T I I 6 I K Y 1945-1960
Khac vdi thdi ky chua cd chfnh quydn, sau each numg lluing Tam, Dimg Cong san Vict Nam Ihdng qua nha nude de ihue hicn quydn lanh diio ciui minh. Dudng Idi, chfnh sach ciia Dimg dirc;c thuc hicn den dAu, phu lhuc)c lill ldn vao klui luliig id chuc va quan ly nha nude.
Khi khiing djnh nhung nhAn id lam nen llifing Igi ciia cudc khiing chieii chdng Pluip, cac nlui nghien cdu ddu eho rAng mdt trong nhfrng nhAn td khdng thd thie'u la chung la cd "ehfnh quydn dAn chii nhan dAn, mdt chfnh quydn ciui dan, do dAn, vi dAn dirc;c cimg cd ldn miinh. Dd la mgl cdng cu sfic ben ciia Dang de id chdc loan dAn khang chicn va xAy dung che do mdi".*'*
Nhdng nAm dAu ciia che dd cdng boa, trong tinh the ngan cAn treo sgi toe, nha nude non Ire da id chdc loiin dAn chd'ng giac ddi, giac dot, giiic ngoiii xAm.
Khang chien bimg nd loAn qud'c, Dimg va Nha nude ta nhanh chdng id dure loim dAn lien lulnh cudc chicn tranh each niiing mang ngi dung loim dan loan dien, lAu dai va lu luc ciinh sinh.
Cu()c khang chicn chd'ng Phap thfing lgi, midn Bile hoan loan giiii phdng va budc vao Ihdi ky qua do di len chii ngliTa xa hdi, mien Nam cdn dudi ach thdng trj cua chu nghTa Ihuc dan, dudi sir lanh dao ciia Diing, nha nirdc dan chii nhiln dAn chuyen sang lam nhiem vu ljch sir ciia chuyen chinh vd siin, x'ly dung mien Bfic va dil'u iriuih Ihd'ng nhil'l nude nhA,
Trong qiiii Irinh id chdc loan dan danh giilc va xAy dung dil't nude, nlui nude da thd hien quydn lire ciia minh bfmg vice ban hanh cac van bim pluip lual tren cac ITnh vuc dd mgi cdng dAn thuc hicn, ddng thdi id chdc ciic co quan chuyen tnich giam siil vice thi hiinh phiip lual. Ben canh dd trong he Ihd'ng id chuc nha nude cdn cd cac co quan chuyen mdn iheo ddi, id chuc va ddng vien nhAn dan Iham gia cdng viec ma minh dam nhicm. Chfnh vi vay, vai Ird ciia nha nirc'^c da dure su phat huy sue miinh irong ihdi ky 1945-1946, ihdi ky
1946-1954 va 1954-1960.
(I) I4di siV n:ing CAng sin ViCi N.un - Tap I (1920-IW) NXHPM (;IX;N. I9.SK.
Chung ta cdn nlu^, Nam lien la hinh iinh ca nueic ra Iran cung la huili imh noi ien vai trd to Idn cua nhii nude trong vice td chdc va delng vien loan dAn diinh giilc. Nlui nude pluit d()ng phong trao uing giii s;in xiull dugc nluln dan hudng urng. Tlidi gian rfil ngfin Uiin ddi bj diiy liii, khd khan liii chilili dirc;e kluic phuc. Dac biet nhung nAm tluing chien Iranh Ac licl, viejc id chdc luui phirong va chi vien cho tidn luyen thuc su IA ky cdng ciia chinh quydn cae ciip. Nhung phong trao thi dua, lao ddng san xuA'l sdi ndi d midn Bfic ihcu ky khdi phuc kinh te', han gAn vet ihucrng chicn tranh... ndi len vai lid lo kin ciui nha nude dAn.
