diem trong cau tieng Viet
2.7. Cdc hieu thuc thiri diem coy nghla doi lap ve thiri
Noi ve quan niem thai gian, chiing ta phan biet thai doan \'a thai diem, thai gian xac dinh va thai gian phong chii-ng. Tuy nhien, thi chua dụ cung chua thoa man nhu cau ve sir dinh vi thai gian ciia con nguaị Do \-ay, con ngiroi con chia thai gian ra lam thai qua khir, thoi hien tai va thoi tuong laị De thuc hien dugc each chia thai gian nhu tren con ngubi da phai can cir \'ao mot khoang thoi gian lay lam thiyi diem hien taị sau do dinh \i tiep thai diem qua khir \ a tluii diem tuong laị Noi tai thai diem qua khir tire la chimg ta dinh \i sir kien a mot
thoi diiim cu the xiiy ra trucVc thcji diem noị Neu bieu (Wen ca ba thoi hien tai,
qua khir vii tircrng lai tren mot true thi chimg ta se co mot true thiri gian cu the nhu sau:
Qua khir Hicn tai TuaiiL: lai
— \—— •
! lom qua Mom nay Ngi>' niai
Xet vi du:
{96)ạ Horn nay tdi di Hai Phong. (Hien tai) b. Tdi di Hai Phong hom quạ (Qua khú) c. Ngdy mai tdi di Hdi Phong. (Tuong lai)
Dira \'ao thang, neu lay thang 8 lam thai diem hien tai {thdng ndy) thi thang 7 {thdng trirdc) tra nen la thai diem qua khir \-a thang 9 (thdng sau) tro di
lam thai diem tiróng laị Tuong tir doi voi nam: neu ta can cir \'ao nam. \ a lay nam nay lam hien tai thi niim ngoai tro di ki thoi diem qua khir va sang nam tro di la tuong laị N^u ISy liic lam thai diem thi kic nay la hicn tai, liic truoc tro di la thcTi di(5m qua khir \'a liic sau tro di la thoi diem tirong lai [33, 339].
2.1. J. Btiii ihúL thoi diim cu \ nghla hien tai
Khi chimg ta muon dien ta mot himh dong ha\- mot sir kien nao do tren true thói gian ma khoang thai gian chiing ta nhae toi gan \'ai thoi diem noi tlii tinh thiri diem cua hien tai dugc xac lap. Vi du:
(97) Luc ndy, tdi muon dur/c ciing anh dao birdc duai bdu trdi day dnh sao dim vd diroc nghe anh hat.
(Truyen ngan hay, tr 1 52)
(98) Bdv ^id. tdi vdn cdn giu hire thu cua chi Xiụ
(Tac pham moi, so 10'1998, t r 4 5 )
(99) Toi goi dien cho Thuy hom naw
Qua nhirng vi du tren chimg ta thfú rang tinh thai diem hien tai cua sir tinh dugc bieu hien nipl each hiC-n ngon. Nguai ncii da dinh \'i moc thai gian cjua
nhirng danh lir, danh ngu mang net nghla cu the \'c thoi hicn tai nlur: hd\' gio\ liic ndy, v.v. Xet ve mat can tao ngoai mot so dai tir trúc chi chi thiri diC*m hicn tai {bdy gid, gid...), phan IcVn cac bieu thirc thcri diem hien tai la mot danh ngCr, \'i du: hom luiỵ figdy fid}', tlúuig ndỵ lite niiỵ Nhung danh tir, danh ngfr thiri gian
niiy qui chieu nipt thcTi diem dirpc coi la hien tai dat trong chu canh dien ra sir kien, hanh dong. Dac biet trong nhCrng bieu thirc thai diem hien tai, chimg ta
thiróiig gap mot so nhCrng don \\ tir \'Lrng co nghTa thai gian (chi thcri diem nhiit
dinh) CO tan suiit sir dung kha lan. NhCrng tir na\' nhan manh den hien tai cua thoi
diem, chang han cac tir hien. ngaỵ ... trong cac ket hgp nhu hien naỵ hiin bdy gid\ ngay liic fidy,... Chimg ta xet \'i du sau:
(1 00) yVet:?v hom nav. tdi se phai bat toy vdo cong viec. (101) yVe<r/v liic ncn\ em lin khoa thdy dang a dọ
(102) Hiin bdy old trdi dang nang con khong nin ra dirdng.
(1 03) Hiin bdy <^id thi cdi gia difih cdfi lai cua ong chia Idm hai manh.
(Tac phdm mdi, so 10'1998, tr 44)
(1 04) Hiin (^id. chi dang a bi baị
(105) Hien liic ndy tdi khong thi lam duoc.
(Tac pham moi, so 9/1998. tr 54)
(1 06) Hiin nay, cong Á chung ta dang cdn tuyin thim nhan viin.
