- Thu ba, can phan biet thdi diem phat sinh hieu luc hgp dong ve nop phi va thu
HOP DONG BAO HIEM H A N G H O A XUAT NHAP
12.2. Mot so kien nghi buac dau
a. Quan diem tiep can khi xay dung phap luat v6 HDBH hang hoa XNK:
i Chu y tinh chat ciia mdi quan he HDBH hang hoa XNK, bdi nhiing le sau: Thirdng cd yeu td nude ngoai tham gia hgp ddng
Luon chiu anh hudng, chi phdi va dieu chinh ciia thdng le, tap quan qudc te ve buon ban, van chuyen hang hoa XNK (tinh chat ciia cac quan he ngoai thuong). Gia tri tai san bao hiem trong mua ban, trao ddi XNK thudng rat Idn, tinh chat, chung loai hang boa ciing da dang, phiic tap.
Phai xay dung mot co che' thdng nhat, ddng bd trong thuc tien ap dung cac quy dinh ciia phap luat ve bao hiem hang hoa XNK. Dieu nay cd y nghia cue ky quan trgng ddi vdi khdng chi la quan ly nha nude ve bao hie'm ma cdn tao dugc sir tin tudng, tam ly on dinh cho cac chii the, du trong nude hay qudc te, khi mua bao hiem lai Viet Nam, chiu sU dieu chinh ciia phap luat Vici Nam. Neu chiing ta khdng danh sir dau tu thich dang cho van de nay, tat yeu la, khong chi cac ddi tac nude ngoai se khong mua bao hiem ciia doanh nghiep Viet Nam, ma roi ngay ca ngudi Viet Nam, trong nhirng dieu kien cho phep, cung di tim cho minh mot ngudi bao hiem nu'dc ngoai.
Phap luat ve HDBH hang boa XNK phai phu hgp vdi cac quy dinh cua phap luat qudc gia va thong le qudc te ve bao hiem thuong mai, nhat la bao hiem hang hoa XNK; phu hgp vdi nhung nguyen tac chung ciia qudc te ve mua ban, van chuyen, cQng nhu phuong thuc thanh toan... hang hoa XNK.
CQng cSn thdng nhat vdi nhau ve quan die'm rang, phap luat HDBH hang hoa XNK la quy dinh bat huge thuc hien nhung phai dua tren nguyen tac thuong lugng, thoa thuan va thong nhat y chi ciia cac chii the. Dd la tinh "md" khOng the thieu trong quan he bao hiem hang hoa XNK, phu hgp thong le va xu hudng kinh te qudc te nhu hien nay.
b. Xay dirng Luat bao hiem Iiang hoa XNK thong nhat trong mo hinh, cau true cua tie thong phap luat dieu chinh cac quan he ve bao hiem thuong mai.
Dat van de nay, chiing toi biet cd rat nhieu y kien khong tan thanh hoac cho rang, den nhu luat kinh doanh bao hiem cdn du thao hang chuc nam nua la noi gi den Luat bao hiem hang boa XNK. Diing la cd mot thuc trang nhu the, song dd la chuyen ciia cac nha lap phap va nd cd nhieu nguyen nhan khac nhau de ly giai van de nay. Cdn d day chiing ta dang nghien ciiu va ciing nhau dua ra m6t sd kien nghi vdi mong mudn ngay cang hoan thien hon nira nhirng quy dinh ciia phap luat Viet Nam trong dieu chinh cac mdi quan he ve bao hiem hang hoa XNK, vdn dl rat phiic tap va nhay cam.
Kinh nghiem mot sd nude cd nen kinh te phat trien (Anh. Nhat Ban), cho thay, d nude hg, cac nghiep vu bao hiem ve hang boa van chuyen, dugc chia thanh hai nhdm co ban nhu sau:
- Nhdm nghiep vu bao hiem hang boa van chuyen trong ngi dia ( Inland transit insurance polily)
- Nhdm nghiep vu bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen hang hai ( Marine cargo insurance policy).
