Luu v: Chung ta vfin c6 thS su d\lng l~nh Copy va Paste trong qua trinh tc;io biSn m6i Vi d\l nhu Tyle (KiSu biSn), Label (Nhan biSn), Value (Ma hoa) hay Measure (Thang do). Bfrm t6 hqp phim Ctrl + C r6i dung tr6 chm)t ch9n vung mu6n Copy thu(>c tinh tuong t'mg d~n va nhfrn t6 hqp phim Ctrl +V.
2.4.3. Nh~p liju trong SPSS
Sau khi khai bao ten biSn trong cua s6 Variable View, dS nh~p du li~u nghien cuu vao SPSS, click chu(>t vao biSu tuqng Data View n~m phia du&i man hinh cua chuong trinh SPSS, chuong trinh se hi~n ra cua s6 dS nh~p du I i~u tnJc ti Sp vao chuong trinh.
M6i dong nh~p li~u trong cua s6 Data View la m(>t quan sat (hay la m(>t phiSu tra loi khao sat cua m(>t nguoi), m6i c(>t trong cua s6 Data View la m(>t bi~n (hay con g9i la m(>t cau hoi).
Dfr li~u nh~p vao cho tung bi Sn chu ySu la kiSu s6 (Numeric), vful c6 thS nh~p vao du li~u kiSu chu6i nSu trong cua s6 khai bao biSn (Variable View) bc;in c6 khai bao kiSu du li~u nh~p vao trong c(>t Type la String.
Trong m(>t biSn quan sat nao d6 nSu nguoi khao sat khong tra loi thi phai nh~p gia tri Missing ma bc;in da khai bao a cua s6 khai bao biSn (Variable View). Ngoai ra, d6i vai cau hoi nhi~u tra loi thi khong dn nh~p gia tri Missing, chi nh~p nhfrng gia tri ma nguoi khao sat da ch9n, con cac gia tri khong ch9n ta dS tr6ng.
I cue Edit .. ãã Y.leW _Qata . Iransform Mal)'Ze ~raphs ã •ã• .Utilities E~ensions Window
1: Ten_QG Bi
L---->--'--- ~ - - _ . . . _ _ _ _ ..____ _ _..__#_ã _C_ua~ha_n ____ J~v_a_r ~ ~va_r~ , 69682
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318998 .
42434
279726 Hinh 2.15: Nh~p li~u cho ba bi~n 2.4.4. Mii hoa l{l,i biin
Trong SPSS, du li~u thu th~p tu bang cau hoi hay ghi chep quan sat duqc ma h6a va tc:io khuon nh~p theo nhfrng nguyen tic sau:
• Chi ma h6a thang do dinh tinh: thong tin thu th~p tu thang do dinh tinh khong phai du6i dc:ing s6 (vi dv: nhu gi6i tinh nam va nu), chung ta phai ma h6a d~ chuy~n thanh d<;1ng s6. Cac thong tin thu th~p tu thang do dinh luqng da o du6i d<;1ng s6, khong dn ma h6a.
• Cau hoi chi ch9n m(H tra foi, chi dn tc:io m(H biSn. Vi tu cau hoi nay, d6i v6i m<)t d6i tuqng tra lai, chung ta chi c6 m<)t thong tin ( m<)t con s6) nh~p vao nen chi dn 1 o ( l bi Sn - hay l c<)t, xem hinh mo ta o trang sau) la du.
• Cau hoi c6 th~ ch9n nhiSu tra lai, dn phai c6 nhiSu biSn. Trong truang hqp nay, 1 nguai tra lai cung c~p nhiSu thong tin, chung ta c6 nhiSu con s6 phai nh~p vao. Do v~y dn phai c6 nhiSu o (nhiSu biSn).
T6 chuc s~p xSp du li~u va nh~p li~u trong SPSS nhu sau:
• Khai bao biSn trong bang cau hoi d~ nh~p li~u tren cua s6 variable, m<)t biSn tuong ung v6i 1 dong.
