- Danh tir +X (x = mai, kia, sau, tdi) chi thdi diem cua mot su kien xa\
4.2,Chiic ndng kit hoc
4. LL Chirc ndng diin td
4.2,Chiic ndng kit hoc
CMiiíc nang thdng bao chii 3'eu ciia cac bieu thirc cd y nghTa tbi^i doan
trong cau tieng Viet lir thdng bao \c khoang thdi gian ma nipt sir kien \i\ hiinh
đng trai qua tren true thdi gian. De thuc bien dugc chuc nang thdng bao đ, ciic bieu tbiíc thai gian phai dam duomg nhirng chirc nang ket hgc (cu phap) nhat dinh trong ciiu true cu phap cua caụ Dudi day chung tdi se di sau md ta cac chuc nang cu phap co ban cua cac bieu thuc thdi doan d trong cau ma nhu tu lieu cho thSy đ la cac chuc nang trang ngu, bd ngir va chu ngir.
4.2.1. Chirc ndng Idm trgng ngu
Ndi d^n vai trd cua trang ngu trong cau tieng Viet la ndi tdi vai trd, vi tri ciia mot loai thanh phdn phu cua caụ Rat nhieu nha nghien cuu deu thdng nhat quan didm coi trang ngir la thanh phan phu ciia caụ Tieu bieu cho nhirng quan di§m đ la cac tac gia Nguyen Tiii Ciin (1975), Diep Quang Ban (2002).... Chuno tdi cung tan đng quan diem cua cac tiic gia tren, coi trang ngu lii thanh phan phu trong ciiu true ciiụ
Xet \'e vi tri cua trang ngu trong caụ phim Ion cac tac gia deu thua nhan trang ngú cd the cd mat a ca ba vi tri trong ciiu (daụ giúa, cudi ciiu). Dieu đ co nghia la \i tri trang ngu cd the thay đi nhung khdng lam tha\- đi y nghTa cua toan bd ndng cdt caụ Dieu nay cung dung vdi cac trang ngu la bieu thuc thdi doan. Vi du:
(316) Khodng JO phiit saụ dng xdeh va li xuong, dirng trude mat fuoi ngudi chdm rdi ndi: "... ".
(Mdt coi di \L^ tr 209)
(3 1 7) Ldn trirdc Ido Idm gdn fndt m^iiv.
(Vg phd Ken - Tran Qtiang Vinb, tr 118)
(3 1 8) Ldo chdfig thi sudt ndm Idm li eoi vrr khdng hdng ngirdi dung.
(Vg phd KCMI - Trim Quang Vinb, tr 118) NhCrng vi du vua nc^u cho chung ta tha\' cac bieu thirc thdi doan la trang ngú cd the xuat hien ó ca ba vi tri khac nhau vii neu bat len dugc pham vi thdi gian cua himh dgng vii sir kien. Khi bieu thirc thiri doan la trang ngu dirng d diiu ciiu, chirc nang chu yen lii thdng bao ve khoimg thcri gian xiiy ra sir kien. Cdn khi d cudi ciiu bieu thiic thdi doan la trang ngCr cd tac dung ndi rd pham vi thoi gian ma sir kien dien rạ
Ve mat binh thirc, cac bieu thiic thai doan la trang ngir cd the dugc bieu
hien bang danh ngu {ba figdỵ hai difn...), gidi ngú {trong bay ngdỵ qua hai dim) bang cac tinh ngir {bao Idu, bao nhiiu Idụ Idu rdi, tir Idu) hoac bang nhCrng lien hgp {ca ngdy ldn dim, ngdy ndy qua ngdy khdc). Trang ngCr cd the cd
gidi tu hoac khdng cd gidi tụ
* Trudng hgp bieu thuc thdi doan la trang ngir cd gidi tir. Vi du:
(319) Trons vdn2 ndm ndfn tdi, nai đy se trd thdnh khu du lich sinh thdi ly tuang cho khdch tham quan.
(320) Sau mdt tuan dng co tinh im ldng. Mong LIuyin bdt đu hdnh đng.
