Ngay khi giimh duc;c ddc hip, cilng vdi qiui trinh id cluk Tdng tuyeii cir Chfnh phu lAm Ihdi each miuig da nhanh chdng td cluk soiin tluio Hicn pluip va coi dAy cung lii cudc vAn ddng chfnh trj hei si'rc re)ng Idn ciiii nluin chin. B;iii du tluio llieli pluip da duoc Hdi ddng Chfnh plui tluio hulii, bd sung v;l silii ddi.
Ngay 31-10-1045, Hdi ddng Chfnh plui quyet djnh se cdng bd hen bao va in giri di ciic hlng, xa de thu Ihap y kien ciia nluln dAn. Bim du tluio Hieli pluip Viet Nam da chfnh thuc dAng tren bao Ciru qud'c ngiiy 10-11-1945 kem iheo thdng bao ciia Chfnh phiu Thdng biio cd neu rd: "Mudn cho till cii nhan dAn Viet nam du vilo vice lap Hicn phiip ciui nuek nha nen Chfnh phii cdng be) bim du lin Hicn pluip niiy dd me;i ngudi dirc;c de)c ky cimg va dut;c lu do ban b;ic phe binh... Uy ban du tluio Hicn phiip sc tap trung cac dd nghj sira ddi va y kicli ciia nhAn dAn rdi irlnh Icn loiin qudc Dili hdi ban luan". *'*
Tai ky hc)p ihu nhAl ciia Qudc he)! kho^ I, Ban du ihiio Hicn phiip da duoc thanh lAp gdm 1 1 ngudi: Triin Duy Hung, Tdn Quang Phicl, Dd Due Due, Cil Huy CAn, Nguydn Dinh Thi, Huynh Bii Nhung, Tn1n TAn TIio, Nguydn Cao I lach, DAo Huu Duc^ng, Pham Gia Dd, Nguydn Thj Tliuc Vien.
Sau mdl thdi gian cluuin bi chu dao, t;ii ky hc)p llul II, Qud'c hdi da bieu c|iiyel thdng (.juii Ilieii pluip ciui nuck Vict Nam dAn ciui Cong hoii vdi 240 diii bie\i liin llulnh uen ldng so 242 did bieu. DAy lii ket quii lam vice nghiem Uic ciia Dang va Nliii nude ta ngay tur nhiing ngay ditu gianh doc lap ; la ca quii trinh dilli Iranh khdng kluxm nliU(;ng vciri nhung tu tudng, qium dicni tii ngiit;c lai nguyen vc;ng ciia nluin dAn.
HiCli pluip luliii 1946 ra ddi, danh diiu sir pluil trien ciia qua Irlnh xay dung chfnh quydn, the hicn sir hoan chinh mdl budc vd the che chfnh Iri d nude ta.
( I ) Uiio Cmi i]u6c - ngay 10-1 I -1945
Vd chfnh the, Hien phap ghi rd "Nuek Vict Nam la mdl nude dAn chii cdng hoil, lAl ci\ quydn bfnh trong nude la ciia toiin the nhAn dAn Vict Nam khdng phAn biet ndi gic'fng, Iriii giii, giiiu ngheo, giai cil'[u ldn giiio" ( Dicu 1).
"DAl nude Viet Nam hi mdt khdi thdng nhA't Trung Niim Bile khdng the phAn chia" (Didu 2).
"Cd ciia iiirck Vict Nam dAn chii eong hoa ndn dd, giua cd sao vang lulm canh. Qudc ca la bai Ticn quAn ca. Tliii dd dill tai Ha Ndi " (Didu 3),
Ve td chile bo miiy nhii nude Hien pluip xae dinh rd 3 he cc:^ quan.
Nghj vien nliAn dAn la cey cjuan quydn lire cao iiliAl ciui nuek Viet Nam dAn chu cdng hoh (Didu 22). Nghi vien giai quyel moi vA'n dd chung cho toiin ciud'c, diit ciic phiip huil, bieu epiyel ngAn sach, chuiin y cac Hiep ude ma Chfnh phii ky vdi nude ngoai (Didu 23). Nghi vien nhAn dAn do cdng dAn Viet Nam bilu ni, ba nAm biiu me)t li1ii (Didu 24). Nghj vien nhAn dan bfiu I Nghj trudng, 2 Phd nghj trudng, 12 Uy vien chfnh thu'c, 3 Uy vien du khuyet de thanh lAp Ban ihu'cmg vu.
Nghi Irudng va Phd nghj irudng kieni chile Trirdng va Phd ban thudng vu ( Didu 27).
Vd Chfnh phu, Hie'n pluip khiing dinh: Co quan hanh chfnh cao nluil ciia loan qude lii Chfnh phii nUck Vict Niim dan chil cdng hoii (Didu 43), Chfnh phii gdm cd Chii tjch nude, Phd Chii tjch nude va Ndi ciic. Ndi ciic cd Thii tudng, cac Bo trudng, Tlur trudng va cd the cd phd Tlul luelng (Didu 44) Qui tjch nude Viet Nam dAn chil cdng hoii che;n trong Nghj vien nhAn dAn va phiii duetc hiii phiSn ba ldng nghj vien bd |-)hieu thuAn... Qui ljch nude Vict Nam dirc;c briu trong thdi lu.m 5 nam va cd the due;c bAu liii ( Didu 45) Qui tjch nude che;n Tlui tudng trong Nghj vien va dua ra Nghj vien bieu quycl, Tlui ludng clu)ii cac Be) trudng trong Nghj vien vh dira ra Nghj vitin bieu quyel toim the danh siich (Didu 47).
Ddi vdi he ihdng Ix) nuiy nhii iiUtk ciY|-> dja phuong, chutyng V ciia ban Hicn pluip quy djnh rd he thdng id cluk gdm 3 be) ( Biic, Trung, Niiiu ) mdi bo chia llulnh linh, mdi tinh chia llulnh huyen, mdi huyen chia Ihanh xa. O tmh, Ihiinh phd, thi xa va xa cd Hoi ddng nluln dAn do dfiu phieu phd thdng vii true
tiep b^u ra, Hcli de)ng nhAn dAn cil ra Uy ban hanh chfnh. 0 be) va huyen chi ed Uy ban hiinh chfnh. Hdi dcMig nhAn dAn linh bfiu ra Uy ban himh chfnh ciip bd vil Hdi ddng nluln dAn cil'p xa bAu ra Uy ban himh chfnh ciip huyen, Hc)i ddng nhAn dAn quyel dinh nhung van dd thude dia phirong minh. Nhu'ng quyet dinh nay khdng dirc;c trai vdi chi thi ciia cap uen. Uy ban himh chfnh cd inich nhicm Ihi luinh menh lenh ciia cA'p lien vii ciic nghi quyel ciui Hdi ddng nluln dAn dja phuong minh sau khi due^c cA'p lren chuan y vii chi huy cdng vice luinh difiili trong dja phucmg.
Hien phap cung quy dinh rd he co quan Tu phap gdm Toil iin tdi ciio, cac Toa an phuc thiim, cac Toil an de nhj cA'p va so cA'p (Didu 63). Cac tliii'm phan ddu do Chfnh phii true ticp bd nhiem. Mot diem mdi la Hien pluip quy djnh " khi xir viec hinh pluii cd sir iham gia ciia cac phu lluim nhAn dAn (Didu 65) va cdng dAn thieu sd cd c]uydn diing tieng ndi ciui minh trude loa an (Didu 66) bj cao cd quydn tu bao chira hoac muem luat sir.
Nhu vAy, nhung ndi dung tren dAy ciia Mien pluip, the hien sir xiic nhAn bang diio luAl ciia nha nude vd td chirc bd may chfnh quydn ciia Diing va Chfnh phii. Ban Hien phap da pluin anh ban chill cua che'do ciia nha nude do dAn vl dAn ; diinh dA'u mdl qua Irlnh dA'u tranh xAy dung, ciing cd bd may chfnii quydn each mang. Nhung quy djnh ciia Hicn pluip khdng chi cd y nghla trong nhi'rng nAm diiu ciia clie'de) celng hoa ma cdn la co sd phap ly cho qua tilnli id chirc be) may nhii nUck trong thdi ky khang chie'n.
4, Xay dirng he thdng td cluic cac co quan chuyen chinh:
Trong he thdng id chile chfnh quydn nhii nude, ngoai co quan quydn lire, chuyen mdn cdn cd he ihd'ng co quan tu phap. Sik miinh ciia chfnh quydn khdng chi the hicn d he thdng td cluk lir trung utmg den dia phuong ma cdn the hicn d mdi quan he giua he co quan lir phap, hip pluip va hanh phiip. Hicu dire;c didu dd, ngay ngay ditu bill tay viio xay dung chfnh quyen Ciich mang, Diing, Nhil nude la da lieii luinh biiu cir Qud'c hdi, Hdi ddng nhAn dAn, cir ra Chfnii |-)lui, Uy ban lulnh chfnh Ciic cii'p va nhanh chdng xAy dung mdt he ihd'ng td chuc Clie ca quan chuyen chfnh.