• M6i loc:ii thong tin thu th~p duqc s~p x~p tuang 1mg v6i I c<)t ( cua s6 Data).
• .M6i d6i tuqng tra lai (quan sat) tuang ung v6i 1 dong (1 case).
Thong tin cua m6i d6i tm;mg duqc nh~p vao 1 dong cua cua s6 Data.
• NMp li~u tu trai qua phai tren cua s6 data cua SPSS (theo tung dong). Xong 1 phiSu (m(>t dong) thi chuySn sang phiSu khac (sang dong m6i).
2.4.5. Xiiã Ly cau hoi chpn nhiiu tra Loi 2.4.5.1. Sir dtmg bang Custom Tables
06i v6i cau hoi co thS ch9n nhiSu tra lai, do nguoi tra loi ch9n nhiSu
y nen khi nh~p vao se co nhiSu biSn. NSu tom tiit cac biSn nay bing nhfrng l~nh thong thuang nhu bang tfrn s6 (Analyze ~ Descriptive Statistics ~ Frequencies) hay bang tuy bi Sn (Analyze ~ Tables ~ Custom Tables) thi (mg v6i 1 cau hoi lo<:1i nay, co nhiSu biSn thi se ra nhiSu bang tAn s6 rai
f<:!C, it co y nghia nSu khong g(>p cac bang nay l<:1i v6i nhau. f)S co bang tom tiit hoan chinh, chung ta dn kSt hqp cac biSn nay l<:1i. f)i kem v6i Custom Tables, SPSS cung dp l~nh kSt hqp biSn nay.
Tu menu ch9n Analyze~ Tables~ Multiple Response Sets. L~nh nay
ma ra h(>p tho<:1i Define Multiple Response Sets nhu sau:
Variables m Set
Co!!nled \/alue-,__ __ __,
s.is deflnod here are net available in tne Mu1Up11 Response Frequencies and Cr~stabs procedure
Mun, Re[ponse Sets
Trong h<)p tho?i nay ch\m cac biSn trong khung sat ben trai r6i nhfip nut mfii ten dua cac biSn nay qua khung Variables in Set a gifra. R6i nhfip ch9n mvc Categories trong phAn Variable Coding ( cac bi Sn nay duqc ma h6a va nh~p li~u theo ki~u m6i biSn chua thong tin cua nhiSu lo?i khac nhau). R6i xu6ng phia ben du6i d~t ten biSn kSt hqp va nhan chung cua t~p biSn kSt hqp nay, tiSp theo nhfip nut Add thi biSn kSt hqp nay xufit hi~n trong khung ben tay phai. TiSp tvc thàc hi~n kSt hqp cac biSn cho,.cac cau
h6i tuang tà khac. .
1-# sit l:,tp
rd c1 l:,c2a1 l:,c2a2 I:, t2a3 l:,c2a4
I:, c2a5 l:,c2a6 /l.c2a7 Variable Coding
@ Qichotomies
Ocate99.nes category Labels Source
..
Sets defined here are not available m ,.._va_riab_les_in_Se_t - - - - , 1 ~nedr~,i:~:~a~:s:r~::::;
8equencies
Mutt Re~ponse Sets
CO!,!O!&dValue, ~ - - ~
Hinh 2.17: H<)p tho?i kSt hqp biSn nhiSu tra lai
Sau khi khai bao vi~c kSt hqp cac biSn cua cau h6i nhiSu tra lai xong, nhfip nut OK d~ tilt h<)p tho?i. TiSp theo, ma l?i h<)p tho?i Custom Tables.