(Mot coi di ve, tr215)
(321) Li trinh qude thu dirov dn dinh tron2 mdt tudn.
(Ha Ndi mdi, sd 12421, tr 3)
(322) Cdu fndt sau mdt tudn rdi binh viin. * Truong hgp trang ngCr khdng cd gidi tụ \\ du: (323) Mirdi ndfn rdi khdng hiit da thay đi gi chuạ
(Mdt mdi tinh - Nguyen Ngpc Tụ tr 193)
(324) Ddn dng vr/ vdng nhd ba n^dỵ di Idm khdng cd do sgch di mac, hoac da gigt nhung chira uị chua Id.
(Qng va nude mat - Tran Kim Trac, tr 39) Nhu tren chiing tdi da ndi, trang ngú cd the xuat hien d ca ba vi tri khac nhau trong caụ Dieu nay cho phep phan biet \-di cac bieu thiic thai doan lii bd ngir chi cd the dirng sau đng tu vi ngú hoac dirng cudi caụ NhCrng bd ngCr nay
do Ccic vi tir kim vi ngCr quy dinh. Chang ban. đi vdi mot sd đng tir nhu: keo đị trai quạ mdt.... thi bieu thirc thdi doan cua nd luon dirng d cudi cau hoac
sau đu" tir vii klidng the luóc bo va đ lii bd neCr chu khdnii phai ki tran^ niiCr. Vidu:
(325) Cude hop kio đi 2 tiing.
(326) Trdi qua JO ndm sdng gid vdt ldn vdi cuoc sdng muu sinh (327) Ong dy đ mdt dirov 3 ndfn.
Xet ve kha nang ket hgp, cac trang ngu thdi doan khdng the di cung vdi
nhumg dgng tu di^m tinh cd tinh thdi diem nhu: ngd, chit, sinh rạ Chang ban, (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
chung ta khdng the ndi:
*(328) Cd dy bi ngd tron^ 3 ndfn. *(329) Ong ay chit trono 3 ^id.
*(330) Cd ay sinh tir ndm 2000 den naỵ
Cung nhu vay, trang ngu thdi doan cung khdng cd mat d cac cau cd vi
ngir la cac vi tir chi tinh chat hay trang thaị Vi du: *(33 1) Cd dy xinh tron^ hai thdn^
*(332) Ong dy cao da ba fidm
Tir k^t qua khao sat dac diSm cua bi^u thuc thdi doan vdi chirc niing la trane naCr, chium tdi nhan thii>':
- Bieu thuc thdi doan la trang ngQ- cd the co hoac khdng cd gidi tu:
- Bieu thuc thdi doan la trang ngu cd the dung d ba \ i tri trong cau \ a trong mot sd trudng hgp cd the thay đi vi tri ma khdng lam anh hudng d<§n y nghTa cua toan bg ndng cdt caụ
4.2 2. Biiu thirc thdi dogn Id bd ngu
Bd ngu- trong bieu thirc thdi doan cd tac dung neu len pham vi cung nhu su ban dinh cua thdi gian ma sir kien va hanh đng trai quạ Vi du:
(333) Cuoc hop keo đi hai tien2 đno hd. (334) Di bd den trirdng fndt fndt tiin^r.
Bieu thuc thdi doan la bd ngú cd the cd nhung hinh thuc bi(§u hien khac nhaụ Chung cd the la danh ngú, gidi ngú...
^' Khi bd ngú thdi doan la danh ngú. Vi du: (335) Ouc)c vd L/gnh Linh cudi diróc ba ndm.
(Hanh phuc mong manh, tr 80) "^ Khi bieu thuc thdi doan la gidi ngú. Vi du:
(336) Viec lam thuang tho cho bd, vg chdng y da n^hi tir hai tudn nav.
(Chieu mua Da Lat, tr 135)
(337) Nd chi Idm trong hai tiing la xong hit.
(Chi^u mua Da Lat, tr 143)
(338) Phdi mdt tir hai den bdn thdng de xdy dirng nhd xudng.