Va trong nhdm nghiep vu bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen hang hai dugc bde tach thanh hai loai nghiep vu bao hiem la:
-I- Nghiep vu bao hiem xuat khau, nhap khau ( Import- Export insurance policy)
+ Nghiep vu bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen ven bien ( Coastwise or Coastal insurance policy)
Du kh6ng phan dinh rd thanh loai nghiep vu bao hie'm hang hoa XNK neng
nhung rd rang la, loai nghiep vu bao hiem hang boa XNK kh6ng the ddng nhat vai
cac nhdm hoac loai nghiep vu bao hie'm khac nhu bao hiem van chuyen trong noi dia, hay bao hiem van chuyen ven bien.
van de d day la, tuy tCmg dieu kien va dac diem, hoan canh ciia mdi qudc gia ma ngudi ta xay dung cho minh mot he thdng phap luat ve bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen XNK, cung khac nhau. Tuy nhien phai thdng nhat vdi nhau d chung mot die'm CO ban, dd la: tinh bat huge thuc hien va ap dung thdng nhat ddi vdi cac chii the, nhat la ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep bao hie'm. Va dac biet, he thdng cac quy dinh ciia phap luat ve bao hiem hang boa XNK phai ham chua trong nd nhung "tinh md", "tinh hudng ngoai" tdi thieu. Cd th^ tham khao Luat Thuong mai nude ta vira mdi ban hanh nam 1997, de thay rd hon dieu nay. Dieu 4 quy dinh ve ap dung dieu ude qudc te, phap luat nude ngoai va tap quan thuong mai qudc te trong hoat ddng thuong mai vdi nude ngoai ghi rd:
1- Trong trudng hgp dieu ude qudc te ma Viet Nam ky ket hoac tham gia cd quy dinh khac vdi quy dinh ciia Luat nay thi cac ben trong hgp ddng ap dung quy dinh ciia dieu ude qudc te dd.
2- Cac ben trong hgp ddng dugc thoa thuan ap dung phap luat nude ngoai neu phap luat nude ngoai khdng trai vdi phap luat Viet Nam hoac trong trudng hgp dieu ude qudc te ma Viet Nam ky ket hoac tham gia cd quy dinh ap dung phap luat nude ngoai.
3- Cac ben trong hgp ddng dugc thoa thuan ap dung tap quan thuong mai qudc tc
neu tap quan thuong mai qudc te do khdng trai vdi phap luat Viet Nam.
O nu6c ta hien nay cQng dang ton tai hai nhom nghiep vu bao hiem hang
hoa van chuyen chu yeu la:
- Nhom nghiep vu bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen bang dudng bien, ap dung theo QTC90 ban hanh kem theo Quyet djnh 305-TC/BH ngay 9-8-1990 cua Bo truang Tai chmh. Tren thuc te day la nhom nghiep vu bao hiem hang hoa XNK van chuyen bang dudng bien.
- Nhdm nghiep vu bao hiem hang boa van chuyen trong lanh tho, ap dung theo Quy tac bao hiem hang boa van chuyen trong lanh tho Viet Nam ban hanh kem theo Quyet dinh 09/QD-TCBH, ngay 9-1-1992 ciia Bg trudng Tai chinh ve viec trien khai bao hiem hang boa van chuyen trong lanh tho nude cong hoa XHCN Viet Nam.
Mac dii vay, su phan biet neu tren ciing chi mang tinh tuong ddi, tham chi con cd su chdng cheo giiia cac phuong thiic bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen ngi dia va van chuyen qudc te (XNK). Ngay nhu tai Dieu 1 ciia QTC 90, cac nha lap phap cung ghi rang: " Quy tac chung nay ap dung cho viec bao hiem hang boa van chuyen bang dudng bien.... Quy tac nay cdn cd the ap dung cho ca viec bao hiem hang boa van chuyen ndi tiep bang dudng bg, dudng s6ng hoac dudng khOng".
Va Dieu 2 ciia Quy tac bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen trong lanh tho cung xac dinh:" Quy tac nay cdn dugc van dung khi cd thoa thuan rieng trgng hgp ddng bao hiem cho viec bao hiem hang boa van chuyen tii Viet Nam di cac nude lan can va van chuyen tir nude ngoai ve dugc phep qua canh qua Viet Nam de sang cac nude lan can bang cac phuong tien van tai ndi tren".
Dieu hien nhien la, trong van ban Luat bao hiem hang boa XNK se khong
the thieu nhirng quy dinh quan trong ve hgp dong.
c. Mot so ngi dung ca ban can chu y khi xay dung phap luat vS HDBH hang hoa XNK:
• Md rong pham vi, phuong thiic bdi thudng thiet hai trong BH hang boa XNK. tao su chu dong cho cac chii the trong qua trinh thuc hien hgp ddng bao hiem hang boa XNK. Mat khac, phap luat HDBH hang boa XNK cung can quan tam de'n van de thdi ban thanh toan bdi thudng thiet hai ma ngudi bao hiem phai cd trach nhiem thuc hien. Thdi han dd dugc tinh toan dua tren co sd ciia nhirng tai lieu, hd so khieu nai hgp le, hgp phap ciia ngudi dugc bao hiem giii cho ngudi bao hiem. Neu ngudi bao hiem thay rang nhung tai lieu hd so dd cd day dii can cii phap ly de chiing minh trach nhiem bao hiem ciia minh thi trong thdi ban
luat dinh phai thue hien hanh vi thanh toan bdi thudng thiet hai cho ngudi dugc bao hi^m. Tham khao van de nay trong Quy tac chung bao hie'm hang hoa van chuyen trong lanh tho Viet Nam, ban hanh kem theo Quyet dinh 09/QD-TCBH ngay 9-1-1992 ciia Bg trudng Tai chinh. Tai Dieu 20 ghi ro Sau khi kiem tra va xac nhan hd so khieu nai ciia ngudi dugc bao hiem la hgp le va tdn that thuoc trach nhiem bao hiem, ngudi bao hiem se thanh toan bdi thudng cho ngudi dugc bao hiem trong vdng 30 ngay, ke tii' ngay nhan dugc hd so khieu nai hgp le.
Nhiing quy dinh nhu vay ciia phap luat bao hiem hang boa XNK la cue ky can thiet, nd khdng chi gdp phan bao ve quyen Igi vat chat cho ngudi bao hiem ma con la van de khac phuc kip thdi nhiing riii ro, thiet hai trong kinh doanh, lay lai su on dinh, thang bang can thiet trong boat dong buon ban hang boa XNK.
• C6ng ude qudc te' dieu chinh van don cho phep ngudi chuyen chd dugc mien trach trong nhieu trudng hgp:
Ngudi chuyen chd chi chiu trach nhiem ddi vdi tdn that do "Idi thuong mai" chii hoan toan khong chiu trach nhiem bdi thudng vi "Idi van don". Vi the khi xay dung cac quy dinh phap luat ve quyen, nghia vu cua cac chii the tham gia quan he hgp ddng bao hiem can phan biet rd rang, cu the nghia vu va trach nhiem ciia mdi ben trong quan he HDBH ddi vdi hang boa XNK da dugc mua bao hiem. Chang ban nhu van de nhu the nao la hanh vi cung cap thdng tin mot each day ve ddi tugng bao hiem ciia ngudi mua bao hiem? Gidi ban ciia nd den dau? bao gdm nhiing yeu cau cu the gi: 1,2,3,...?
• Quan tam den su khac biet trong cac phuong thiic mua ban hang hoa ngoai thuong cd anh hudng den quan he HDBH cho chinh hang hoa ngoai thuong dd. Mdi phuong thiic mua ban ngoai thuong khac nhau deu cd nhirng anh hudng nhat dinh ddi vdi ngudi mua bao hiem va ngudi ban bao hiem. Chang ban nhu thdi diem chuyen giao quyen sd him, trach nhiem bao hiem ciia ngudi bao - hiem, nghia vu ban che, phdng ngiia riii ro ...
Nhiing dieu khoan quy dinh pham vi, trach nhiem bao hiem va nhung dieu khoan mien tru trach nhiem bao hie'm ciia ngudi bao hiem theo hgp ddng da ky ket phai het siic rd rang, cu the, tuyet ddi tranh tinh trang quy dinh chung Chung, rac rdi hoac mau thuSn, chdng cheo nhau giiia cac ngi dung din den nhieu each hieu, each giai thich khac nhau ve cung mot van de, va nhu vay ngudi bi thiet hai khOng ai khac chinh la ngudi mua bao hiem. Van de nay kh6ng chi cd gia tri ddi vdi ngudi mua bao hiem ma cdn cd y nghia "canh tinh" cho cac doanh nghiep bao hiem Viet Nam trude xu the canh tranh va phat trien eiia nen kinh te bao hiem. Nhu da trinh bay trong phan tinh cap thiet ciia de tai, nam 1998, bao hiem hang boa xuat khau mdi dat 5,7% tren long gia tri kim ngach hang boa xuat khau, va 20% tren tong gia tri kim ngach hang hoa nhap khau. Trong khi dd theo "16 trinh" Hiep dinh thuong mai Viet - My da ky ket, trong khoang 10 nam tdi thi trudng bao hiem thuong mai Viet Nam se dugc md ciia hoan toan de cac cdng ty ciia My vao boat dong.
Xay dung phap luat ve HDBH hang boa XNK phai tiem can vdi cac quy dinh, thdng le va tap quan qudc te mua ban va thanh toan ngoai thuong. Chang ban nhu viec tieu buy hang boa hi am mdc, khOng bao dam ve sinh thuc vat theo luat phap Trung Qudc trong vu tranh chap bao hiem giiia Vinatea va Bao Viet nhu da phan tich. Rdi van de thanh toan ngoai thuong qua L/C, hay ap dung cac dieu kien thuong mai qudc te (Incoterms), thi thdi diem de xac dinh chuyen giao quyen sd hiiu hang boa tinh tii khi nao? Trong nhiing trudng hgp nhu vay, phap luat ve HDBH hang boa XNK cung phai tinh den va cd su dieu chinh nhat dinh, trong khudn khd ciia muc tieu bao ve quyen Igi hgp phap ciia cac chii the tham gia quan he HDBH hang hoa XNK . Van de can quan tam d day la, phap luat can thiep the nao de cd the giai quyet tdt nhat quyen, nghia vu cho cac chii the; khac phuc, dieu chinh kip thdi su xung dot phap luat rat hay xay ra giua phap luat bao hiem Viet Nam va phap luat bao hiem nude ngoai, ke ca cac dieu ude, thdng le qudc te ve bao hiem.
PHAN KET LUAN
Khi chiing tdi hoan thanh luan van nay, cung la liic Qudc hoi khoa 10 ky hgp thii 8 dugc td chiic tai Ha Ngi. Ngay phien hgp dSu tien, trong bao cao kinh te- xa hoi ciia Chinh phu, Thii tudng Phan Van Khai da phan tich kha rd ve kha nang on dinh va tang trudng kinh te ciia Viet Nam trong nam 2001. Cu the la, duy tri tdc do tang trudng GDP d miic 7,5 den 8%. Va theo Thii tudng, de bao dam tdc do tang trudng nay, mot mat vua day manh san xuat -kinh doanh, mat khac phai cd cac bien phap, chinh sach cu the hd trg va khuyen khich cac boat dong xuat nhap khau, dac biet la xuat khau. Yeu cau la, boat dong xuat nhap khau phai tang gap ddi so vdi nam 2000.
Nhu vay la, hoat ddng xuat nhap khau hang boa d nude ta trong thdi gian tdi se cd nhirng ddng thai mdi theo chieu hudng tich cue, the hien su quan tam va nhan thiic mdi ciia Chinh phii Viet Nam ve mdt nen kinh te' hudng ngoai, md ciia va hdi nhap. Va dieu dd mdt lan niia cang cho chiing ta thay gia tri va y nghia cue ky to Idn cua he thdng cac van ban phap luat trong linh vuc bao hiem hang boa xuat nhap khau d Viet Nam, ciing nhu nhiing co che bao dam cho cac van ban dd dugc thuc hien tren thuc te.
Cd the khang dinh rang, phap luat bao hiem, gid day da trd thanh mdt bg phan kh6ng the tach rdi trong cac hoat ddng xuat nhap khau, la c6ng cu hiiu hieu day nhanh tdc do phat trien ciia loai hinh kinh te nang ddng nay, gdp phan thu hiit vdn dau tu nude ngoai vao Viet Nam, tao dieu kien cho cac doanh nghiep xuai nhap khau yen tam md rong quy md boat ddng san xuat-kinh doanh. Va dieu de nhan thay la, khdng rieng gi Viet Nam ma hau het cac qudc gia tren the gidi, da nhan thiic rat rd y nghia, vai trd ciia phap luat bao hiem, dac biet la phap luat ve bao hiem trong linh vuc xuat nhap khau ddi vdi su nghiep phat trien kinh te xa hoi. Ban than cac nha lap phap Viet Nam trong sudt nhiing nam qua, nhat la tii' khi chiing ta giQ bd co che kinh te cu, chuyen sang nen kinh te thi trudng, da danh nhieu cdng siic, tien ciia cho van de nay. Hy vgng rang, Luat kinh doanh bao hidm duoc ban hanh se tao ra hanh lang phap ly mdi, gdp phan tao ra mdt "san choi"
binh dang, th6ng thoang va thdng nhat cho thi trudng bao hiem thuong mai d Viet Nam ndi chung va thi trudng bao hiem hang boa xuat nhap khau ndi rieng.
Trong khu6n khd nghien ciiu nhiing van de phap ly ve hgp ddng bao hiem hang boa xuat nhap khau d Viet Nam hien nay, tac gia cd the dua ra mot sd ke't luan mang tinh khai quat ve van de nay nhu sau:
Mot la, phap luat ve bao hiem hang boa xuat nhap d Viet Nam, dac biet la
cac quy dinh, che dinh trong linh vuc hgp ddng, dang la mot van de mang tinh thdi su dat ra cho cac nha lap phap. Hay ndi each khac don gian hon, d Viet Nam hien nay chua cd mdt van ban phap luat cd gia tri phap ly cao, tuong ddi dn dinh dieu chinh boat ddng bao hiem hang boa xuat nhap khau. Su thieu hut, khap kbilng,