Trong h<)p tho?i nay, nhfip chu<)t vao ten biSn kSt hqp, dung tr6 chu9t click keo tha ten biSn tu khung ben tay trai vao 6 Rows trong khung ben tay phai. Ngay l~p tuc trong khung hi~n bang mftu se hi~n len d?ng bang kSt qua se xuM hi~n, trong d6 c6 tfin s6 va % cua tung phan lo?i ( chu y
rfing ham % da duqc su d\mg trong cac l~nh ch?y bang tru6c vftn con hi~u làc trong l~nh ch?y bang nay (nSu b?n ma chuang trinh SPSS ra va thàc hi~n ngay l~nh ch?y bang nay thi bang mftu chi hi~n len tfin s6, chua c6 %, b?n phai nhfip vao nut Sumniary Statistics d~ them ham % va nut Categories and Totals d~ tinh t6ng nhu hu6ng dftn trong cac phfin tru6c ).
Nhfip nut OK bang kSt qua se xuM hi~n trong cua s6 Output. Tuang tà, chung ta c6 th~ dua them 1 biSn vao 6 CQt d~ tach kSt qua cua bang tren theo cac nh6m khac nhau.
2.4.5.2. Suã d(lng ljnh ch{ly biing Multiple Response
Trong trucmg hqp chuang trinh SPSS cai d~t thi~u l~nh Custom Tables, thi chung ta c6 th~ su d\mg m9t l~nh khac giup t6m tit du li~u du6i d,~mg bang d6i v6i cac cau h6i nguai tra lai c6 th~ ch9n nhi~u tra lai.
Dfru tien chung ta phai k~t hqp cac bi~n cua cung m9t cau h6i, r6i sau d6 chc;ty bang. Tu Menu ch9n Analyze ~ Multiple Response nhu hinh du6i:
R•ports
O~scnplve Statist1cs Decimals Name
► ããã"'---"'--
s6 th 1 stt
•. :.?_.=1tp
=3-]c1
ã ã4ããã-]c2a1
ã 's' :ãã" I c2a2 ... eã ã 1c2a3
7 1c2a4
.. , ... ã,.,,,!
... 8- Jc2a5
~:~ra~~:~
--1-Uc2a8
ã~ 12 ... lc2a9
'\3ããã ic2b1
GO!!lf)3H'l Me-am;
q_,rnern! Unear Model Genera<,,ed Unear Models , M,xed Models Qvrrnlote
!3t'Jgres3iQn Lg~;line-~•H
Q1mens1on Reduction
L~nh nay ma ra h9p thoc;ti sau:
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Than
:£>9c I
Baoã
Baoã
Bao Baoã
Baoã
Baoã
Baoã
Multiple R•Iponse Sets
□
r Vanatim;-; Aro Gc)ded As
I@) p,ctot:,m,c;:; Cgumedvelue [ : ]
! ~) Carn_gc,nes • !hi,;u;;h
Ncte Set~ defined hem are rm!} available i=1 the Multiple R~-sponse Frequenc16S ar,c1 Crosstabs procectwes u,.e Defino Multiple Response Sets on trie Data menu to' sets used e1s11wriere
(vi vi~c khai bao kSt hgp cac biSn trong l~nh Custom Tables khong c6 hi~u làc trong l~nh nay). Chu y r~ng nSu chua khai bao kSt hgp biSn a day thi
khong th8 ch?y l~nh duqc. Tuy nhien c6 m(>t di8m khac bi~t la khi khai bao biSn duqc ma h6a nhu thS nao thi phai khai bao cac tri s6 cua cac biSn, r6i click nut Add, c6 th8 khai bao kSt hgp nhi~u biSn khac, cu6i cimg nhAn nut Close. Sau khi khai bao kSt hgp biSn xong, ch?Y l~nh t?o bang b~ng each tu Menu ch9n Analyze -+ Multiple Response -+ Crosstabs nhu hinh sau:
Co!:!3f)ilrf P•hHH13 .<e•neral Linear Model t
GeneralÂ.ed Linear Models ► " ãã ' ããã ããã ã ãã ã ã ããã
pimens1oriR.$duction ►
~cmpararnetric Test➔
Fortr,as~ng
M~H1ple Htsponse
WJ M1ss•ng Value Anal!sis
!.'1Ll!1ple Imputation
► '.J~OM ve•,able Sots
freQutncies Qros,Ubs.
