- Thu ba, can phan biet thdi diem phat sinh hieu luc hgp dong ve nop phi va thu
CHUONG 2: NOI DUNG PHAP LY CUA HDBH HANG HOA XNK
3.1.3. Chuyen nhuang, chuyen giao HDBH:
Cd the ndi rang day la van de dugc de cap kha chi tiet va cu the trong cac van ban phap luat hien hanh (Dieu 12 QTC 90, Dieu 213, 214 Bd luat hang hai). Theo dd:
- HDBH hang boa XNK dugc phep chuyen nhugng, chuyen giao cho ngudi khac khi ngudi mua bao hiem hoac ngudi dai dien cd tham quyen ciia hg ky vao mat sau ciia hgp ddng (thii tuc ky hau).
+ Chuyen giao, chuyen nhugng HDBH la tu do, tu nguyen ma khdng can su d6ng y ciia ngudi bao hiem
+ Chuyen giao, chuyen nhugng da trd thanh mot tap quan thuong mai qudc te, dac biet la khi ngudi ban hang theo gia CIF, CIP, mac nhien, quyen Igi bao hiem dugc chuyen nhugng, chuyen giao cho ngudi mua hang va ngudi bao hiem phai cd nghia vu, trach nhiem bao hiem ddi vdi hang boa dd trong sudt hanh trinh van chuyen tii noi ban den noi mua an toan.
- Viec chuyen nhugng, chuyen giao HDBH luon gan lien vdi viec chuyen nhugng, chuyen giao ddi tugng bao hiem. Neu ddi tugng bao hiem khdng dugc chuyen cho ngudi dugc chuyen nhugng thi mac nhien hgp ddng cham diit va
ngudi bao hiem chi cd nghia vu bao hiem ddi vdi nhiing tdn that xay ra trudc khi ddi tugng bao hiem dugc chuyen nhugng.
- Kem theo viec chuyen nhugng, chuyen giao HDBH, cac nghia vu ciia ngudi mua bao hiem cung dugc chuyen sang cho ngudi dugc chuyen nhugng. Cung can nhan manh la, nhirng ndi dung phap ly ve chuyen nhugng, chuyen giao HDBH, cac van ban phap luat chuyen nganh bao hiem quy dinh rd rang, cu the hon so vdi nhiing quy dinh trong Bg luat Dan su 1995 (Dieu 583 khoan 2). Neu nhu Bg luat Dan su mdi neu ra van de chuyen quyen sd hiru tai san da dugc bao hiem va viec thOng bao su chuyen dich quyen sd hiiu dd cho ngudi bao hiem, thi trong cac van ban phap luat chuyen nganh bao hiem da quy dinh rd hon ve quyen dugc chuyen nhugng HDBH hang boa XNK khi hang boa dd dugc chuyen nhugng cho ngudi mua theo mot hgp ddng mua ban ngoai thuong. Ve mat phap ly, Nha nude ludn ton trgng va bao ve cac quyen Igi bao hiem cho cac chii the trong nhiing trudng hgp chuyen nhugng, chuyen giao HDBH.
Xu hudng qudc te boa md ciia va hdi nhap toan cau ngay nay dang md ra mot thdi CO, thuan Igi cho cac qudc gia day manh boat ddng kinh doanh XNK, trao doi ngoai thuong. Dieu nay tat yeu cung lam cho thi trudng bao hiem hang hoa XNK them sdi ddng va phiic tap. Tinh phiic tap va da dang ve mat chii the "xoay quanh" quan he HDBH hang boa XNK dugc xem la mot chii de gay dugc su quan tam ciia nhieu nha nghien ciiu. Ngoai cac chii the la ngudi bao hiem, ngudi mua bao hiem, chiing ta cdn bat gap mot sd khai niem chii the nhu: ngudi dugc thu hudng quyen Igi bao hiem, ngudi dugc chuyen nhugng chuyen giao HDBH, tham chi ca nhiing ngudi cd quyen Igi, nghia vu lien quan HDBH.
3.1.4. Phuang thitc vd noi dung boi thudng thiet hai
• Giam dinh ton that:
- Khai niem: Giam dinh la boat ddng ciia cac chuyen gia thuoc doanh nghiep bao hi^m, cua cong ty giam dinh dugc ngudi bao hiem uy quyen, hoac do su thoa thuan trong hgp ddng giiia ngudi bao hiem va ngudi dugc bao hiem. Viec giam dinh chi dugc tien hanh khi cd tdn that xay ra thuoc pham vi, trach nhiem ciia
ngudi bao hie'm. Nhiing trudng hgp tdn that kh6ng thuoc trach nhiem bao hidm, ngudi bao hi^m cdn cd y kien ngay de' ngudi dugc bao hiem cd the nhanh chon^ yeu cau CO quan giam dinh bao dam viec ddi bdi thudng ngudi da gay ra th.et hai dd.
can luu y, bien ban giam dinh tdn that la chiing cii quan trgng de' ngud, duoc bao hiem kien ddi bdi thudng thiet hai, vi the khi phat hien hang hoa XNK cd t6n that, ngudi dugc bao hi^m phai thOng bao ngay cho ngudi bao hiem biet va yeu cau giam dinh, thdi gian nay thudng khong qua 60 ngay ke tir ngay dd hang khdi tau 0 cang den.
- Quy che giam dinh va mot sd khia canh phap ly:
Hien nay d nude ta, ngoai to chiic giam dinh, cac giam dinh vien true thuoc cac doanh nghiep bao hiem, cdn cd them mot sd td chiic giam dinh chuyen nghiep trong nude va qudc te... . Van de dang ndi d day la chiing ta danh gia the nao ve gia tri phap ly ciia nhiing bien ban giam dinh khac nhau do cac td chiic giam dinh khac nhau thuc hien, va do tin tudng ciia cac bien ban giam dinh tdn that do chinh cac giam dinh vien ciia ngudi bao hiem thuc hien hay uy quyen? Day chinh la van de ma cac nha lap phap can quan tam khi xay dung cac quy dinh ciia phap luat vi rang thuc te xay ra kha nhieu tranh chap giiia cac chii the khi hang hoa bi tdn thai va can giam dinh thiet hai de bdi thudng. Hoan toan khong loai tru tren thuc te cd su mlu thuan, hoac khac nhau giiia hai ket luan giam dinh ciia hai co quan khac nhau ve ciing mot tdn that. Va viec c6ng nhan gia tri phap ly ciia bien ban giam dinh nao qua la van de kh6ng don gian, nhat la khi viec giam dinh lai thuc hien d nude ngoai, hoac mot trong hai co quan giam dinh la td chii'c nude ngoai. Tuy nhien, van de nay, trong mot sd HDBH hang boa XNK cac chii the khi giao ket hgp ddng ciing cd de cap va xem nhu mot ngi dung thoa thuan ciia hgp ddng,
nhung nhin chung, nhiing thoa thuan do cdn mang tinh khai quat va thudng thi khi
xay ra thiet hai, phan bat Igi bao gid ciing nghieng ve phia ngudi mua bao hiem. Van de chi phi giam dinh, sd lugng giam dinh vien, cac budc, trinh tu tien hanh mot boat ddng giam dinh tdn that de bao dam ket qua giam dinh cd gia tri phap ly bat buoc thuc hien... cung dang la nhiing ngi dung can phai nghien ciru, tinh toan.
- Yeu cau va chap nhan yeu cau giam dinh:
Giam dinh tdn that hang boa XNK dugc thuc hien tren co sd yeu cfiu giam dinh ciia ngudi dugc bao hiem. Yeu cau nay chi dugc chap nhan khi xay ra tdn that thuoc pham vi, trach nhiem bao hiem. Khi yeu cau giam dinh, theo quy dinh, ngudi dugc bao hiem phai cung cap cac tai lieu sau:
+ Van don chuyen chd hang boa (B/L) + Giay chiing nhan bao hiem
+ Giay ke khai chi tiet hang boa
Tuy nhien, cung tuy tung trudng hgp cu the, trong nhiing dieu kien, hoan canh khac nhau ma yeu cau ve tai lieu yeu cau giam dinh cung khac nhau, co the ngudi dugc bao hiem phai cung cap them cac loai giay td nhu: thu du khang, bao cao hai su, giay chiing nhan hang hu hdng...
Neu ben bao hiem chap nhan yeu cau giam dinh thi phai cu ngay giam dinh vien ciia minh, hoac giam dinh vien uy thac, hoac mdi giam dinh vien theo su thoa thuan trong HDBH, de xudng hien trudng td chiic giam dinh thiet hai. Hoat dong nay phai bao dam gia tri phap ly nhung phai cd mat ciia cac ben lien quan: dai dien ngudi chuyen chd, ngudi bde dd, dai dien cang vu... Th6ng thudng mot bien ban giam dinh nhu the phai cd su chiing kie'n va xac nhan ciia ngudi bao hiem, ngudi dugc bao hiem va ngudi chuyen chd. Cd the cd them ngudi bde dd, neu khi giam dinh, hang boa da dugc xep vao kho noi cang den.
Ket luan giam dinh dugc ghi trong bien ban giam djnh, va la co sd phap ly de ngudi bao hiem tien hanh bdi thudng thiet hai hay tir chdi bao hiem. Vi the, ngi dung bien ban giam dinh phai bao dam tinh trung thuc, chinh xac va rd rang, cac ket luan giam dinh phai phu hgp vdi cac sd lieu, tai lieu cd lien quan den hang hoa bi tdn that, phuong tien chuyen chd, ngudi chuyen chd...
• Phuang thiic va noi dung boi thudng:
ve nguyen tac, bdi thudng bang tien la phuong thiic duy nhat dugc ap dung trong bao hiem hang hoa XNK d nude ta hien nay, cung nhu cac nude tren the gidi. Neu nhin rong ra trong pham vi bao hiem hang boa ndi chung, mdt so nude
da cho phep ap dung them m6t sd phuong thiic bdi thudng kh6ng phai la t.en. nhu khac phuc, sua chiia, thay mdi, hoac bdi thudng nhung bang hien vat[28,8].
Tren CO sd thu khieu nai va hd so ddi bdi thudng ciia ngudi duoc bao h.em cung vdi bien ban giam dinh tdn that, ngudi bao hiem se tien hanh bd. thudng va cac chi phi hgp ly gay ra bdi riii ro dugc bao hiem:
- Gia tri thiet hai thuc te ciia hang boa - Chi phi ddng gdp tdn that chung - Chi phi ciiu nan
- Chi phi ban che tdn that - Chi phi giam dinh
Tuy tung trudng hgp cu the khac nhau ma ngudi bao hiem phai thuc hien nghia vu bdi thudng thiet hai cho ngudi dugc bao hiem vdi nhung ngi dung, phuong thiic bdi thudng nhat dinh. Thdng thudng viec bdi thudng thiet hai bang ngoai te dugc thuc hien cho ngudi mua bao hiem la phia nude ngoai va bdi thudng bang ngi te cho cac ddi tac la ngudi Viet Nam.
3.2. ThLfc te thi/c hien HDBH hang hoa XNK d Viet Nam hien nay va mot
sd kien nghj b\Jdc dau. 3.2.1. Thuc te thuc hien:
• Su lam dung va ap dung kha phd bien, tham chi cd dung y "khdng dep" ciia cac
doanh nghiep bao hiem ddi vdi cac quy che, quy tac do chinh minh ban hanh trong linh vuc bao hiem hang boa XNK. Dieu nay gay kh6ng it khd khan cho ngudi mua bao hiem , bdi hai le co ban:
- Thii nhat, ban than boat ddng bao hiem, dac biet la bao hiem hang hoa XNK, luon chiia dung trong nd yeu td ciia quan he qudc te, tap quan thuong mai qudc te. Vi the' cd mot thuc trang la, trong qua trinh giao ket, thuc hien HDBH cho loai hang boa XNK, cac ben rat hay vudng phai nhirng rdc rdi, tham chi hieu lam lan
nhau ve cimg mot dieu khoan hay cung mot tap quan thuong mai nao dd, dieu nay cung khOng loai tru nhCrng ngudi da cd kha nhieu kinh nghiem trong linh vuc nay.
- Thii hai, Quy tac, quy che do ngudi bao hi^m soan thao rat rOng, lam chuong. nhieu dieu, tuy rang nhiing ngi dung co ban deu dua tren nen tang ciia nhu'ng quy dinh ciia Nha nude (QTC90), nhung trong dd chiia dung mot vai di^m thay d6i nhd, va nhu the cung dii lam "co sd phap ly" de ngudi bao hiem tu chdi bao hiem neu hg cho rang viec dd la "can thiet". Chang ban nhu, ben canh QTC 90 van duoc ap dung phd bien hien nay trong linh vuc bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen bang dudng bien, Bao Viet cung ban hanh rieng cho minh mot Quy tac chung ve bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen bang dudng bien, ggi la QTC 98 (QTC 98 vua mdi ra ddi va nd thay the cho QTC 95 cung do chinh Bao Viet ban hanh nam 1995); Cong ty cd phan bao hiem Buu dien cung ban hanh rieng mot quy tac chung ve dieu khoan bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen bang dudng bien. Va da cd xay ra tranh chap bao hiem giiia c6ng ty nay vdi mdt khach hang la c6ng ty TNHH Tan Hiep ve viec bao hiem cho 16 hang may phan tich khi, van chuyen tii Thuy Dien ve Viet Nam bang may bay. Vi kh6ng dugc phd bien, hudng dan ky khi giao ket hgp dong, nen cdng ty Tan Hiep bd trong muc chuyen tai (transhipment). Suy cho cung, viec chuyen tai hay khdng hoan toan nam ngoai su nhan thii'c ciia ngudi mua bao hiem, nhung dieu dd lai "vi pham" Dieu 7.1 Quy tac chung ve bao hiem hang hoa van chuye'n bang dudng bien ciia cOng ty Cd phan bao hie'm Buu dien. Le duong nhien, neu khdng cd thien chi, thi day chinh la "co sd phap ly" de ngudi bao hiem tir chdi trach nhiem bao hiem.
• Thuc tien giao ket va thuc hien HDBH hang hoa XNK chiu su dieu chinh ciia F qua nhieu van ban quy pham phap luat, va trong mdt sd trudng hgp phat sinh mau thuan, cac duong su cung nhu cac co quan tai phan vap phai khong it khd khan, liing tiing. Chiing tdi xin dugc minh hoa van de nay bang hinh anh sau:
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