+ Trong luini 1945, id chuc ciui Be) Tu pluip elue;c cjiiy dinh luing Nghi djnh ngay 30-1 1-1945 do Bd lir pluip biin lulnh. Nghj dinh nay thit ca sd thin lien cho viec td chuc Bo Tu pluip. llico Nghi djnh nay, Bd Tu pluip sc cd mdl
ViUl [>lK)ng vil cilu phuiiy Hit Vll. Vun plidn^ dtlt tiifdi q u y e n dieu khien liUc licp
ciia dng DcMig ly Van phcuig vii Chanh van phdng, neu ciin se cd nhung Diic vu uy vien.
4- Van phdng cd nhicm vu giup dng Bo IrucVng trong cac cdng vice td cluk tu phap thuc hien cae phucyng chAm ciia Chfnh plui vii trdng nom till cii cac cdng vice trong ndi bd tliuc)e vd sir giao Ihicp giua cac co qium qudc gia va vcifi nude ngoai.
Ciic phdng sir vu dfit dudi quydn didu khien ciui dng Ddng Ly van phdng gdm phdng nhAl, phdng nhi, phdng ba, phdng tu va phdng nam. Trong cac phdng cd cac ban phu trach cdng vice lien quan den cdng tac tu phap.
Viec xAy dung co cA'u id cluic be) may Tu pluip, cd sir tham gia ciia ciic nhAn sy nhidu kinh nghiem trong cdng tiic niiy, da diim biio cho eo quan tu phap pluil huy duc;c viii trd ciia mliili sau nhung ngiiy gianh dgc liip. NAm 1946, cung vdi nhu'ng thay ddi Icki vd td chuc chfnii quydn, Bd Tu phap ed nhung Ihay ddi co biin, the hien c|ua ciic Siie lenh eiia Chfnh phu quy djnh vd td chirc cac cc^ quan thude phiim vi nganh. Dd la cac Siic lenh: sd 13/SL ngay 24-
1-1946 td chuc ciic Toil an va cac ngach Tluun phan: Sfic lenh sd 51 ngay 17-4- 1946 Ail djnh Ihiilm quydn ciia cac Toa an. Siic lenh 131 ngay 20-7-1946 id chik Cdng phiip Cdng an.
-f Sau ciich miing Ihang Tiim ihilnh cdng, mot trong nhung nhiem vu cil'p bach cua chfnh quydn dAn chu nluln dAn la IrA'n ap be;n phiin ciich mang.Chfnh vl vay, chi 10 ngay sau khi luyen bd ddc lap, Chii tich Chfnh phii lAm thdi da ky SAc lenh ngiiy 13-9-19-15 llulnh lap ciie toa an quAn sir d Bile be), Trung be).
Nam bo. Sau me)l llieu gian lioiit ddng, ngiiy 14-02-1946, Chii tich Chfnh plui lAm tlielfi lai ban hiinh tiep Siic lenh sd 21/SL A'n djnh chfnh thilc A'n dinh id clulc va hoal ck)iig ciia toa an quAn su. CAn cir viio Silc lenh tren, cluk nang nhicm VII, quydn ban ciia loa an quAn su duoc quy djnh nhu sau:
-Toil an c|uAii su dire;c llulnh lap dc xe5t xir tat cii nlurng ngudi pluim viio lc)i phuong hiji den ndn dc)c lAp eiia nude Viel Nam DAn ciui Celng hoa (trir nhirng pluim nluin hi binh sy). Sau nay, Chfnh plui ban himh Sac lenh sd 7/SL (15-01-1946) bd sung thciu quydn ban ciia ciic toil an quan su la xc\ xir cii nhirng viec bfit eck, tdng tien, iim siit.
-Nhiing quye't nghj ciia toa an quAn su se thuc hien ngay, khdng ed quyen chdng iin, Irir IrucVng he;p pluim nluln bi kct iin lir hinh ihl ed quydn de don len Chu tjch Chfnh phii de xin i^in giimu
- Toa an quan su duc;c lap d Ha Ndi, Hai Phdng, Tliiii Nguyen (BAe Bd).
Vinh. Hue, Quiing Ngai (Trung Bd). Sai Gdn, My Tlio (Nam Bo). Sau niiy, Chfnh phu lAp them toa an d Nha Trang vii Phan Thiet.