L~nh nay ma ra h(>p tho?i Multiple Response Crosstabs sau:
IPstt
ã~ti:,
gjc1 1hc2a1
/h c2a2
/h c2a3 /h c2a4 /h c2a5 I;, ,236
.ii) c2a7 Multiple Response Sets B£;l$C2a
RoW(s) W<>jplj
CJ CJ
Trong h(>p tho?i nay cac biSn kSt hqp xuM hi~n trong o Multiple Response Sets a g6c du6i ben tay trai. NhAp chu(>t ch9n biSn keo tha vao vao o dong (Rows). R6i ch9n biSn phan nhom dua vao o c(>t (Columns),
xuftt hi~n hai dftu ?? va nut Define Ranges ... nhftc b~n khai bao ma s6 cua cac phan nh6m r6i nhftp nut Continue tro v6 h9p tho~i Multiple Response.
Sau d6 nhftp nut Options dS ch9n them ham tirth %, nhftp ch9n % theo c(>t r6i nhftp nut Continue trcr v6 h9p tho~i Multiple Response. Cu6i cimg nhftp nut OK bang k~t qua se xuftt hi~n trong cua sf> Output.
Mi~_lmum: D
M~imum: D
!Cell Percentages
!Ej)Ro~ i;J Qolurnn IL] Iotal
IL] Match variables across response sets
f Percentages Based on
f##ieenil
L@ Ca!es O Besponses
Missing V a l u e s - - - .
-ã ICI sicclude cases listwlse within dichotomies
ICI ~elude cases listwise within categories
M,118M9 llwM
Trong bang k~t qua nay, mf>i 6 xuftt hi~n 2 s6 li~u la tful s6 va % theo c9t, nhtmg each th~ hi~n kh6 xem. Chung ta c6 thS thay df>i each th~ hi~n b~ng each nhftp dup vao bang nay dS chuy~n sang ch~ d9 chinh sua. Cua s6 chinh sua bang nay hi~n ra nhu sau:
ti 'Clulpul1 fL)ocumentlJ ã lllM Sl'SSSI- V,._
,,1w ~ l:\ ¢.l .1!11 .r .,. IIUi, j,, 4£ /♦ .. 4111 . ~ .!Jl.c$1 ,ill •r ♦ .... . ~\ ..... a li!.,.~.C .. i;i! ... I.., _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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Qi C~H ~IT!J"/04,:)'
Qt t,(,:)Ol~f) 1>:::;1 ;,ktll.:i<1~,~
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'.!I )J1;,,~t<tã ~t~~•;t::,t•
~tã!:'!':-,
~.,, ... ,
QIA~ G~"ilS-~
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i .. ,,. _ã_,, ... , ., .. ,., ... j! .. :,ã°'_,..-,.,.,,.-~ããã~ã,_ã._.J ______ !_~_. -;J;1~ ~ er., 1, ~ 1 e 1''H!\ri I rt~ :
ã. ,,.,,.,.Jã,d ; to~m ,~~ l e7 :
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1
COI.UMN
Tir cira s6 nay ch9n menu: Pivot-+ Pivoting Trays hoi[tc c6 th~ click vao nut Pivot Controls tren thanh cong C\l Formatting Toolbar nhu hinh tren. L~nh nay ma ra m9t h9p tho~i giup di~u chinh trinh bay cua b~ng nhu sau:
6 ch(ra bi~n hay cac ham 6 lap, m6i phan nh6m trong bi~n hay m6i m(>t ham th6ng ke duqc SU di,mg se t~o thanh
1 lap bang.
6 chua bi~n hay cac ham 6 dong, m6i phan nh6m trong bi~n hay m6i m◊t ham th6ng ke duqc su
di,mg se t~o thanh 1 dong.
6 chua bi~n hay cac ham 6 CQt, m6i phan nh6m trong bi~n hay m6i
m◊t ham th6ng ke duqc su di,mg se t~o thanh 1 CQt.
