Cau tiforng t h u a t hay lofi noi gian tiep tiTorng t h u a t nhffng dieu dirgfc noi r a nhitog k h o n g dung nhuTng tCr t h a t sU do ngudi noi tho't r a .
Cau tiTong t h u a t luon luon c6 hai m e n h d l . Nhufng tCr diftfc n o i r a difoc dat t r o n g m e n h de tUorng thuat. Cung c6 m 6 t m e n h de chanh chufa dong tijf tLTorng thuat. M e n h de c h i n h thiTcfng dufng t r u d n g m e n h de tLfo'ng thuat.
V i du: He gaid t h a t he would see me tomorrow. (a b_ c d e f g m d c h i n h m e n h de tiTcfng t h u a t
(Anh ta dd noi rdng anh ta se gdp tdi vdo ngdy mat)
a: chu ngff cua m e n h de chinh b: dong tCr tu^o-ng t h u a t
c: l i e n t\i
d: chu ngff t r o n g m e n h de tiicfng thufit e: dong tu' t r o n g m e n h de tqdng t h u a t f: bo ngiJ t r o n g m e n h de tifcfng t h u a t g: t r a n g tCr
(N^u horn qua thdi tiet khdng tot, tdi da khong di d&'n cong vi^n.) (nhtfng tho'i t i e t t o t va t o i da den cong vien.)
- The nghi van
V d : W h a t would you have done yesterday i f you hadn't come to class?
(Horn qua anh dd Idm gi n^u anh dd khong d&'n lop?) (nhitng horn qua anh dd den Idp.)
- Cau t r a lo"i ngan
Vd: A: Would you have come to work i f you had a bad cold?
(Anh dd c6 di Idni khong n&'u anh hi cam ndng?)
B: Yes, I would / No. I wouldn't
CAch dung: M e n h de dieu k i e n loai ba dung de d i i n t a gia
thuyet k h o n g c6 t h a t trong qua khuf hoSc bay to SLT nuoi tiec. Vd: I f the doctor had come earlier, my friend wouldn't have died.
(Neu bdc si den sam han, ban toi dd khong ch^t.)
> Ghi chu:
a) I f CO the duac thay bkng viec dao chu ngC? r a sau dong tCf
of m e n h de - i f
V d : • Were I ( I f I were) you, I wouldn't do t h a t .
(Neu tdi la anh, toi dd khong lam diiu do.)
• H a d I k n o w n ( I f I had known), I would have told you.
(Neu toi dd bi^'t, toi dd noi cho anh bi^t.)
b) Would CO the dtftfc thay bkng could hoSc m i g h t . (Thay
b k n g could dien t a k h a nSng, thay bang m i g h t dien t a s\i c6
the, CO le.)
V d : • I f we had found h i m earlier we could have his life.
(N^u chung toi dd tim thdy anh dy sdm han, chung tdi dd c6
thi Clin song dugc anh dy.)
• I f we had found h i m earlier we could have saved his life.
(N^u chung toi dd tim thdy anh dy sdm han, chiing tdi dd c6
thi CIJCU song dicgc anh dy.)
• I f we had found h i m earlier, we m i g h t have saved his life.
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(Neu chung toi dd tim thdy anh dy sdm han, chung tdi c6 le cvCu sdng dugc anh dy.)
c) M e n h de - i f c6 the difgrc thay b i n g but for sb/sth (neu k h o n g CO.)
Vd:
• The car broke down. But for that we would have been i n time.
(Xe hoi bi hong mdy. Neu khdng c6 viec do chung tdi dd den kip gid.)
• But for t h e r a i n we would have had a nice holiday.
(N^u trdi khdng mUa chung ta dd c6 mot ky nghi tdt dep.)
I I . C A U Ti;6fNG T H U A T
Cau tiforng t h u a t hay lofi noi gian tiep tiTorng t h u a t nhffng dieu dirgfc noi r a nhitog k h o n g dung nhuTng tCr t h a t sU do ngudi noi tho't r a .