(Trux'en ngan chpn Ipc. tr 134)
Trong nhúng vi du tren thi su ket hpp cua cac tir thai gian chi thc^i diem
voi cac danh tir c6 y nghTa thai gian nhu hay gid. luc ndỵ hom naw... co tac
dung nhan manh hón den tinh thoi diem hien taị mac dii nhCrng danh tir niú khi chua ket hgp vai cac tií thai gian cung dii bieu hien y nghTa thai diem hien tai ngay trong ban than y nghTa cua tir.
Noi chung, tan xuat su dung ciia cac dón \ i tir \'irng co tinh chiu mieu ta nghTa thiri diem hien tai nhu "hien" trong ciiu tieng Viet la rat Ion. Truoc het. x'cVi lir each la nhCrng \'cu lb cau tao tir, chimg xuat hien trong nhCrng ket hgp kieu
nhu: hiin giir. hiifi taị hicn fiaw bieu hicn y nghTa thcri gian mil cu the ki tinh
thai diem ó hien laị
Cd mot diem caii km y ki nhCmg kieu ki^t hop nhu: lucn naw hiin luiv gid... di kem vc'ri 'V///" {hiin nay fill, hay gid thị...] hiim y nhan manh UKic thoi 6\hw hien taị Tuy nhien, nhung ket hpp giCra hien fiaỵ hicn hay giir \d\ ^'thi"
thuang dirge sir dung nhieu trong khau ngú himg ngay, ma it xuiit hien trong \'an ban viet. Vi dii:
{\07) ạ Chi difi nhd tdi luon nhi!
b. Bdv gid ạ hiin bay '^^id thi khong duac roị tdi dang rdt bdn.
(Tru\"en ngan hay 2003, tr 44)
(1 08) ạ Theo chị tdi sipliai 1dm gi trong hodn cafih niiỵ b. Hiin i^id thi tdi nglu chi nin im Idng.
(Tru\'en ngan ha\' 2004. tr 63)
Tronu cac \-i du (107) \ a (108) chimg ta tha\- b (b) neu chimg ta bo "thi" di cau phat n^bn tren \'an co nghTa thai diem. Tu\' nhien. khi co them yeu to
"thi" sau pho tir hiim thi y nghTa thoi gian ducrc nhan manh, dat dugc tinh hieu
qua trong giao tiep.
Ngoai viec dupe su dung de cau tao cac danh tií chi thai gian nhu: hiin gid. hiin nay, hiin tai hiin thcji thi hiin ciing dupe diing nhu mot tir' chi tlicTi
gian doe lap. Vi du:
(109) ạ Hien vice dy dang xet. (hien nay)
(Ngú phap Viet Nam. tr 379)
b. Viec dy hiin dang xet. (hien liic nay)
Tinh hien tai cua thai diem cung dupe xac lap boi pho tir thoi gian nhu:
ngay, trong cac bieu thiíc: ngay liic ndy, ngay luc dỵ ngay tire thị figa}- lap tirẹ ngay tire khdc,...Kh\ noi, ciic \'eu to khac co thi^* bi tinh luge chi con \ c u tc^
"ngay^' giCr vai tro nhu mot tir thai gian co nghTa thai diem hien taị Vi du: ( 1 1 0 ) ạ Khi ndo anh difi dur/c?
h. Tdi din ngaỵ (ngay bay gia)
( 1 1 1 ) Cua phong fuo\ canh sat dj? vdo ngaỵ (nga)' tire thi)
Til) nhiC'u, vice luge bo nhCrng thanh tci phu sau ''figa\'" trong phiit ngon
chi CO the thirc hien dugc khi tinh thcTi diem cua himh dong xay ra mot cach tiic
thị Khi dimg dpc lap "nga\-" khong the xuiit hieMi o \ i tri mo dfiii cua phat ngon.
Vi du:
{\\2) ạ I\hi ndo anh din'i * b. N^av tdi se din.
(113)* Noay, cua phong fuo; cdnh sdt dp vdọ *
Trona hai vi du (112)b va (113) chimg ta thay tinh thai diem hien tai khono diróc b i l u hien boi tir ";?TOV'' do ngay bi luge bot cac thanh to phu sau nọ
Phat nuon tren trc7 nen mo nhat \'eu id thai gian. thoi diem. Tham chị trong vi
du (1 12)b. va (113) nga\' cung khong bieu hien thoi gian trong phat ngon. Do
do, chimg ta khong the dimg "figay^ hoiic {ngay tire thi, ngay lap tire, ngay bdy <ud-) vai nohTa thai diem hien tai trircic nhCrnu sir kien \-a himh dong dupe de cap ma chi co lh(5 dim^ ''ngay" sau \'i tu bieu thi nhCrng sir kien va hanh dong dọ Vi
du:
(114) ạ Tdi se din do ngav.
2.1.2. IJHU thirc thi/i diim cd y nglila qua khir
Cac bieu thuc thai gian chi thoi diem qua khu co mo hinh cau tao chung la danh tií thai gian + dinh tií qua khií (hom quạ ngay truoc. nam dọ thang \ira roị..). Duai day la mot so vi du ve cac bieu thiic nay:
- Horn + X (x = qua, trucre, do, roi, aỵ..). Vi du: ( 1 1 5 ) Hdfn qua trdi mua to nen durjiig hi ngdp.
( 1 1 6 ) Hom dy minh nhin thdy cau di cluuig xe vdi mot ngudi đfi ong Idn tuoi
- Bfra + X (x = trircTC. rc)ị q u a , dọ..). \ ' i du:
( 1 1 7) Bua trirdc nghe noi afih vdo fan Ĩ)ong .\ai tim vicẹ
(118) Ihla roi vi quị vi quifi mang uiu bao hiim minh da hi canh sdt giao thofig phat tiiiị
- Ngdy + X (x ^ do, ay, trircrc, qua, np ...). Vi du:
(1 19) Ngciy trin re fighe noi anh tham gia du kich xd Safu Sgqn thi phaị - Tudn + X (x '= triroẹ quạ rbị do, i\\\ nọ..). \ ' i du:
(1 20) 7)uin cilia bdo chi My dira tin vi chuyin thdm cua thu tirong Phan Van Khaị
(121) Tudn trirdc Nam nluui dirov hoc bong cua Cong ty nirdc giai klidt. - Thdng + X (X = triróc. do, ii\', qua, ...). \'i du:
(1 22) Thdfu^ tnrdc doanh thu cirdc phi diin thoai dat 98%. - Ndni + X (x ^ trucTc, do, ay, kia, ngoai,xuạ..). Vi du: (1 23) Ndfu kia minh con Id sifih viin thuc tap cua trudng.
(124) Nam cn\ đt fiirdc mifih ngheo boi chiin tranh, cuoc sdng ciia ngirdi đn cung Idm than có cuẹ
Qua mo ta cac bieu thuc thiri diem qua khu tren chimg toi nhan thay:
- Vt^ diic diem y nehia bieu hicn: bieu ihiic ihoi diem qua khir thucrng bi^u hien nhCruLi y nehia thiri gian da xa\' ra trirov thoi diem dugc coi la thoi hicn
taị Chanu han, tron^ cau "Horn qua tdi hi 6fú\ thi diem moc ma nguai noi dinh vi chinh ki thai hien tai la hom nav. va sir kien bm xiiy ra truoc thai diem phat
ngon \'a ducjc xac dinh la hom qua - mot thai diem qua khụ Nhu \i\\ \ ice xac
dinh mot thai diem xem no thupc thai nao (qua khụ hien tai hay tiromg laỉ) deu phai can cir vao diem moc (thai diem chira phat ngon) de dinh vị Lav diem moc la hom na}' thi hom qua la qua khu \'a nga\' mai la tuang lai .
Hau het cac don vi tií vung chi co nghTa thoi gian dom thu;in mil it co sir phan biet ve thaị Do vay, khi ta xem xet chiing trong su d6i lap \';^ thoi thi sir co
mat cua cac chi dinh tií {nay, kia, do, day) \k cac phu tii- nhu {saụ roi nua) se co
tac dung dinh vi su kien, himh dong ve cac mien thai gian tuóng ung. Dcii \ o i
thai diem qua khií thi su nhiin dien do dupe bieu hien qua cac dinh tir nhir: aỵ di). roị kiạ N h a cac dinh tir niiy chiing ta de dang nhan biet bieu thiic thai diem qua khu nhu: hom quạ hdfu kiạ tudn tnrdc. thdng trirdc, nam ngodị ndm kiạ bua no, bira irirdv. hdi trirdc. iririrc đy, tnrdc kiạ ngdy xua, thiur tnrirc. thi ky trirdc. dao dỵ dao nọ thai xuạ thifi xa xuạ niim d\\ ...
2.1.3. Biiu thirc thiri diifu cd y nglua a tirong lai
Noi den tinh thai dieni the hien a tuaniz lai la chumi ta hinh duim ra mot thai diem ma a tren do cac sir kien, hanh dong dupe dinh vi trong mien thoi gian tiróng laị Sir dinh \'i do co dupe la nhcr \'ao sir co mat cua mot so phu tir \'ii chi
dinh tir nhu: saụ tdị mai kiạ.. trong cac bieu thiic thcri gian (\'i du: ngciy fuaị figdy kia, bua mai, hom tdị tudn sau, thdng tdi ndm tdi, ndm saụ..)- Vi \'ay,
khi chiing ta muon nhan biet y nghTa thoi diem tuomg lai chiing ta phai can cir \'ao sir CO niiit cua nhCrng do"n \'i tir vung da noi a tren de xac dinh dau lii bieu thirc thai diem hien tai, qua khir, tiróng laỉ Theo do, bieu thirc thai diem tuong
lai CO the dugc nhan dien qua mc)l vai chi tir \ii dinh tir nhu: kiạ (mai kia). saụ nua, tdị..Vi dii: