Trong mot thoi gian dai, cong cupc xay d u n g chii nghla xa hpi d Lien X6 va jCae nude Dong A u dem lai nhieu thanh tuu to Idn; nhung cang ngay cang bpe
Ip nhCimg sai lam thieu sdt.
Mot la, thieu ton trpng day dii cac quy luat phat trien khach quan ve kinh te-
xa hpi, chii quan duy y chi, thuc hien co che tap trung quan lieu bao cap thay
cho CO che thj truong. Dieu do lam cho nen kinh te dat nude thieu nang dong,
san xuat tri tr#, doi song nhan dan khong dupe cai thi^n. Ve xa hpi, thieu dan chii va cong bSng, vi pham phap che'xax hpi chii nghTa. Tinh trang dd keo dai da lam tang long bat man trong quan ehiing.
Hai la, khong bat kjp su phat trien ciia cupc each mang khoa hpe - k l thuat
hien dai, dua tdi su khiing hoang ve kinh te - xa hpi. Ch^ng han n h u d Lien X6, trong n h u n g nam 70 phai nhap l u a n g thuc, thuc pham ciia cac nude Tay A u ,
Ba la, khi da bj tri tre, khiing hoang, tien hanh cai to lai pham sai lam tren
nhieu mat, lam cho khiing hoang ngay cang them nang ne. Chang han n h u de ra chii t r u o n g chuyen nen kinh te theo co che thi truong nhung tren thuc te chua lam dupe gi, hay viee thuc hi?n da nguyen da dang ve chinh trj lam cho ^a't nude cang them rdl loan.
249
Bon la, hoat dong cho'ng pha cua cac the luc cho'ng chu nghla xa hpi trong va
ngoai nuoc c6 tac dpng khong nho lam cho tlnh hinh cang them roi loan. Trong cac nguyen nhan tren, nguyen nhan c6 tinh chat quyet dinh lam cho
Trong cac nguyen nhan tren, nguyen nhan c6 tinh chat quyet dinh lam cho
che dp xa hpi chii nghla 6 Lien X6 va Dong Au tan ra, do la trong cai to Dang
Cpng san Lien X6 va Dong Au mac phai nhung sai lam nghiem trpng vc
duong loi chinh trj, tu tuang va to chuc. Do la duang loi xet lai phan bpi chu
nghla Mac - Lenin cua nhCrng nguoi lanh dao Dang va Nha nuoc cao nha't 6 Lien X6 cung nhu cac nuoc Dong Au liic bay gio.
Lien X6 cung nhu cac nuoc Dong Au liic bay gio.
Su tan ra cua che dp xa hpi chii nghla 6 Lien X6 va cac nuoc Dong Au trong nhiing nam 1989 - 1991 da gay nen nhung hau qua het sue nang ne. Do la ton
nhiing nam 1989 - 1991 da gay nen nhung hau qua het sue nang ne. Do la ton
that Ion trong Uch su phong trao cpng san - cong nhan quoc te. thong xa
hpi chu nghla the giai khong con ton tai. Trat tu thegioi hai cvc da ket thiic.
in. TRUNG QUOC VA BAN DAO TRIEU TIEN
1. Syt thanh lap nuoc Cpng hoa Nhan dan Trung Hoa
Sau cupc chien tranh chong Nhat thang Ipi, a Trung Quoc dien ra cupc noi chien gii>a Dang Quoc dan va Dang Cpng san, keo dai ba nam (1946 - 1949).
chien gii>a Dang Quoc dan va Dang Cpng san, keo dai ba nam (1946 - 1949).
Cupc npi chien do Tuong Giai Thach phat dpng ngay 20 - 7 - 1946 da trai qua
hai giai doan:
Tu thang 7 - 1946 den thang 6 - 1947, quan giai phong thuc hi^n chien lupc phong ngu tich cue.
phong ngu tich cue.