Trong nhung nAm dfiu ciia each mang vii khang chien chdng Phap, cac loa an quAn sir do ciin bd ciich miring phu iriich da tril'n lip kjp thdi be;n phiin dc)ng tay sai ciia ihuc dAn dcqiidc.
Lue dau, viee xet xir nhiing viec binh Ihudng vd dAn sir dugc tam thdi giao cho cac Uy ban nhAn dAn phu trach. Dc tirng budc thicl lap cac ea quan lu phap, mot sd nguyen lAc co biin da due;c Chfnh phii dua ra biin biic, thiio luan nhidu h1n Irong ciic phien he;p ban vd tu phiip. Sau khi thiio luan Biin du thiio Hien phiip dAu tien vii phe duyet SAc lenh sd 63/SL, (22-11-1945) vd ld cluk chfnh quydn. Chfnh phii da thdng nhill cac nguyen tAc co biin vd id chile ciic eo quan tu phap nhu sau:
-Tlul nluil hi cac loa an pluii bitJl liip ddi vdi hanh chfnh va Ciic tlul'm phan se do Chfnh phii trung uong bd nhicm. DAy lii mot nguyen tiic hcl sue qium trong vl nd da dill cof sd pluip ly cho hoiit ddng xe5l xir ciui cac toil an.
Nguyen liic niiy duge the hicn nil rd trong cac quy djnh vd td dure vii hoiU ddng cila ciic loa an nluin chin.
-Thu hai lii td chik vii boat ddng ciia cae ea quiin lu phap phiii the hien due;c ifnh nhAn dAn, tik la trong thanh phiin ciia ciic toil an phiii cd su iham giii ciia nhung ngirdi la did dicn ciia nhAn dAn (nhAn dAn tham gia viio hoiit ddng xet xir). Cac toa an phiii ihudng xuyen lien he mat thicl vdi nhAn dAn, phat huy silc nuinli va nhung ddng gdp ciia nluin dan trong vice didu Ira xe^t xir va ihi lulnh iin, tang cubng so ciin bd lu pluip xuiit tluin tir uing lelp nluln dAn lao dgng.
Nguyen liic nay dir(;c Dimg va Nha nude ta coi la sir the hicn null tu tudng pluip ly mdi, kluic ce^ biin so vdi tu ludng pluip ly dudi ihdi thuc dan phong kiciu Truek dAy nluin dAn lao ddng khdng dui;c tham giii viio co ciium tu phiip, khdng duc;c gdp y kie'n va giam siit cac heuit ddng lu pluip ciui Nlui nutk.
Cach mang thang Tiim thanh cdng da dua nhAn dAn lao ddng len vj trf ngirdi lam chil dal nude, vl the vice id chuc cac co quan tu pluip phiii the hien nguyen tile dAn chu nluln dAn.
Thuc hien lu lucmg uen dAy, ngiiy 24-1-1946, Chfnh phu ra Siic lenh sd 13/SL, llulnh lAp he llidlig loii an ihudng gdm cd: Toil liii Se^cA'p (cA'p huyen) loa an Dc nhj cA'p (cA'p tinh) va ba toa Tliuemg thfim (d Bfic Bd, Trung Be) va Nam Bd). Toil an So cap chi cd quydn xir vi cimh, cho nen khdng cd vien Cdng td, nhung d ciie toa iin De nhj cA'p thi cd vien cdng to. Vien Cdng td d toil Thuc;ng tham goi la vien Chuong ly. Ciic thiim phan cdng td va xeSt xir dire7c tuyen theo biing cap vd mat phap ly hoac trinh do chuyen mdn. Do dd, nhidu trf tliik vien cluk cu dire;c bd nhicm liim lluim pluin loa an cac cA'p. Mdt sd tdi nghiep trung hc)c due;c diio tao ve milt pluip ly de lam thiim pluin so citp.
Trong vice xcl xir buck di1u da cd su thiim giii ciui phu thiim nluin dan, nhung CO cau ciia hoi ddng xet xir va vai trd ciui phu ihiim nhAn dAn cdn liiin che' vl khi xet xir vc tieu hinh, hdi ddng xcl xir cd mdt thiim pluin vii hai phu thAm nhAn dAn, nhung phu tham nhAn dAn chi dugc hdi y kicn mil khdng cd quydn quyel djnh.
Khi xet xir vd diii hinh, phu thiim nhAn dan ed quydn quyel dinh cimg vdi thiim phiin, nhirng hdi ddng xet xir gdm 3 tham phiin va 2 phu thiim nhAn dAn. Cac phu Ihilm nhAn chin chi dugc lluim gia nghj iin, cdn vd Ihii tuc id lung Ihl hoan toan do thiim phiin quyet dinh. He thdng toa an tir cap ky de'n cap xil chju su chi dao cua Bd Tu phap.
Vd van de ciin bd trong ngiinh Tu phap, ngay 24-1-1946, Chfnh phii lAm thdi ban hiinh siic lenh sd 13, quy djnh vien chirc trong ngimh Tu phiip cd lluim phan so cA'p va thiim phan dc nhi cap. Silc lenh cung quy djnh thii hiing ciia ngach thfim phiin: 7 himg(llii1n phiin de nhi ciip), 5 hiing (thilp-^ phan so cil'p).
De thi hanh cac Siic lenh Ircn dAy, Dimg va Chfnh phii da yeu cau Bo Tu phap bAt diiu cdng vice luycn nhAn vien theo hirdng vira thu n;ip nhirng cdng chuc cu vira luyen them nliilng nluln vien mdi. Bd Tu pha]-) cung dd nghj Dimg va Nhil nude cho plu3p llulnh lap hc)i ddng xem xcl hiinh kiem vii nang lire ciia ngudi xin vao ngiicli thiim pluin, Theo biio ciio ciui Bd Tu pluip, dc diip ung yeu ciiu tnrdc miit, nhung ngirdi niio da hoc qua hay tdt nghiep ciic irudng pluip ly hoac da lam lAu nam d cac toa iin, neu xcl thay cd kinh nghiem vii cd diu) due
phiJ hgp Ihi dirc;c luycn bd viio ngiich thAm phiin. R i e n g lluim pluin set cap, Bd
Tu phdp se chu trong luyen nhirng thanh nien ed bAng trung hoc. Do yeu ciiu
cA'p b a c h luc dd, Diing vtl Nlui n u d e du cho phdp cd thd c h a m c h u d c mtll vai
diem trong didu kien luyen chon ddi vdi nhung uy vien tu phiip cil hoac ciic thiim phan la dAn tdc thieu so.
Tuy vAy, Diing va Nhii nude cung ludn ludn nhilc nhd Bo Tu phiip phiii hei siic than trong, chfnh xitc trong viec tuydn bd nhAn vien.
Nhd llurc hien nhung quy dinh tren dAy, chi sau mot thdi gian ngiin, theo sir chi diio ciia Irung uemg. Be) Tu pluip da luycn dung liim dii so lire;yng ciin bd tu phiip cdn thiel. Theo bao cao cua Bd Tu phap trinh Chfnh phii, cho den truck ngily toiln qude kluing chicn.
d BAc Bo cd I toa tliuc;ng Ihrlm vdi 10 ihiim pluin; 22 teki de nhj cil'p vdi 60 ihA'm pluin; 130 toil sa cA'p vdi 120 lliAln pluin.
O Trung Bd cd 1 loa lhuc;ng thiim vdi 10 thiim phiin; 19 toa de nhi cil'p vdi 43 IhA'm phdn; 80 loa so cA'p vdi 80 Ihilm phan.
Viec xAy dung kien toim td chile toil an cac Cil'p trong nhung nam driu ciui die do cdng hoa, da giup cho chfnh quydn each miing phat huy duoc vai trd, chuc nAng, tril'n ap kip thdi nhung hanh ddng chdng plui each mang ciia cac lire lirc;ng thii dich, giii vung dn dinh tinh hinh, mdt trong nhung didu kicn rat Clin thiel de "Khiing chie'n Kien qudc".
-h Ben Ciinh he thdng id chile co quan Tu phap, he thel'ng id chitc ciui co quan chuyen chfnh khac due;c xAy dung lAng cudng, dac biet lii lire lire;ng Cdng an va QuAn doi, lire lucmg inrc tiep dc biio ve chfnh quydn.
Ngily 21-2-1946 Chii tjch Hd Chf Minh ky Sfic lenh 23/SL thicl irip
"Viet Nam Cdng an vii". Viet Nam Cdng an vu dire;c thiel lap tir sir he;p nhill ciia Sd Ciinh sal va Sd Liciu phdng.
Viet Nam Cdng an vu cd nhieiu vu llm hieu vii tap trung lin tuc, tai lieu lien quan de'n sir an ninh ciia qudc gia, dd nghj vii thi himh ciic phuong phiip eld phdng nhung lulnh eldng iinh liUtlng tlcii vice Iri iin v;l mAl lr:it lu Irong nude, biii ci'r lulnh ddng dd hi ngui>i Viel Nam luiy ngoiii qutl'c.