(Tac phim mdi, so 10/1998, tr 25) Khi bieu thirc thdi doan giu" chirc nang lam bd ngia trong cau vi tri cua nd thudng dung sau đng tir vi ngụ Trong trudng hgp khung vi ngu* la nhung dgng tir cd tinh chat mieu ta su han dinh bat budc ve thdi doan (nhu mdt sd đn2 tir:
{fndt, trai qua, keo đi) thi cac bieu thuc thai doan mang dac trung cua bd ngu".
Chiing ta cd the nhan biet bieu thirc thdi doan la bd ngu" mdt each ro ban khi so sanh chung vdi nhung bieu thiic thdi doan la trang ngir, dua \'ao kha nang tinh
luac hoac dao vi tri len trude vi noSx hoac trude chu neir.
4.2.3. Chirc ndng Idm chu ngu
Khi ndi tdi chirc nang lam chu ngu trong cau, Hoang Trgng Phien cho rang chii ngu cd vai trd quan trgng trong cau triic caụ Chu ngu dupe xet trong CO cau nghTa, mang theo nhúng net khu biet so vdi vi ngir va cd y nghTa bieu thi doi tugng [15].
Ve hinh thúc, bieu thuc thdi doan la chu ngir cd the la gidi ngir hoac ngir danh ngir.
* Bieu thuc thdi doan la chu ngir dugc bieu hien dudi hinh thuc la danh ngir, thudng xuat hien trong cau cd dgng tu '7a" lam vi ngir. Vi du:
(339) Ndfn ndfn xa nhau Id khoang thai gian đi di tdi suy righi moi diiụ (340) Dc)i vdi Hiin ba ndm Id khodng thai gian đi nhu thi kyr
(341) Mireri ndm dv Id ca mot qud trinh gian trudn di tifii thuang hieu cho sdn phdm. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
* Bieu thúc thai doan la chu ngu cung cd khi dugc bieu hien bang gidi ngir. Vi du:
(342) Tir bdv din nay Id chudi thdi gian tdi phdi duang đu vdi khd khan. (343) Trong hai ndm đu la thdi gian hgc tiing.
Tdm lai, khi de cap den chuc nang cua bieu thuc thdi gian cd tinh thdi doan trong cau tieng Viet chung ta cd the dua ra mot vai nhan xet sau:
Ve chirc nang nghTa hgc: bieu thuc thdi doan tham gia vao khung vi ngii ciia cau, đng vai trd la tham td cua sir tinh va tuy theo timg trudng hgp cd the la chu td hoac dien td thdi gian cua caụ
Ve chuc nang kk hgc, cac bieu thuc thdi doan cd ba chuc nang ket hgc
chu yeu la trang ngú, bd ngu, va chu ngir khi tham gia vao thanh phan caụ Thdng qua nhCrng chuc nang đ, cac bieu thúc thdi doan bieu thi khoang thdi gian ma sir kien va hanh dgng trai qua tren true thdi gian.
Tien ket:
Tren day chiing tdi da khao sat dac diem cua bieu thirc thdi doan \ e miit
hinh thuc, ngu" nghTa va chúc nang.
Xet ve dac diem hinh thirc, bieu thiic thdi doan cd the dugc bieu bien bang danh ngCr, gidi ngú va mot vai hinh thuc khac nhu lien hgp ha\' menh dẹ
Xet ve dac diem ngu nghia, chiing cd the la dien td, chu td đng \ai trd la
tham td cua vi tu trong cac bieu thuc thdi doan.
Xet ve diic diem chuc nang: Khi tham gia thanh phan cau, bieu thirc thdi doan cd the dugc bieu bien trong vai trd cua mdt trang ngCr, bd ngCr hoac chu ngu-.