Tir nhung cdng viec da lam duge vh chua lam duge, tir uu khuyct dicm trong ejua trinh xAy dung chuih c|iiydn ciia Dang, Cluing Ui cd thd nit ra mdt vai nhAn xe^t sau dAy:
1. Dang (a da dira vao nhan dan dc xay dirng ciuig cd chfnh quydn:
VAn dung nhung nguyen ly ciia ehu nghTa Mac Le nin each niiing bao gid cung IA su nghiep quiin chung va ke thira truyen Ihd'ng yeu nuc^c, doiin ' "1 ciia dAn ldc, trong qua Irinh Ianh dao each miuig Viei Nam, Ciui lich Wd Chf Minh vA Diing hi ludn ludn cpuin Iriel su nghiep giiii phdng chin loc va giiii ciip la sir nghiep chung cua loan dAn cluing.
Sau ngAy ddc lAp, ihang 10-1945, trong Thu giri cac Ky, Tinh, Huyen, Lang, Hd Chf Minh neu rd "Ne'u khdng cd nhAn dAn thi Chfnh phu khdng dii lire hrofng. Ne'u khdng cd Chfnh phii thi nluln dAn khdng cd ai diln dudng. Vay nen Chfnh phii vA nhAn dAn phai doAn kel hii mdt khdi".''* CAu ndi dd ciui Ngirdi da ird ihanh phuorng chAm cho qua tri:ih cimg cd chfnh quydn vA mdi quan he giua Nha nude va nhAn dAn.
Chuih quydn each iiiiuig vira thanh lAp, dung trude nim ngoiii xAni, ndi phan, Dang ta lien hanh thiing k;i Tdng luyen cir de di de'n Qudc hdi va biiu Chfnh phu chuih thdc, ddng ihdi nhanh chdng ciing cd he ihd'ng chinh quydn lir trung uong de'n dja phuong.
Cudc kluing chicn bimg nd, bd may chfnii quydn nhanh chdng chuyen sang thdi chien. Trcuig didu kiCii chien tranh ac licl, chfnii quydn each numg vAii pluil huy niimh me vai lid ciia nd. Chfnii quydii each niiing huy ddng siie ngirdi, sue ciia, id chdc loan dAn khang chicn Ihfing h/i.
( I ) 116 Chi Minh - l o J n uip - 14. NxbCIQCi. I I2(K)2. ir36
Cudc khang chieii 9 nAm kcl lluic, mien Bile bdn bd khd kluln, chinh quydn dan chu nhAn dAn tir chi diio chicn iranh sang xay dung kinh lc. Irona didu kien dil't nireifc bj chia cfil him hai midn, xay dung mien Bile phiii chicu cd den midn Nam. Dua viio nluln dAn, Diing ta dung dfiu la ciui tjch 1 Id chi Minh da nhanh chdng kicn loan, ciing cd bd nuiy chfnh quydn, sir dung nd lam nhicm vu Ijch sir cua chuyen chfnii vd siin.
"Nhung IhAng lgi dd suy cho cung IA Dimg bicl dua ehfic viio nluln dan, bill rd Irong Idng dAn lc)c".*"
Nhirng thue tidn cung clii ra rfing d thdi ky niio, a dAu ehfnh quyen khdng biet dua viio dAn, khdng hlng nghc y kie'n ciia nluln dan thi lluu ky do gap nhidu khd khAn. Ciii each rudng di Iidn vdi chil'n cliinh id dure, mdt bai hoc phiii ddi ca xucuig nuiu ciia nhan dan vA can be), dimg vien da chiing minh didu dd.
De dua Vilo dan, Diing va Chfnii plui pluii ludn siiu sal vdi dan de dinh ra nhung chii Iruofng, chfnh sach dap ung nguyen vgng ciui nluln diln. Vil '\d luSn the niio cae Uy ban hanh chfnh khdng dire;c bd dAn bo vo " pluii "kim eho diin hict Chfnh plui khdng cjucn hg ".
Trong bao cao lai Did hdi did bieu loan qudc hin II ciia Diing (Tluing 2/1951) ddng chf Pluuii VAn Ddng ndi '\Sirc miinh ciui chfnh cjiiydn Iii sue manh ciia loan dan. Ldc nao nluln dAn yeu men chfnh cjuydn ciia minh, hy sinh chicn dil'u cho chhih quydn il'y ihi chfnh quydn il'y mdi miinh. Mudn nlur the ihi trireme lien ehfnh quydn A'y phiii ihiei Ihuc benh virc quydn lgi cho nluln dan vd moi milt chfnh trj, kinh tc, van hoa, xa hdi ". '^'
Milt khac dc dua vAo dan, phiii tiio didu kien de nhan dan ihiim gia ehfnh cjuycn. BcVi vi "Ciic co eiuan Chfnh phii lir loan qud'c den ciic king dcu la cdng bfic ciia dAn, nghTa la de ganh vac vice chung cho dan chu khdng pluii la dc ddu dAn nhu trong ihdi ky dudi quyen ihdng Irj ciia Phiip, Nliiil "*-^^ Chinh vi Viiy, e|Uii irhili xay dung va cimg cd bg nuiy chfnh quydn, Chi'nii plui ckl ban hilnh nhidu vAn bim pluip huil vc quydn biiu cir, irng cir ciui cdng dim, ddng ihdi djnh rd nhung nguyen Uic [6 chdc nlulm biio chim cho nluln dan lluun du chinh qnyen, dd phdng benh qiiiin lieu, xa reu qiuln chimg ciui ciie ceU|iuin nlui nude.
( ! ) l , K h s i r g i i 6 c h 6 i Viei Nam I9-J6- j'^fU) -'IV.uig .S7 - Nxh CIQCJ 1994.
C?) Van kii}n Dang - la)) I 2 - IVang 229 - Nxh CIQCi II.2001.
(3) 110 Chi Minh Toim lap - TOp 4 - Tr.m^ 56. Nxh C I Q G i I 2002.
Tl-ong mdi quan be giua nluln dAn va nha nude tlii can bd d cac cilp chfnh quydn ed y nghTa vd cimg lo ldn. DAn tin chfnh quydn, tin Diing luiy kh6ng irudc hct phu thude vao nang luc pluun chill tiic phong liim vice ciui Ciic can bd nhA nude. Ngue/i can bd khdng the xa nluln dAn, khinh nhan dan, sg nhAn dAn, khdng tin cAy nluln dAn, khdng bidu biel nluln dAn, khdng yeu thirong nhAn diln". Trong thu giri cac ddng chf Tinh nha, I Id Chf Minh da chi ro khuyct didm eiia cac can bd dja phueyng nhu hep hdi, biio bicn, ky hull kluing nghiem, len null quan ciich mang, dgc hanh dc)e doan..." Ngirin yen e;1u phai sira ngay vi " nhd ihi lAm cho dan chung hoang mang, ldn llii lam cho ndn doim kel hiy ddng ". "*
Cung vc^i cdng Uic can bd, niudli dAn lin Diing, Chinh plui, pluii tlurivng xiiydn giiio due y Ihdc chfiili irj cho dAn, bdi dAn khdng dirge giiic ngd ihi dan chil chi \h hinh thirc, di theo Diing, Nlui iurc':fc clii la ihii ddng. 1 Id Chi Minh clii rel "che dd llurc dan da dilu dgc dan la vdi rugu vii thude phien. Nd da dimg me)i Ihil doan nlulm lui hoii dan ldc chung la bAng nhirng ihdi xiiu, ludi biciig, gian giiio, tham d vii nhung ihdi xil'u khac. Chung la cd nhieni vu ciip biich lii phiii giao due hd nliAn dAn chdng ta. Chdng la pluii lam eho dAn ldc chiing hi IreVncii mdt dAn ldc dilng ciiiii yen nude yeu lao ddng me)l dan ldc xirng diing vcii nude Vict Nam ddc hip ".*^*
Diing y thdc dUii vao ckin dc xAy dung ciing cd' clulih ciuyen, nluln dAn lin yeu Dang, Chfnh plui, y Ihirc di1y dii ngliTa vu biio vc giiip dd Nha nude.