D~ d~ nhin bang kSt qua nay hon, chung ta c6 th~ dua cac ham th6ng ke len o c9t (Column) d~ trinh bay cac kSt qua thong ke mo ta tful s6 va phftn tram, vi ham % 6 day la % theo c9t. Hoi;tc c6 th~ dua cac ham th6ng ke len o lap (Layer). Dftu tien chung ta dua thir cac ham th6ng ke len o c9t bAng each dung tro chu9t nhAp ch9n Statistics dang 6 o Rows keo tha vao 6 Column nhu hinh du6i:
LAYER
:s: 1--+--+---+---+--...
o 0 - -+---+---+--+-----41l
0:: 1--+--+---+---t----t'{
Luc nay trong cua s6 chinh sua bang thi hinh thuc cua bang da c~p nh?t nhu ben du6i, trong do m6i ham t~o thanh 1 c<)t.
GI
M ilti~! C•xill&lfflll'3J~
DS thu each trinh bay khac, chung ta thu dua cac ham th6ng ke vao 6 Layer nhu hinh du6i bfing each dung tro chu<)t nhfrp vao chfr Statistics dang 6 6 Column keo tha vao 6 Layer nhu mo ta trong hinh du6i:
---,=-r.,-,-,-v-a=rn=a-rr_1_e-2====~,II [
••••••••• •..••••••• t
..___CO_L_U_M_N--~u ~
_ _ L_AY_ER_, _ _ IID]~ --- ,
Luc nay trong cua s6 chinh sua bang thi hinh thuc cua bang da c~p nh~t nhu ben du6i, trong d6 m6i ham t~o thanh 1 lap bang, lap dang hiSn
ky trong cua sf> cua Z h(>p tho?i con nay dS dong l?i, d?ng bang mong mu6n xwit hi~n a cua sb Output.
2.4.6. T(lo biin moi bdng Co,r,pute trongãSPSS
Trong qua trinh phan tich th6ng ke dfr li~u dinh luqng hay dinh tinh b~ng ph~n m~m SPSS. d m(>t s6 truong hqp, nguoi nghien cuu mu6n g(>p hai hay nhi~u biSn c6 s~n b~ng nhi~u ham tinh toan khac nhau d~ t?o ra m(H biSn m6i nh~m thu~n lqi cho vi~c quan sat va xu ly. Chinh vi v~y, l~nh Compute trong SPSS se la m(>t cong C\l giup tinh toan va g(>p biSn trong SPSS don gian va hi~u qua.
Bu6c 1 : V ao Transform ch9n Compute Variable.
Tren man hinh giao di~n cua SPSS, nhftp vao m\lc Transform tren thanh cong C\l, ch9n Computer Variable. Sau d6, tren man hinh se xuftt hi~n giao di~n cua cua sf> Compute Variable.
Bu6c 2: d 6 Target Variable nh~p ten biSn dn t?O. Nh~p ten biSn c~n t?o vao 6 tr6ng Target Variable, ten biSn dn t?o khong c6 khoang trang.
Bu6c 3:. Ben du6i 6 Target Variable la danh sach cac biSn. Ch9n lfrn luqt cac biSn vao 6 Numeric Expression.
Trong m\lC Numeric Expression: Go ham dn th1.rc hi~n tinh toan cac biSn vao ( cac ham thuong dung nhu la Mean; Median; Min; Max; Mod;
Ln; Abs; Any; Sum ... ). Luu y, trong ham, gifra cac biSn la dftu ph~y va khong c6 khoang triing. Thu tà biSn khong dn phai theo thu tà trong ma tr~n xoay, cac b?n c6 th~ sip xSp tuy y, mi6n la du biSn trong m(>t nh6m.
Bu6c 4: Ch9n OK kSt qua se xuftt hi~n.
Sau khi da nh~p ham, nhftp vao OK. Thàc hi~n tuong tà cho cac tinh toan biSn con l?i. Sau d6, quay l?i giao di~n Data View ho~c Variable View chimg ta se thfty duqc cac bi Sn d?i di~n. vua m6i duqc t?o ra hen c?nh cac biSn quan sat ban d~u. Nen chinh Decimals cua cac biSn d?i di~n nay thanh 2, b&i ham se t?0 ra biSn la s6 le ch(r khong tron trinh. Luu y: Vi~c SU dvng
ham tinh toan dS t?O biSn m6i se khiSn cac biSn d?i di~n lo?i bo cac gia tri bj thiSu (hay con g9i la Missing Values). D6ng thai se khong hi Sn thi kSt qua t?i 6 c6 gia tri d6.
Q Compute Variable Iarget Vanable
.:?auy __ mo ,~ Cua_hang
I ~(optional case selection condition}
2.4. 7. Luu tQ,p tin dir liju
I
Function group:
All Artthmetic
CDF & Noncentral CDF conversion Current Date/Time Date Arithmetlt Date creation
X
i
Functions and Special Variables:
D~ h.ni l~i t~p tin du li~u ch(mg ta phai co khai bao biSn truoc thi chuang trinh moi cho luu, trong man hinh Data, tu Menu chc;m File/Save, h<)p tho~i sau se xu~t hi~n:
Ila Save Data As
t98~)Did [] Giang hoai linh-15085481
Q data-dulieu.sav
Keeping 3 of 3 ..,ariables. File name: I Data Quy mo OS Save as type: jsPss Statistics (".sav) gncoding:
X
i(;eaw,i,J
iifsmw ~ 1
1M iausWf1
lii@s~M
Trong h()p tho~i nay, ch<;m 6 dia, thu m\lc, d?t ten t~p tin (ten nen d?t khong dftu) va nhftn nut Save. Phftn ma r()ng ten t~p tin du li~u SPSS la .sav.
2.4. 8. Liim S(lch dir liju
Khi phan tich du li~u, dS kSt qua phan anh dung thàc tr~ng vein dS, thi du li~u phai duqc lam s~ch. Su d\lng duqc cac bi~n phap dS ngan ngua cac l6i c6 th~ xay ra trong toan b◊ quy trinh nghien cuu, tu khi xac dinh m\}C tieu nghien cuu va thiSt kS cau hoi khao sat cho dSn khi phan tich XU ly. V~n d\lng duqc cac phucmg phap dS lam s~ch du li~u nhu ãbang tftn s6 Frequencies, dung l~nh tim kiSm Find, bang cheo Crosstabs hay bang ch~y kSt hqp nhiSu biSn Custom Tables va d?c bi~t la l~nh Select case dS IQc raã
cac truong hqp c6 16i trong nghien cuu. Tu d6 giup cho vi~c phan tich, xu ly va bao cao kSt qua nghien cuu duqc chinh xac va hi~u qua.
Ly do cua vi~c lam s~ch du li~u la du li~u sau khi nh~p xong chua th~ dua ngay vao xu ly va phan tich duqc vi con nhi~u 16i, cac 16i d6 nhu la:
• Chftt luQ11g cua phong vein: phong vein vien hiSu sai va thu th~p sai, phong vein vien-ghi nhftm ...
• Nh~p li~u: sai, s6t, thua ...
Cac bi~n phap ngan ngua:
• Thi.St kS bang cau hoi ro rang, dS hi~u, dS ~ra lai.
• Ch9n l9c va huftn luy~n phong vein vien ky luang, diSu tra phong vein thu tru6c khi phong vein th~t dS th6ng nhftt tranh sai s6t.
• Cac bang cau hoi sau khi phong vein phai duqc d9c soat kiSm 16i, chinh sua tru6c khi nh~p.
2.4.8.1. Dung biing th6ng ke tdn sa Frequency
L~p bang tftn s6 cho tit ca cac bi Sn, dQC soat d~ tim cac gia tri 1~ ( 6 tr6ng, gia tri khong hqp 1~), sau d6 tim va chinh sua cac gia tri 16i.