Tu thang 6 - 1947, Quan giai phong chuyen sang phan cong, tien vao cac viing do Quoc dan dang dang kiem soat. Cuo'i nam 1949, cupc npi chien ket
viing do Quoc dan dang dang kiem soat. Cuo'i nam 1949, cupc npi chien ket
thiic, toan bp luc dia Trung Quoc dupe giai phong. Tap doan Trung Hoa Dan
quoc Giai Thach that bai, riit chay ra Dai Loan. Ngay 1 - 10 - 1949, nuoc Cpng
hoa Nhan dan Trung Hoa dupe thanh lap, each mang dan tpc dan chu Trung
Quoc da hoan thanh.
Voi thSng loi eiia each mang Trung Quoc 1949 va su thanh lap nuoc Cpng hoa Nhan dan Trung Hoa c6 y nghla Ijch su v6 cung to Ian:
hoa Nhan dan Trung Hoa c6 y nghla Ijch su v6 cung to Ian:
Cham dut 100 nam no djch cua de quoc, xoa bo tan du phong kien, dua nuac Trung Hoa vao ki nguyen doc lap, tu do va tien len chu nghla xa hpi.
nuac Trung Hoa vao ki nguyen doc lap, tu do va tien len chu nghla xa hpi.
Da t?o dieu ki^n noi lien chii nghla xa hpi tu Au sang A va anh huang sau sac toi phong trao giai phong dan tpc tren thegioi.
sac toi phong trao giai phong dan tpc tren thegioi.
Tgo dieu ki?n de Trung Hoa buoc vao thoi ki xay dung va phat trien kinh te nham dua da't nuoc thoat khoi ngheo nan, lac hau, c6 dieu ki^n phat trien kinh
nham dua da't nuoc thoat khoi ngheo nan, lac hau, c6 dieu ki^n phat trien kinh
te - xa hpi, van hoa, giao due.
zrty INHH MIVUWHKhang Yljlt
2. Nhimg thanh tyu chinh cua Trung Quoc trong 10 nam dau xay dvmg che
ji
dp mod
Tu nam 1950, nhan dan Trung Quoc buoc vao giai doan khoi phuc kinh te^ tien hanh nhung cai each quan trpng: cai each rupng da't va hap tac hoa nong
tien hanh nhung cai each quan trpng: cai each rupng da't va hap tac hoa nong
nghi?p, cai t^o cong thuang nghi^p tu ban tu doanh, tien hanh cong nghi^p
hoa, xa hpi chii nghla, phat trien van hoa, giao due...
Tu nam 1953, Trung Quoc thuc hi^n kehoach 5 nam dau tien (1953 - 1957). Nho no luc lao dpng ciia toan dan va su giup do ciia Lien X6, kehoach 5 nam
Nho no luc lao dpng ciia toan dan va su giup do ciia Lien X6, kehoach 5 nam
da thu dupe nhiing thanh tuu to Ion. Bp mat da't nuoc Trung Quoc c6 nhieu
thay doi ro r^t.
Trong nhirng nam 1949 - 1959, Trung Quoc thi hanh chinh sach ngoai giao tich cue nham ciing c6' hoa binh va thiic day su phat trien ciia phong trao each
tich cue nham ciing c6' hoa binh va thiic day su phat trien ciia phong trao each
mang thegioi.
Ngay 14 - 2 - 1950, Trung Quoc ki voi Lien X6 "Hi^p uoc hiru nghi, dong
minh va tuong trp Trung - X6" va nhieu hiep uoc kinh tC tai chinh khae; phai
quan chi nguyen sang giiip nhan dan Trieu Tien chong M l (1950 - 1953); tham gia Hpi nghj cac nuoc A - Phi tai Bang-dung (1955); giiip do nhan dan Vi^t
gia Hpi nghj cac nuoc A - Phi tai Bang-dung (1955); giiip do nhan dan Vi^t
Nam chong thuc dan Phap, ling hp cac nuoc A, Phi va M I Latinh trong cupc
dau tranh giai phong dan tpc.
Ngay 18 - 1 -1950, Trung Quoc thiet lap quan he ngoai giao voi Vi^t Nam. 3. Trung Quoc trong nhung nam khong on dinh (1959 -1978)
3. Trung Quoc trong nhung nam khong on dinh (1959 -1978)
Ve doi npi, tu nam 1959, da't nude Trung Hoa lam vao tinh trang khong on
djnh keo dai toi 20 nam (1959 -1978).
Ve kinh tC chinh tri va xa hpi. Khoi dau la vi#c de ra va thuc hi^n duang 161
"Ba ngpn ea hong" ("duong 161 chung", "dai nhay vpt", "c6ng xa nhan dan") voi mong muon nhanh chong xay dung thanh cong chii nghla xa hpi.
mong muon nhanh chong xay dung thanh cong chii nghla xa hpi.
Hau qua la nam 1959, trong ca nuoc nan doi dien ra tram trpng, dai song nhan dan kho khan, san xuat ngung tr?, da't nuoc kh6ng on djnh.
nhan dan kho khan, san xuat ngung tr?, da't nuoc kh6ng on djnh.
Tir nam 1968 den nam 1978, a Trung Quoc, Dang va Chinh phii kh6ng de ra ke hoaeh kinh te - xa hpi dai han ma chi dua ra nhCrng ke hoach hang nam.
ke hoaeh kinh te - xa hpi dai han ma chi dua ra nhCrng ke hoach hang nam.
Dong thai, trong npi bp ban lanh dao van tiep tuc dien ra cupc tranh gianh
quyen luc gay gat.
Ve d61 ngoai, Trung Quoc ling hp cupc dau tranh chong M I xam lupc ciia nhan dan Vi?t Nam cung nhu cupc dau tranh giai phong dan tpc ciia nhan dan
nhan dan Vi?t Nam cung nhu cupc dau tranh giai phong dan tpc ciia nhan dan
cac nuac A, Phi va M i Latinh. Cung trong thoi ki nay, da xay ra nhung cupc
xung dpt a bien giai giiia Trung Quoc voi An Dp (1962), giua Trung Quoc voi
Lien X6 (1969). Thang 2 - 1972, Tong thong MT Nichxon sang tham Trung
Quoc, ma dau quan h§ mai theo chieu huong hoa dju giiia hai nuoc.
4. Cong cuQC cai each - m o cua (tir nam 1978)
Thang 12 - 1978, Trung uong Dang Cpng san Trung Quoc vach ra d u o n g loj moi, mo dau cho cong cupc cai each i<inh te - xa hpi. D u o n g loi nay dupe nang len thanh d u o n g loi chung qua Dai hoi XII (thang 9 - 1982), dac biet la Dai hoi XIII (thang 10 - 1987) ciia Dang: lay phat trien kinh te'lam trung tarn; kien tn bon nguyen tac co ban (con duong xa hpi chu nghla, chuyen chinh dan chu nhan dan, su lanh dao ciia Dang Cpng san Trung Quoc, chu nghla Mac - Lenin, t u tuong Mao Trach Dong); Thuc hien d u o n g 161 cai each, dat nuoc Trung
Quoc CO nhi>ng bien doi can ban. Khoa hoc - kT thuat, van hoa va giao d u e
Trung Quoc dat nhieu thanh tuu quan trpng. N a m 1964, Trung Quoc thu thanh cong bom nguyen tu.
T u thang 11 - 1999 den thang 3 - 2003, Trung Quoc da phong voi che'dp tu
dpng 4 con tau "Than Chau" va ngay 15 - 10 - 2003, tau "Than Chau 5" cimg nha du hanh D u o n g L o i VT da bay vao khong gian vu try.
Trong ITnh vuc doi ngoai, Trung Quoc c6 nhieu thay doi. T u nhOng nam 80
cua the'ki XX, Trung Quoc da binh thuong hoa quan h ^ voi Lien X6, Vi#t Nam, M o n g Co, khoi phuc quan he ngoai giao voi Indonexia, thiet lap quan he ngoai giao voi nhieu nuoc, m o rpng quan he hi>u nghj, hop tac v o i cac nuoc tren the
gioi, CO nhieu dong gop trong vi^c giai quyet cac tranh chap quoc te. Trung
Quoc da thu hoi chii quyen doi voi Hong Cong (thang 7 - 1997) va Ma Cao (thang 12 - 1999). Nhu-ng v u n g dat nay tro thanh khu hanh chinh dac bi^t cua Trung Quoc, gop phan thuc day nen kinh tephat trien.