Mell quan he dd da tiio ra sire nuinh vd tan ciiii Nha nude dan ciui nluln dAn.
2. Su lanh dao ciia Diing Cong san Vict Nam la nhan td dam hao thiing lgi cua qua trinh xay dung cinig cd bg may chiuh cpiydn:
Thue tidn each niiing Vict Nam cho lliA'y sue nuinh ciia Nha nude la khdng chi bfit ngudn lir sire miinh nhAn dan dugc id cluic lai, ma iririfc hcl bfil ngudii lir su lanh diio dimg dfm ciui Dimg cdng siin. Su ra ddi ciui Nha nude dan chii nhiln dAn hi kcl quii ciui cuc)e Ciich nuing thang Tiim nam 1945 do Diing la lilnh diio. Chfnh quydn ciieh nuuig non tie ra deli, dirng trude khd khan chdng chiii, nhd su lanh diio sang sud't ciia Dimg va Hd Cbi Minh da khdng ngimg cimp cd vA le'ui numh.
( D l l r t C h i M i n h U ) a n u ^ p r . l p 4 - IVant H N x h C l Q d II 2002.
(2) IM Chf Miiih loan i;:ip - T.^p 4 - Tiang 8 - Nxh C I Q O 11 2oi)2.
Ndi de'n su lil't yeu lAng cudng sir Ianh diio ciia Diing, ddng chf P!Kim van Ddng cd viel "Chfnh quydn dAn chu nluln dan Vici Nam la id chirc thdng trj nhidu giai cA'p, nhidu Uing ldp nluln dan quydn \gi vh tu tirdng kluic nhau, trinh dc) chfnh Irj va nAng luc kluic nhau. Cac giai ciip cae tiing ldp ily ci1n Ihdng nhAl y chf vA hAnh ddng, nhfim dirng kc thu chung ma danh. Pluii cd mdt ngudi lanh dao du niing lire him cdng vice niiy thi kluing chicn mdi lluing Icyi".'"
Trong elidn vAn be miic ky hop thu VIII,Trudng ban Tluriuig vu Qud'c hdi Tdn Diic Thiing da nhil'n nuinh: "Su lanh diio ciia Dang da can lliici, ihi lir nay vd sau tren doan kien thicl xa hdi chii nghTa mdi me, vinh quang nlurng ciing nil kho kluln va phirc tiip, lai cang ciui ihiet lic^n nua".*^'
Sir lanh diio ciui Diing ddi vdi NhA nude trude hcl la vice djnh ra nhung dudng Idi, chfnh siich, nhirng chu iruong cu the quan irgng, cd quan he nhidu mat, cd iinh bueVng chfnh trj sau rdng. Nlui nude the che hcui diieyng Idi, ciui truang eiia Dang va id chirc thuc hicn.
Trong qiui trinh id chirc bg nuiy va boat ddng ciui Nha lurde lir 9-1945 de'n 12-1960. Dang, Chfnh plui da biin lulnh hang irAni Silc Icnh, Thong lu, Chi thj uen nhidu ITnh vuc, ddng thdi lien hanh nlulng cdng vice cu the vd ddi ndi, doi ngoiii nhilm td chirc loan dan kluing chicn, xAy dung ckll nude...Nhung cdng viec dd ddu quan triet sAu sfic chii Inrcuig, dirdng Id'i ciia Dimg.
Nhu vay dc lAng cudng su lanh diio ciia Diing ddi vdi chfnh quydn, trude het Diing phiii ed duc)ng \6i dung, Nha nude phiii qiuin iricl sAu sfic, phiii the che hoa IhAnh nhung vAn biin pluip luAt, IhAnh nhung ciui truong chfnh sach dd lochirc nhAn dan Ihuc hien ducmg ldi, khdng llurc hicn dugc dicu dd ihi khdng llio ndi dell sir hinh ckio ciui Diing dd'i vcu Nlui nu'dc. Nhung nam kluing chicn, v^ dac biet trong cdng cudc khdi phuc kinh tc' va ban giin vet llurong chicn Iranh, budc dhu pluit trien kinh lc van boa d midn Bac, chd nay, chd kluic, chfnii quydn each niiing gilp khd kluln, mdl Irong nlulng nguyen nluln la cluui Ihd che'hoa dugc dirdng Id'i, chua nfim vung sir Ianh dao ciia Dimg. M:ll kluic cte phiil buy vii nhilm lang cuinig su lanh diio ciia Dimg, Nlui nude phiii dugc xiiy dung ircn co sd Iicn minh cdng ndng. Vi cdng ndng kl luc hrc;ng ddng diio
(1) V r t n k i e n O a n g - l a p 1 2 - T i a n g 227 - N x h C I Q C i 11.2001, (2) Khoil hop Ihi'r S Qurtc luM niu'Jc V i e i Nam DCCI1 - h i - I r AM.
'*la ndn tiing, lii sire nuinh ciui nluln dAii\ Chi Ircn co sd mat Iran dan ldc ihd'ng nhA't, lA'y lien minh cdng ndng him ndn tiing, Diing mdi md rdng va pluit huy uy tin ciia minh. Tliuc tidn trong ihdi ky khang chie'n, can lid dang vien, dilc bicl la vung tam chicm va du kfch phai dua viio cac tiing ldp eo ban dd hoi\\ dgng.
Nha nude, chfnh quydn dung vung la dua vao mgi sir die chd ciui uing 1(')|-) nhan dAn.
Qua trinh lanh diio ciia Diing ddi vdi Nha nue'^c, Dimg thuc hicn kinh dao tuyet ddi, loan dicn vA kjp thdi thdng qua tirng cim hd dimg vien hoiil dgng trong cac co quan nha nude, thdng qua Diing Doan, Biin can sir dd nfun bfil \'a gidm sat mgi hoiit ddng cua Diing. Chinh vi vAy, pluii hcl sue chu ligng dcii chAi lue;ng nhung ddng ihdi cii sd lucmg. Trong khang chicn Dimg chu irgng va cd gfmg dua ngirdi ciui Dimg tham gia vao chfnh quydn ( vdi ly \e 1/3 ) dicu do la ciin thiel bdi vi sd lirc;ng dimg vien lluim gia chinh quydn cpui ii se lum chd den sir lanh dao ciia Dimg.
Cimg vdi nlurng ndi dung uen, mdi can bd, diing vien phiii ihue sir girong mAu "ra lay him irirc'^c, di di1u, lam guctng mfiu dd ldi cud'n mgi ngirdi di ihco, td chirc viec thi hanh dire)ng ldi ehfnh sach ciia Diing va ciia Chfnii phii\"*
Can bd phiii coi cdng tac chfnh quydn la vic^c cluing ciia loan Dimg, dong thdi phai thudng xuyen tuyen truydn giao due duiing ldi ehfnh siich ciui Dilng cho qufin chimg, dac bicl ddi vdi ciuiln chimg tham gia cdng uic chfnii quydn. Chi khi nao eiiuln chiing hicu, tin tudng va hanh ddng mdt ciich tu giiic Ihl sir lanh diio cua Diing mdi ihuc sir dugc phat huy.
3. Xay dirng he) may chinh quyen thich hgp, d;ip dug mgi ddi hdi ciia tinh hinh each mang.
Trong qua Irinh vuan ldi thuc hicn muc lieu ciia each nuing, vice xiic djnh he Ihd'ng id chirc ciui e;ic id chirc chinh Irj cd y nghui vd ciing lo ldn dc dua ciich mang de'n thanh cdng. Trong Ihiu ky tidn khcVi nghTa dd lien Icn gianh ciifnh cpiydn Cii nude, Diing cdng siin Vici Nam da dirng ICMI id cluic ra nhirng Uy ban diln tdc giid phdng, va lu Uy ban dan ldc giiii phdng lien Icn ihimh lap Chfnh phu him thdi.
( l ) V a n k k ; n Daiit: l a p 12 II.IML; 2-11 N O . C K K I I I 2001
Sau ngay each nuing lluing Tam llulnh cdng, dung trude luui ng(^ai xam va ndi phan, Dang chii truerng doan kcl dAn tdc chd'ng kc thii cluing. Cimg vdi viec Diing rui vao bf mai, thanh lap miit Iran Lien Vict, Dimg, Chi'nh phii nhanh chdng lien hanh Tdng luydn cu va bilu ra Qudc hdi thd hien quydn lire cao nhal cua nhAn dAn ddng thdi la bieu lirgng cua sir doan kct dAn ldc. Mdt Chfnh phu lien hiep khang chien him thdi rdi chfnh ihdc ra ddi. Nhd md rdng Qudc hdi, Chfnh phu. Dang da thu phuc dugc nhung ngudi lai dire, nhung chuyen gia gidi lren nhidu ITnh vuc viio tham gia cdng uic clifnh c|iiyeii, ddng thdi ban die va di den danh bid mgi Am muu lAt dd cac the luc dc c|ud'c va lay sai.
Cudc khang chien bimg nd, Diing nhanh chdng xAy dung he thdng chfnh quydn lAp trung. Trong bdi canh chicn tranh, Qud'c hdi khdng hgp thudng xuyen. Ban Tliudng vu Qud'c hdi cimg vdi Chfnh plui cd quydn ciuyel djnh nhung vA'n dd he Irgng trong cii nire7c. De nhanh chdng ddng thdi giiip chfnh quydn cd nhung quyet sach dung, Ihang 12-1946, Ban thudng true Qudc hgi hgp quyel djnh : Trong Iheu ky kluing chicn vi tinh the khd khan nen clii cd Trudng ban Ihudng vu Qudc hdi d cung Chfnh pbii chi diio kluing chicn. Day kl ncl dac biel eiia vice id chirc bd nuiy Nhii nude trong kluing chieii ciia Dimg hi.
Quyet djnh niiy vAn diim biio sir giam sat ciia eo c|iian quydn lire ldi cao ddi vdi Chfnh phu nhung ddng ihdi phii hgp vdi linh hinh kluing chicn, iranh nuiy mdc cau ne, hinh thdc kem hicu quii.
d che dia phuong, vice thanh lap Uy ban khang chicn lulnh chfnh, pluin iinh nhiem vu ciia chfnh quydn dja phirong trude hcl phid lo cho dan khang chie'n. CA'p Lien khu vdi mdl co cil'u quiin ly thfch hgp da nhanh chdng dn djnh dnh hinh.
Trong linh the chien Iranh cAi rAng hrgc, ban phuc^ng ciui la xen ke hau phueyng djch, phirong lien giao thdng lien lac khd khAn, vice lang circmg quyen han, djnh rd nhieni vu, nidi quan he cdng tac eiia he thdng chfnh quydn dja phuong - dac biel xAy dung Cil'p Lien khu ihimh mdt don vi hanh chfnh luong dd'i dc)c lAp la mot ciui irue^fiig ddng ciia Dimg. Tliuc lc cho tluiy td chuc ciia bd may chfnh quydn Irong thdi ky khang chicn tir trung ireuig ldi diii phuong vira mang tfnh chili tap Irung hd vira mang tfnh phan liin, day cimg la dac llul ciia bd nuiy chfnh quydn ihdi ky 1945-1954.