- Danh tir +X (x = mai, kia, sau, tdi) chi thdi diem cua mot su kien xa\
4.2.Chirc ndng kit hoc
4. Dac diem chuc nang ciia bieu thuc thoi diem
4.2.Chirc ndng kit hoc
4.2.1. Chirc ndng Idm trgng ngu
Ve vai trd cua trang ngCr đi vdi td chirc ciiu tnic cua caụ da sd cac tac gia deu cho rang trang ngu lii mot thimh phim phu cua ciiu [Moimg Tuẹ 1962, Nguyen Kim Than, 1964]
Ve mat vi tri cua trang ngQ- trong ciiu, cac tac gia cho rang trang ngu cd the chiem 3 vi tri khac nhau trong md hinh cau tnic ciia cau: trang ngCr cd the dimg dau ciiu, cudi ciiu hoac giua ciiụ
Ve mat chirc nang, ciic bieu thirc thcri diC'iii liim trang ngCr thiroug chi ra pham \'i thiii gian cua sir kien \'ii hanh đng xa\' ra trong thai gian niió.^ bao giir? Vidu:
( 2 1 3 ) Difii hdm dỵ dug đ ndi vdi va tdt ca qua trifih trirat đc cua mifih.
(Mot coi di \cx tr 207)
(214) Nhung niliiv xa anh. anh dy đ giiip đ vd chdm sdc em tan tinh.
(Hanh phiic mong manh, tr 79)
(215) Sdng hdm sau, anh vdn Idm cdc vice fihu fiioi rigdy mot cdeh chu đọ
(Hanh phuc mong manh, tr 79)
''Dim hdfn ay\ ''sdng hdm saií la cac bieu thuc thdi gian chi thdi diem xa>' ra sir kien trong pham \i thdi gian ciia dem \-a buoi sang; "nhung ngdy xa ofili^ la trane ngu thdi gian chi thdi diem cd pham \'i thdi gian rpng hón. thdi
di^m cua neiiy ndi ngiiv cd tinh chiit thudng xii>en lap di lap laị Sir thay đi \i tri cua cac trang ngCr thdi diem cung riit linh boat. Chung ta cd the chuyen trang neu d d5u cau xudng cucu cau tham chi la giua caụ Khi a diiu ciiụ trang ngu thdi didm cd chirc nang thdng bao ve thdi diem xay ra sir kien, con khi cr cudi ciiu thi nd cd tac dune ndi rd sir kien va himh đng dien ra tai thdi diem đ.
Trong nhCrng bieu thuc thdi diem giir chuc nang trang ngu" trong ciiu tiene \'iet xet ve mat hinh thirc cd nhieu sir bieu hien khac nhau: trang ngu cd the la tir. ki ngú, vil tiiy trirdng hop cu the ma cd gidi tu ha\' khdng cd gidi tụ
- Trang ngu- cd gidi tií. Vi du:
(21 6) Sau đm cudị ho duac nhdn mot cdn phong a khu tap thi gido viin.
(Hanh phuc mong manh. tr 87)
(21 7) Sau gid' trira, qudn vdng klidch.
(Mot cdi di v6, tr 200)
(21 8) Tronic luc Lan hoc hdị ILiin mdi diia gidm vdi đfii fiaifi sifih trofig khu tdp thị
- Trane neCr khone cd eic'ri tụ Vi du:
(219) Bdy gid rdi rdị tdi clu cd doc sdch. clioi cd tiri/ng vd xem con ffidi vdn chudt.
(Ciii ldng sit, tr 225)
(220) Chiiu nay mifih khdfig difị chac dai sdt rudt lam phai khdng'.-'
(Mdt buoi trua kinh hoimg. tr 87)
(221) Dim diffi Idp Idnh dnh sdng chiiu roi cua nhung vi saọ
Trong ciiu cac bieu thirc thdi diem lam trang ngCr cd the a nhCrng \i tri khac nhau: cd the dung trirdc, dung sau ndng cot cau, tham chi giua chu ngir \'a vj ngú. Chung ta cd the tha>- dieu đ qua phep cai bien \'i du sau:
(222) Khodno; đu canh bạ a phia bd song, tieng hni dan lai nd dimg dodng.
(223) d'phia bd sdng, khoang đu canh bạ tiing luu dan lai fid dimg dodfig. (224) Tiifig luu dan lai fid dimg dodng a phia bd sdng khoans đu canh hạ Dua tren kk qua khao sat \'a phan lich dac diem chuc nang cua trang ngir
la bicHi thuc thdi didm chung tdi co mdt vai nhan xet sau:
Mot Id, trane neCr thdi eian cd hinh thirc bieu hien cd the la tir ha\' ngir. cd
Hai Id. ve vi tri trang ngCr thai gian cd the xudt hien o ca ba \ i tri trong (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
cau (dau, giua, cudi cau).
Tuy nhien, tu lieu cho tha\- vi tri thudng gap nhdt cua trang ngCr thdi gian.
bieu hien thdi diem la \\ tri diíng a d^u caụ
4.2.2. Chirc ndng Idfii hd ngu
Bd ngu- cua cau tieng Viet da dugc nhieu nha nghien cuu quan lam. Tuy nhien, day cung la mdt van de gay nhieu tranh luan giúa cac nha nghien cuụ Theo tac gia Diep Quang Ban thi: "bd ngu la thimh ph§n phu bSng thuc tu di kem vi tir (dgng tu, tinh tir) de chi cai đi the chiu tac dung trirc tiC^p ha\' gian
tiep cua dac trung neu o \'i tu hoac chi cac chu the ghn lien \-di dac trung neu o
\i tir \'ii dirng sau \ i tir. hoac clu ciic diic trung phu them \'ao diic trung \ i tir" [5, 183].
Viec xiic dinh vii phan loai bd ngu trong tieng Viet dang ki \'an de ga\'
nhieu tranh caị Ngu\'c}n Minh Thuyet va Ngu>'en Van Hiep trong 'Lhdnh phan cdu tiing Íiit coi bd ngu ki thimh phim chinh cua ciiụ 0 dii)' cluing tdi dira \ iio
quan diem cua cac liic gia tren de phiin tich \ a giai thich chirc nang cua bieu thuc thai diem la bd ngu trong cau tieng Viet.
Nhúng bieu thirc thdi diem giCr chirc nang lam bd ngú trong cau cd tac dung neu len thdi diem dien ra su kien thudng dirng cudi cau hay sau \'i ngụ \^i du:
(225) A}' Id luc_ han Id đ vi din sdn.
(Nam Cao tuyen tap - tap 1, tr 249)
(226) Nd phai dai din hai gid.
Ve mat cau tao cac bieu thuc thdi diem la bd ngu cd the la tu, danh tu, danh ngCr, cd gidi lir hoac khdng cd gidi tụ
- T r u d n g hcip bd ngCr khdng cd gidi tu di kem. Vi du:
(227) Bdc vdn cdn nhd hdm do chdu ạ
~ T r u d n g hgp bd ngu cd gidi tii* di kem. Vi du: {228) Lan sinh vdo buoi diffị
So vdi nhCrng bieu thirc thdi ditau lam trang ngir trong cau tieng Viet thi
nhCrng bieu thuc thdi diem lam \\ ngu chiem \ i tri rat it. Sd dT cd hien tucrng nhu
vay la do cd mot sd thanh phiin \'i ngCr trong cau cd the can hoac khdng can bd ngu thdi gian.
Khi bd ngú thdi gian trong cau tieng Viet dugc bieu hien chu \eu bang danh ngú hay gidi ngú gdm cd mdt danh tií liim trung tam kem theo mdt tieu cu
lam dinh ngú. Trudng hgp dung: khi, luc, ndm. hdfn, budi, hdị daọ thuạ... dat
truoc ket cau cua vi ngu* (chi vi hay de thuyet) de lam bd ngu chi thdi gian cho ihay rang cac tu niiy van giú dac trung ngú phap cua danh tií [30, 1994].
4.2.3. Chirc ndng Idfu chu ngu
Trong cau true cau thi chu ngú la thanh phan chinh, la mot trong hai \ e ciia ndng cot caụ Trong cau triie cau chu ngCr cd nhumg dac trung khu biet \'di vi ngú ca ve hinh thuc va y nghTạ Xet ve mat y nghTa, chu ngú cd quan he \'di \'i ngú vdi tu each chu the cua hanh đng, chu the sd huu, chii the tiep nhan, chu the pham chat [15, 1 1 1].
- Ve mat cau tao: bieu thuc thdi diem giCr chuc nang lam chu ngCr cd the la
til" hay ngú. Cac cau cd bieu thirc thc7i gian la chu ngú dicMi hinh la k\cv\ cau cd
đng tir *7a " lam vi ngCr. Vi du:
(229) Diffi Id thai diem ly tuóng cua bon tdi pham. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
- CCine CO khi bieu thirc thcri eian liim chu neCr la eidi neu:
o •— •— *— •—
Vidu:
(230) Sau H' thi tdt nghiip phd thdn^ Id ky thi dai hpc.
(Tru\ en ngan hay 2003, tr 36)
Tieu ket
Tren day chung tdi da kliao sat cac bieu thuc thdi gian qua ba dac diem chinh: dac diim hinh thuc, ngu nghTa, chuc nang.
Xet ve mat neCr nehTa, cac bieu thuc thdi diem cd the la dien td hoac chu Id tron" khune vi neCr. Dien td thudng mane tinh bat budc cdn chu td thi cd the tham oia vao bSt cu su tinh nao done thai cd kha nang chuyen đi linh boat ban
dien td.
Xet vd dac di§ni hinh thiic cac bieu thuc thdi diem cd the la tú (danh tu,
dai tu), ngu (danh ngCr, gidi ngu), lien hgp hoac menh dẹ Xet ve chuc nang ket
hgp, cac bicui thirc thdi gian cd the lam trang ngu, bd ngCr hoac chu ngu:
C h u o n g III
DAC DIEM CUA CAC BIEU THUC THOI GIAN CO Y NGHIA THOI DOAN