay Id (1) quan giw bdi dgo md (4) cdng (1) quan giw bdt dgo the d'y cho nen (3) khi dy Id (1) canh hai ban dem chiing tdi lien vdo nhd Ihdnh md (I) hoi cdc ngwdi dy hoa thay Id (2) ngwdi a ddu md (1) den day.... (VBl 5)
(1): Lien tii' ndi hai doan ngii (2) : Lien tir ndi cdu true C-V (3) : Lien tii* ndi cac ti^u cu
(4) : Lien tir ndi ndng cdt vdi doan ngu"
Dieu dcing ndi la quan he nghTa giira cac thanh phan cau chua rd rang nen vice xual hien cac lien tir dam bao tinh chat che cho cau. O da
sd vi trf dijng li&n tir, ngay nay trong cac van ban hidn dai thudng thay bang cac ddu phdy.
VD: \- Ddld nhiing cdi gheddng vudng vitc day dinh <p nhil'ng cdy
cdnh bi be qugt(f) iidh cong(p cd van theo hinh con Idn<f) con phung(f) he
thong mdng cho gd dn<f) diing khdng biet den khi ndo mdi hong.
(Phan Thi Vang Anh- Hoa Mudn) 2- Cudc Ihi keo ddi den het sang 6 kit thuc khodng 12 gid <f
kel qud cdng bdngay.
(Viet Ha - Sep vd tdi)
Tom lai, ve cac lien tir^trong 42 van ban the ky 18 chiing ta cd the rut ra mot sd nhan xet tdng quat sau :
a. Ciing nhu cac lac phdm van xudi trudc^sau dd mdt chiil, cac van
ban the ky 18 the hien mdt qua trinh phat tri^n d giai doan sa khai cua
van xudi chu qudc ngii* Iren con dudng dinh hinh va hoan thien. Cau van d day thudng dai va ra't dai. Vi the lien tir xudt hiSn trong cau la rat can Ihicl, vi Irf va each dung klidng xac dinh, gidng nhu trong kha\i ngii'.
b. Trong 42 van ban sd lugng lien tir day dac va chirc nang ciia chiing (giii'a lien tir nay vdi lien tir khac cd sir phan bd khu bicl hay
khdng) thi chua dugc dinh hinh rd net. Dieu nay cung dt hieu^bdi lieng
Viet thdi ky nay chii yeu dugc dung trong kha'u ngii chua dugc gia cdng, got riia nhu sau nay, klii dugc dung trong cac van ban, dii hanh chfnh hay van hoc nghe thuat. Hdu het cac cau true, cac quan he deu cd sir tham gia ciia lien lir. Nd Ird thanh yeu td co ban, thudng tnic trong cac cau van.
c. Net ndi bat tao nen dac d\im ciia cii phap tieng Viel the ky 18 1a
Yicn lii' xual hien Irong moi cdu true phurc tap. Dd la nhu'ng cau ghep,
trong cau. Dua vao cac lien tir ta cd th^ dinh lugng dugc cac ngir doan, cac ket cdu C-V.
d. Cac tir thi, la, ma, ciing cd tdn sd xudt hien cao nhat, qua 42 van ban. Chung cd mat trong hdu het cac cau d^ ndi cac ngii* doan, bieu
thi cac k\iu quan he cu phap. Dd la nhihig tir thdng dung trong van xudi
thdi ky nay vdi nhiing sdc thai y nghTa khac nhau. Su* xudt hien cua nhieu lir thi cung phii hgp vdi chu'c nang ngiJ phap da dang ciia nd. Ngay nay, trong van xudi hien dai, lir nay da thu hep pham vi sir dung. Tuy nhien
vice sir dung nhieu Idn tir thi ciing [hi hien mdt xu hudng d\tn dai mach
lac, rd rang Irong cac van ban ciia Giao hdi thien chua.
d. Qua viec ddi chieu va so sanh vdi mdt sd van ban hien dai (cu
the la nhil'ng truyen ngdn hay) chung tdi thdy net khac biel rat rd giira cac
van ban ciia hai thdi ky. Nhii'ng chi sd ve sir xudt hien ciia lien lir Irong cac van ban hien dai cho thdy van xudi ngay nay giam manh vice sii' dung cac lien tir. Ndi each kliac, lien tir da cd sir chuyen biel hoa ve chirc nang. Nha van hien dai da thay viec diing lien tir (lien kel hinh Ihirc) bang lien kel ngliTa (lien kel mach lac).
e. Nhij'ng dac diem ciia phuong tien td chiic cu phap Irong 42 van ban cho iha'y "Idi viet van xudi tieng Viet trai qua mdt thdi ky dai, lien Irien cham". Cac van ban nay la mot trong nhirng thanh qua ddu lien ciia su* lac ddng ciia quy luat anh hudng va loai trir nhau giira cai cii va cai mdi. The ky 18, Idi viel ciia Giao hdi Thien chua da hinh Ihanh mdl phong Ccich rieng, bat ddu tii' "Phep giang tam ngay" ciia A Dc Rhodes (1651) den cac bi'i'c thu ciia Benlo Thien (1659) Phihphe Binh (1822). 42 van
ban cua Giao hdi Thifen chua Idp ddy mdt khoang trdng tu lieu ciia chung ta vdn dang thieu. Nd gdp phdn tao n6n mdt cai nhin lien mach, cd he thdng.
Dd la mot Idi viet dai, nhieu tdng bac, mang nhieu tinh chdt khdu ngir. Ldi viet nay dugc ndi tidp va hoan thien d cac the ky sau vdi nhieu
ihi loai khac nhau: Truyen ngdn ciia Nguyen Trong Quan, cac lac pham
cua Huynh Tinh Cua, Phan Kd Bfnh, Pham Duy Ton, Nguyen Ba Hoc, Nguy£n Trong Tliuat, Hd Bi^n Chanh, Hoang Ngoc Phach.. Cang ngay, cau true van xudi phuong tay cang cd anh hudng quyet dinh sir Ihay ddi trong ldi viet ciia van xudi tieng Viet.
Cho den nay, qua cac van ban chii qudc ngii* cdn de lai, lieng Viet Ihc ky 17, 18,19 da dugc nghien ciiu ve mat ngir am, tir vu'ng nhieu hon. Ngfr phap^fl ngudi chu y ldi. Nhu'ng nhan xet ciia chung ldi mdi chi la budc dau. Tuy nhien chiing tdi vdn cd gdng dua ra mdl cai nhin vdi hy vong la cd su* ddng gdp vao viec nghien ciru ngiJ phap lich sir.