K E T L L A N
Cac bieu thuc thdi gian trong tieng Viet da va dang dugc nhiiu nha \'iet ngia hgc quan tam nghien cuu tií nhieu gdc dp. Trong luan van nay, chung tdi di
sau nghien cuu ve cac ''đc diifn cua biiu thirc thdi gian trong cdu tiing I lit".
cu the ka cac bieu thuc thdi diem va bieu thirc thdi doan. Muc dich nghien ciru cua de tai la tim ra dac diem ngu nghTa, hinh thuc th§ hien \'a chuc vu cu phap ciia cac bieu thuc thdi diem \ a thdi doan. Luan van da dat dugc nhung ket qua nghien cuu cu the sau day:
1. Luan van da dua ra cac lieu chi nhan dien \'c dac diem cua bieu thuc
thdi gian ndi chung va hai bieu thirc thdi diem va thdi doan cua tieng Viet ndi rieng, bao gdm ba tieu chi co ban: tieu cbi ve ndi dung, tieu chi ve hinh thuc vii tieu chi ve chuc nang.
- Bieu thuc thai diem chinh ki mdc thcri gian xay ra su kien dugc dinh \i
tren true thai gian Ira liri cho can hdi khi ndó? bao gid'"^ vii dugc bieu bien boi cac danh tir tbcTi gian nhu: ngd}'. thdng. ndm... Cdn bieu thirc thdi doan chinh la
khoang thai gian ma mdt su kien trai qua tren true thdi gian tra Idi cho cau hoi
bao Idủ fndy ngdỷ mdy gid'?... va dupe bieu hien bdi sd tir + danh tir thdi gian nhu: hai dim, ba ngdỵ bdn tieng v.v. Hai loai bieu thuc nay deu bieu dat y nghia thdi gian cua su tinh nhung lai khac nhau ve chuc nang. Thdi diim chi cd chuc nans thdns bao ve mdc thdi eian cua su kien duoc dinh vi, cdn thdi doan
ihi thdng bao dp dai thdi gian ma su kien trai quạ
2. Luan van cung da di sau phan tich md ta dac diem cua cac bieu thiíc thdi gian ve mat y nghiạ hinh thiic \'a chuc nang .
Xet mat ngCr nghia, cac bieu thuc thdi gian trong cau tieng Viet bao gdm cac bieu thuc thdi diem va thdi doan. Cac bieu thirc thdi diem dupe phan biet theo sir đi lap \'e thai (qua khu, hien tai, tuong lai) \'a xac dinh. khdng xac djnh; cdn cac bieu thirc thuc thdi doan dugc phiin biet chu yeu dua tri^m sir đi lap xac dinh, ngan ban, dai han.
Ve hinh thuc bieu hien. cac bieu thuc thai gian cd the la tụ ngụ lien hpp hoac menh dẹ
Ve chirc nang, cac bieu thuc thdi gian cd th6 dam duomg cac chuc nang nghia hpc vdi tu each la dien td hoac chu td, va cac chúc nang cu phap nhu trang ngii, bd ngú hoac chu ngiị
Nhung ket qua nghien cuu cua luan van da gop phSn lam r5 them nhirng dac diem cua cac bieu thuc thdi gian ndi chung va hai bieu thirc thai diem \a
thdi doan ciia tieng Viet ndi rieng. Chiing tdi by vpng kk qua nghien ciru ciia (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
luan van se cd nbum^ đns edp nhat dinh \ao viec nghien cuu \'a sianiz dav tieng Viet, dac biet la day \'a hpc tieng Viet trong nha trudng, cung nhu trong cdng tac bien soan tir dien vii sach giiio khoạ
- Vdi mdt khdi lugng dCr lieu thu thap chua nhiciu trong thdi gian liim luiin van, cung vdi kha nang va trinh do cd ban, cbimg tdi khdng the va cung khdng dam ky vgng cd dugc mot cdng trinh nghien ciru hoan hao ve ciic bieu thirc thdi gian. Tham chi, mot sd viin de neu ra trong luan van nhu bieu thúc thai gian cd y nghTa thdi the, bieu thuc thdi gian cd y nghTa tan sd chua dupe khao sat ti mi, \'a rat can dugc tiep tuc nghien ciiu ky ludng hón. Chung tdi by \'png se cd dip tro lai khao sat sau ban ve nhung van de nay trong cac cdng trinh nghien ciíu khac.