• Hinh thirc giao ket:
Theo quy dinh hien hanh ciia phap luat Viet Nam cung nhu thong le quoc te, hinh thuc giao ket HDBH hang hoa trong ITnh vuc XNK phai dugc lap thanh van ban. Cac hinh thuc van ban ph6 bien hien nay trong giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK la:
- Don bao hiem (insurance policy)
- Giay chung nhan bao hiem (insurance certificate)
- HDBH ky ket true tiep nhu mot quan he hgp dong kinh te thong thuang.
Co the' thay la, ngay tai Di6u 203 Bo luat hang hai Viet Nam da quy dinh: Theo yeu cau ciia nguai dugc bao hiem, nguai bao hiem co nghia vu cap dan bao
hi^m cho nguai dugc bao hiim. Dan bao hiem la bang chung v6 viec ky ket hgp
dong...
Va Di6u 200, khoan 3 xac nhan ro: Hgp dong bao hie'm hang hai phai dugc lam bang van ban.
Dieu di nhan thay la, khac v6i cac hgp dong kinh te thong thuang. HDBH
hang hoa XNK co nhirng dac thu. Trijr nhiJng truang hgp dugc giao ket bang hinh thuc hgp dong thong thuang, thi hau het cac HDBH hang hoa XNK d6u dugc thuc
hien du6i hinh thiic dan bao hi^m. Dan bao hie'm la bang chung v6 viec giao ket
HDBH hang hoa XNK va dugc su dung kha pho bien tren thuc te. Die'm khac biet
giua Don bao hiem v6i cac hinh thiic giao ket khac trong quan he HDBH hang hoa XNK la 6 ch6, don bao hiem dugc cau thanh boi hai van ban rieng biet: giay de nghi giao ket bao hiem do nguoi mua bao hiem xac lap, ky nhan va giay chung nhan bao hiem hoac don bao hiem do nguoi nhan bao hiem cap, ky va dong dau. Giay de nghi giao ket HDBH va don bao hiem la hai bo phan khong the tach roi trong quan he HDBH, tao lap nen hgp dong do. Dieu dang noi 6 day la, du la don bao hiem, giay de nghi giao ket hgp dong hay giay chung nhan bao hiem, deu la nhung bang chiing phap ly xac nhan su cam ket giua cac chii the khi tham gia giao ket, thuc hien mot HDBH va deu co gia tri phap ly nhu nhau, dugc lap theo mau in sSn ciaa cac cong ty bao hiem- ngudi nhan bao hiem.
Van de can dat ra va giai quyet 6 day la, tai sao trong cac quan he HDBH hang hoa XNK, tinh chat van ban ciia hgp dong la hinh thiic bat buoc?
Co the luan giai van de nay 6 nhung khia canh cu the nhu sau:
- Mot la, trong quan he HDBH hang hoa XNK, do tinh chat dac thii ciia hang hoa XNK van chuyen di xa, qua nhieu nuoc, v6i nhung muc do riii ro phiic tap du5ng nhu nam ngoai su kiem soat ciia ngudi mua bao hiem, ke ca nguoi nhan bao hiem. Chinh vi the, hinh thiic van ban ciia HDBH v6i nhung dieu khoan bao hiem; quyen, nghia vu cu the ciia tiing chii the, la nhiing yeu to can thiet nham bao dam Igi ich hgp phap cho cac duong su.
- Hai la, thoi diem giao ket hgp dong va thoi diem phat sinh thiet hai. trach nhiem boi thu5ng thiet hai, khong bao gio triing nhau, tham chi, do con la khoang thoi gian each nhau tuong doi Ion, nhat la trong cac truong hgp bao hiem hang hoa chuyen cho bang ducfng bien, thoi gian hanh trinh co the tinh hang thang tren bien. - Ba la, trong quan he HDBH hang hoa XNK, thuong co su tham gia ciia nhan to nuoc ngoai va gia tri tai san bao hiem Ion hoac rat Ion. Chinh vi the trong boat dong quan ly nha nuoc ve bao hiem hang hoa XNK, co su quy dinh bat buoc tai bao hiem cho cong ty tai bao hiem Quoc gia Viet Nam (VINARE), voi mot ty le cu the, bao dam an toan cho ca ngudi mua bao hiem va ngudi nhan bao hiem[ll,2]
- Bon la, hinh thiic van ban ciia HDBH trong bao hiem hang hoa XNK cQng phii hgp v6i thong le, tap quan quoc te trong linh vuc nay, tao dieu kien chuyen giao, chuyen nhugng quyen Igi bao hiem giCra cac doi tac kinh te trong mua ban, trao doi hang hoa XNK.
-Nam la, HDBH hang hoa XNK dugc lap bang van ban la co so phap ly chac chan bao dam quyen Igi cho nguoi mua bao hiem von di luon trong tinh trang hang hoa XNK bi riii ro, thiet hai bat cii liic nao, dac biet khi phat sinh mau ihuan, tranh chap ve quyen Igi bao hiem.
Dang luu y la, don de nghi giao ket HDBH tuy la hinh thiic bat buoc trong giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK, nhung hoan toan khong phai la bang chiing ve viec da giao ket HDBH. Ve dieu nay, tai phan II, muc 1 ciia Quy che lam ihoi ve cac quy dinh chung ciia hgp dong bao hiem ban hanh kem theo Quyet dinh 581aArC/QD/TCNH ngay 1-7-1996 ciia Bg trudng Tai chinh (sau day ggi tat la Quy che 581a), da ghi ro: Hgp dong bao hiem phai dugc lap bang van ban, chi khi hop dong bao hiem da dugc ky ket, giay chiing nhan hay don bao hiem dugc cap va CO hieu luc hoac khi co van ban chap nhan bao hiem cua doanh nghiep bao hiem tren co so thu phi bao hiem thi cam ket trach nhiem bao hiem m6i co gia tri. • Thii tuc giao ket:
Thii tuc giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK, theo each hieu chung nhat, la cac buoc tien hanh, cac giai doan can thiet ma cac chii the tham gia giao ket hgp dong phai thuc hien de tien t6i cho ra doi mot ban hgp dong bao hiem chinh thiic cho hang hoa xuat khau hoac nhap khau. Cac thii tuc do la:
- De nghi giao ket ciia ngudi co nhu cau bao hiem
- Xem xet, nghien ciiu don de nghi bao hiem do ngudi mua bao hiem xac lap va chuyen den.
- Thuong lugng, dam phan ve cac noi dung dieu khoan, quyen, nghia vu ciia cac chii the trong hgp dong (co the)
- Cap don bao hiem, hoac giay chiing nhan bao hiem, hoac true tiep giao ket HDBH theo each thiic pho bien ciia hgp dong kinh te.
Tuy nhien cung phai noi rang, nhirng thii tuc tren khong phai la khuon mau mang tinh bat buoc trong qua trinh giao ket bat ky HDBH hang hoa XNK nao, ma o day chiing toi chi co dung y chuyen tai den nguoi doc nhung thii tuc mang tinh liet ke de tham khao. Tren thuc te, viec giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK thuong thong qua hai thii tuc co ban la:
- Buoc 1: Ngudi co nhu cau bao hiem lap don de nghi giao ket hgp dong
- Buoc 2: Doanh nghiep bao hiem chap nhan don de nghi giao ket do, thong qua mot trong ba hanh vi cu the la:
1/ Cap don bao hiem
2/ Cap giay chiing nhan bao hiem 3/ True tiep ky ket mot HDBH
Co mot thuc te' dang dien ra trong qua trinh giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK 0 nude ta la, giao ket true tiep va giao ket gian tiep. Co the noi rang, viec cap don bao hiem, hoac giay chiing nhan bao hiem la thii tuc giao ket hgp dong mot each gian tiep, con hinh thiic giao ket hgp dong thong qua ky ket HDBH thong thudng nhu mot hgp dong kinh te, la thii tuc giao ket HDBH true tiep. Tuy nhien trong thuc tien, each thiic giao ke't hgp ddng gian tiep thong qua cap don bao hiem, giay chiing nhan bao hiem dugc sii dung pho bien.
1.2.5. Hieu luc hap dong, thoi han hap dong:
• Hieu luc hgp dong:
Hgp dong bao hiem phat sinh hieu luc phap ly ke tu' khi ngudi bao hie'm chap nhan don de nghi bao hiem ciia ngudi mua bao hiem, thong qua mot trong nhiing hanh vi nhu cap don bao hiem, cap giay chiing nhan bao hiem hoac ky ket hgp dong true tiep. Tren thuc te, mot HDBH hang hoa XNK co hieu luc phai luat dugc xac dinh ke tuf khi ngudi mua bao hiem nhan dugc don bao hiem, hoac giay chiing nhan bao hiem ciia ngudi bao hiem the hien r5 rang cu the y chi ciia ho trong viec nhan bao hiem theo don de nghi ciia ngudi mua bao hiem. Dieu nay nghe CO ve trai voi nhiing quy tac phap ly ciia hgp dong. Tai sao thdi diem xac
dinh mot HDBH hang hoa XNK lai khong phat sinh hieu luc ke tu khi ngudi nhan bao hiem ky vao don bao hiem? Dieu nay dugc ly giai tii tinh chat dac thu ciia quan he bao hiem thuong mai noi chung va tinh chat dac thu ciia boat dong bao hiem hang hoa XNK noi rieng. Trong quan he bao hiem hang hoa XNK, viec giao ket hgp dong true tiep nhu nhiing hgp dong kinh te thong dung la rat hiem xay ra, ngudi mua bao hiem va ngudi nhan bao hiem thuc hien viec giao ket hgp dong thudng thong qua hinh thiic gian tiep: Don de nghi giao ket ciia ngudi mua bao hiem va sau do la don chap nhan van ban de nghi do ciia ngudi bao hiem, ma chung ta van diing no voi danh tir : Don bao hiem. Nhu vay la, do cac ben khong true tiep ngoi vdi nhau de giao ket hgp dong nhu nhirng hgp dong thong thudng, nen viec xac dinh, hay noi diing hon, de cd co so xac dinh rang ngudi bao hiem da chinh thiic chap nhan Idi de nghi giao ket cho mot HDBH hang hoa XNK, phai can cii vao thdi diem ngudi mua bao hiem chinh thiic nhan dugc "su chap nhan do" bang van ban. Va theo 16 gich ciia van de, do ciing la thdi diem de xac dinh HDBH CO hieu lire phap luat (neu nhu cac ben khong cd thoa thuan gi ghi trong don bao hie'm). Ly luan nay cling rat phii hgp vdi dieu kien, hoan canh thuc te ciia cac quan he giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK hien nay d Viet Nam.
Dieu de nhan thay la, khi don bao hiem dii da dugc hoan tat ve thii tuc. hinh thiic cung nhu noi dung, nhung vSn chua den lay ngudi mua bao hiem thi viec ngudi bao hiem tu y thay doi quyet dinh ciia minh, dung viec chap nhan bao hiem do lai, la hoan loan co the, duong nhien la phap luat cung nhu ngudi mua bao hiem khong CO quyen can thiep.
Tuy nhien, xoay quanh van de hieu luc ciia HDBH hang hoa XNK co mot so noi dung dang luu y la: