- Danh tir thiri gian + so tir Da\' chinh ki cau tnic dien hinh cua bieu thirc
3.Dac di^m hinh thuc ciia bieu thiic thoi gian
Xet ve hinh thiíc bieu hien, tu lieu cho thay cac bieu thuc thai diem c6 the
la til- (danh tir, dai tir), la ngu (danh ngu, gidi ngu), lien hgp hoac menli dẹ Dudi day chium toi se di siiu mo la diic diem hinli thuc ciia cac bieu thuc thdi gian na\'.
3.L Cdc hieu thuc thiri diem Id tir
3.1.1. Biiu thuc thdi diifu Id dai tu
Do chirc nCum imCr phap cua dai tir la chirc niing tha\' the, cho nen b trong cau dai tir co the i^iCr nhCrng chuc \ai ngCr phap khac nhau cua cac tu ma chung thay th^. Tuy nhien, cho d^jn bd)' gid quan niem \'e dai tir \'an chua c6 sir thong
nhat giúa cac hgc giạ Chimg ta biet riing dai tu rat gan \di thuc tir (dcrng tụ danh tir, tinh tir), nhung khi thuc hien chuc nang tha\' the thi khong bieu hien ro y nghTa tií vung ma chi co the hieu chiing la nhumg y nghTa ngCr phap. Do \a\-. ma dai tu khong dugc xep viio thuc tir', cung khong dugc xep \'iio hu tir mil chi giu* mot vi tri trung gian hoac rieng biet trong quan he \'6'i thuc tu \'a hu tir cua he thong tii" loai [1 3, Dinh van Dire 2001].
Bieu thirc thdi diem la dai tir thudng la nhung dai tií xac chi chi thdi gian
nhu: bdy gid, gid, bdy gid, bdy, ndỵ..
Vdi chiic nang cua iiic}t bieu thirc thdi gian c6 y nghTa thdi diem nhCrng dai tir xac dinh chi thcri gian (thcji diem) nay chi nhCrng pham \"i thai gian xay ra
sir kien himh dong xa hay gim hoiic ngay canh thdi diem phat ngon. Vi du do lii
thiri dicim hien tai:
(1 48) Bdy i^iir vdng no irofig filid te ngdt filiir cd tang. (149) Gid' lifi La Hiin, Dinh Cd tim Viet ffiinh.
(Dan theo 4, 1 15)
Trong cac vi du tren cac dai tir xac dinh ^didy gid. gid" chi thiri gian la
mot thcTi diem hien tai giin giin \xri thdi diem phat ngon giua ngudi noi \d ngiroi nghẹ + Dai tir cung cd the chi mot thdi diem qua khiị \'i du:
(150) Cd be liic bdv e/VJ' da ngdi sdt bin tdị
(dan theo 4, 115 & 116)
NhCrng tir chi dinh nhu: naỵ đy, kiạ dy, do phai di \'di cac ket hgp nhu: danh tu + dgi tir chi difih mdi tao thanh nhCrng bieu thiic thdi gian cd y nghTa
thdi diem. Ly do la nhCrng tir chi dinh nay khong the dung mot minh trong chiíc nang lam thanh ph5n cau nhir nhung dai tu xac dinh. Ve phan na\- chung tdi se mieu la cu the cV phiin tiep theọ
3.1.2. Biiu thirc thdi diifu Id danh tu
Xet hai vi du sau:
(151) Chu nhdt. thdng ca nhd toi thui cdi xc du lich dira tdi vdi va no lin thdm chiia Tdy Phuang.
(Tac phdm moi, s6 2/1999, tr 15)
(1 52) Horn qua, thciy ra tinh Hd noị vdo hdu cu cu Nguyin ilidy ngdi day dong hoc trd. nhdn thdy cd xin tnrdc cimg cụ sd cho con ra thinh nghiip.
(Truyen ngan - Nguyen Cong Hoan. tr 6}
Hai vi du tren dien ta hanh dong, sir kien dien ra d thdi diem hien taị Thai
diem do dugc danh dau boi nhCrng danh tu cd y nghTa thdi gian la: "chu nhdi\ ''hom quá\
Vi fndt vi tri: nhúng danh tu bieu hien y nghTa thdi diem thudng dimg a
dau cau cung cd khi la giúa cau hoac cudi cau, nhirng vi tri diiu mdi ciiu \'iin ka \ i tri ca ban nhat.
Vi dac diim ngir nghTa chirc nang: nhung danh tir cd y nghTa thdi gian
trong bieu thirc thdi diem dung de mii^^u ta hiinh dcing, sir kien dien ra trong mpl thcri diem nhiit dinh ma ngucri noi dimh dim vii xiic dinh chimg tren true thdi gian.
Vi kha ndng kit hap: nhCrng danh tir thdi gian cd y nghTa thcri diem cd
nhieu kha nang ket hgp \cri nhCmg dón \i tu xamg khac de tao thimh nhung danh ngCr cd y nghia thiri diCmi, \cri ciic hinh thirc bieu hien cd the ki: danh tir -^- so tir. danh tir + clu dinh tu, hay danh tir + dinh tu mieu tạ
3.2, Bieu thuc thiri diem Id danh ngfr
Cac bieu thirc thdi diem la danh ngCr cd the bieu hien qua nhCrng bien the khac nhau:
J.2. /. Dafili lir thdi gian - so tir
(153) Ndfu 19"Ị kill Idn đu tiin tgo ra ky thudt gui thu diin tu qua fugng Raytonlinson đ nay ra sdng kiin dimg a trong dia chi email.
(Sai Gdn giai phong, tr 18)
(1 54) JJjdngjdfụtdi se tra lai Sdi Gdn di hodn tdt mot so cong viic gia dinh
Cd thd thiiy rCmg cac \ i du da dan d tren cho chiing ta thay y nghTa thdi di^m ciia sir kien va hanh dc^ng xay ra tren true thdi gian, dugc cu the hoa va dugc xac dinh mot each chinh xac qua sir the hien cua danh tir thdi gian - so tụ Thdi di^m duoc ndi tdi cd the la hien taị qua khir hoiic t u a n g laị Kieu ket hcrp
danh tir thi/i gian - so tir Win thudng thay xuat hien trong nhúng tin. bai cua cac
bao va tap chị Nhúng ket hpp kieu nay thudng mang den cho chiing ta biet mc^t
thdi diem cu the da dugc xac dinh ro rang bói cac moc thdi gian nhu ngdw thdng, ndfn. Do vay, trong khi viet bao ngudi ta thudng sir dung nhCrng ket hgp
nay de dua tin, bai tao nen tinh chinh xac ciia su kien.
3.2.2. Danh tir thdi gian ^ chi dinh tir
NhCrng chi dinh tií trong bieu thirc thdi diem thudng dirng sau danh lu thdi gian cd chuc nang dien ta y nghTa thdi gian \ a dinh vi sir kien \ a himh dong. Thai diem đ cd the la hien tai (danh tu thdi gian + nay, nay), qua khir (danh tir thdi gian + ay, qua, truoc) hoac tuong lai (danh tir thdi gian + kiạ sau, tdi ). Dudi day la mot so hinh thirc ket hgp ciia danh tir \ a chi dinh tir.