Cau tiTong t h u a t luon luon c6 hai m e n h d l . Nhufng tCr diftfc n o i r a difoc dat t r o n g m e n h de tUorng thuat. Cung c6 m 6 t m e n h de chanh chufa dong tijf tLTorng thuat. M e n h de c h i n h thiTcfng dufng t r u d n g m e n h de tLfo'ng thuat.
V i du: He gaid t h a t he would see me tomorrow. (a b_ c d e f g m d c h i n h m e n h de tiTcfng t h u a t
(Anh ta dd noi rdng anh ta se gdp tdi vdo ngdy mat)
a: chu ngff cua m e n h de chinh b: dong tCr tu^o-ng t h u a t
c: l i e n t\i
d: chu ngff t r o n g m e n h de tiicfng thufit e: dong tu' t r o n g m e n h de tqdng t h u a t f: bo ngiJ t r o n g m e n h de tifcfng t h u a t g: t r a n g tCr
Co ba loai cdu tiicing thuat:
1. Tifofng t h u a t 16ri p h a t b i e u
V d : T h e n e w s p a p e r says t h a t t h e P r i m e M i n i s t e r i s g o i n g
to r e s i g n .
(Bdo chi noi rdng thu titang sdp tii chiCc.)
2. Tifofng t h u a t m $ n h l ^ n h
V i d u : H e t o l d t h e m t o go b a c k t o w o r k
(Ong dd bdo hg trd lai Idm viec.)
3. Titofng t h u a t c a u h o i
V d : H e a s k e d m e w h e r e I l i v e d
(Hdii da hoi toi song d ddy.)
Tl/CfNG THUAT LC(I PHAT BIEU
M u o n tufong t h u a t m o t I d i p h a t b i e u t a p h a i c h u y nhufng d i e m sau: 1) N e u d o n g tCr t r o n g m e n h de c h i n h ( b ) of t h i h i e n t a i , ti/cfng l a i h a y h i e n t a i h o a n t h a n h t h i d o n g tCf t r o n g m e n h de tiicfng t h u a t (e) k h o n g t h a y d o i t h i (tense.) V d : • She says " I w a t c h T V e v e r y d a y "
(Co ta noi: "Toi deu xem ti vi moi ngdy.)
• She says ( t h a t ) she w a t c h e s T V e v e r y day.
(Co ta noi rdng c6 ta deu xem ti vi moi ngdy.)
2 . N e u n o i d u n g I d i p h a t b i e u l a m o t c h a n l y , m o t SLT t h a t h i e n n h i e n h a y k h o a h o c t h i d o n g tCf t r o n g m e n h de tufcfng h i e n n h i e n h a y k h o a h o c t h i d o n g tCf t r o n g m e n h de tufcfng t h u a t k h o n g t h a y d o i t h i .
V d :
• The teacher said. ' T h e e a r t h revolves r o u n d t h e sun o n i t s axis".
(Thdy gido dd noi, "Trdi ddt xoay quanh mdt trdi tren true cua no.)
• T h e teacher said t h e e a r t h revolves r o u n d t h e sun o n i t s axis.
(Thdy gido dd udi (rdng) trdi ddt xoay quanh mdt trdi tren true cua no.)
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3. N e u d o n g tix t r o n g I d i p h a t b i e u (e) chuTa cac d o n g tix nhtf:
w o u l d , s h o u l d , o u g h t t o . h a d b e t t e r , m i g h t , used t o thu'c^ng
k h o n g t h a y d o i t r o n g cau t u d n g t h u a t .
V d : • P e t e r s a i d . " I m i g h t t r y m y l u c k " .
(Peter dd noi, "Toi c6 le thii van may cua toi."
• P e t e r s a i d ( t h a t ) h e m i g h t t r y h i s l u c k .
(Peter dd noi (rdng) anh ta c6 le thd van may cua anh ta.")
SU THAY DOI CHU N G O TRONG MENH DE TUCiNG THUAT
N h a n xu'ng d a i tCf h a y cac i \ xac d i n h sof hufu t h a y d o i v i SLT
t h a y d o i cua ngLfoi n o i .