5. Chinh sach doi ngoai cua Trung Quoc trong cac thoi ki
T h a i k i C h i n h sach doi ngoai
1) 1949 -1959
Trong nhi>ng nam 1949 - 1959, Trung Quoc thi hanh chinh sach ngoai giao tich cue nham cung co hoa binh va thiic day su phat trien cua phong trao each mang the'gidi.
Ngay 14 - 2 - 1950, Trung Quoc k i v o i Lien X6 " H i ^ p uoc hiru nghj, dong minh va tuong trp Trung - X6 " va nhieu
hi^p uoc kinh te, tai chinh khac; phai quan chi nguyen sang
giiip nhan dan Trieu Tien chong M I (1950 - 1953); tham gia Hpi nghj cac nuoc A - Phi tai Bang-dung (1955); giup do nhan dan Viet Nam chong thuc dan Phap, ung hp cac nuoc A, Phi va M l Latinh trong cupc dau tranh giai phong dan tpc.
Ngay 18 - 1 - 1950, Trung Quoc thiet lap quan h ^ ngoai
giao voi Viet N a m .
2) 1959 - 1978 l i n g hp cupc dau tranh chong MT xam lupc ciia nhan dan Viet N a m cung n h u cupc dau tranh giai phong dan tpc ciia nhan dan cac nuoc A, Phi, M i Latinh.
Gay nhung cupc xung dpt bien gioi giOa Trung Quoc voi A n Dp, giua Trung Quoc voi Lien X6.
3) 1978-2000 Chinh sach doi ngoai ciia Trung Quoc co nhieu thay doi. TO nhijng nam 80 ciia the ki XX, Trung Quoc da binh thuong hoa quan h ^ voi Lien X6, Viet N a m , M o n g Co, khoi phuc quan h? ngoai giao voi Indonexia, thiet lap quan h ^ ngoai giao voi nhieu nuoc, m o rpng quan he hiru nghj, hop tac voi cac nuoc tren the gioi, co nhieu dong gop trong vi^c giai quyet cac tranh chap quoc te.
Trung Quoc da thu hoi chu quyen doi voi H o n g Cong (thang 7 - 1997) va Ma Cao (thang 12 - 1999). N h u n g vung dat nay tro thanh khu hanh chinh dac biet ciia Trung Quoc, gop phan thiic day nen kinh tephat trien.
Nhan xet: K h i Trung Quoc on djnh ve kinh te, chinh trj thi thuc hien chinh
sach doi ngcai tien bp. Ngupe lai, khi lam vao tinh trang khiing hoang thi thuc
hi^n chinh sach doi ngoai ba't Ipi cho cac nuoc lang gieng va khu vuc.
6. So sanh cong cupc cai to cua Lien X6 va cai each ciia Trung Quoc. Riit ra bai hpc cho cong C U Q C doi moi a Vi?t Nam bai hpc cho cong C U Q C doi moi a Vi?t Nam
Khi Lien X6 va Trung Quoc bj khiing hoang ve cong cong cupc xay d u n g chii nghla xa hpi. De sua chira thieu sot, sai lam dua dat nuoc thoat khoi suy thoai, khung hoang, tien kjp voi xu the thoi dai. Lien X6 tien hanh cai to (3 -
985), gan voi su k i ^ n Goocbachop len n5m quyen hanh, tien hanh cong cupc i to. Con Trung Quoc tien hanh cai each - mo cua (thang 12 - 1978), dac biet la thong qua Dai hpi Ian t h u XII (9 -1982) va Dai hpi Ian t h u XIII (10 - 1987).
* Diem giong:
f - Thuc hien doi m o i toan d i ^ n ve kinh te^ chinh trj, xa hpi trong do doi moi
kinh tela trung tam.
- Chuyen t u kinh te kehoach hoa tap trung sang kinh te thi truong X H C N :6 su dieu tie't cua nha nuoc...
- M o rpng quyen t u do dan chii, doi moi moi mat doi song xa hpi, nang cao
Itfoi song vat chat, tinh than ciia nhan dan...
* Diem khac:
