- Thu ba, can phan biet thdi diem phat sinh hieu luc hgp dong ve nop phi va thu
CHUONG 2: NOI DUNG PHAP LY CUA HDBH HANG HOA XNK
2.1.1. Khai niem HDBH hang hod XNK vd nhiing dac diem dac thu:
• Kbai niem: HDBH hang hoa XNK la loai hgp dong ma theo do ngudi mua bao
hiem cam ket tra mot sd tien ggi la bao hiem phi, va ngudi nhan bao hiem (doanh nghiep bao hiem) cam ket boi thudng thiet hai khi xay ra su kien bao hiem nhu da quy dinh trong hgp dong (riii ro dugc bao hiem), gay thiet hai cho ngudi mua bao hiem.
- Su kien bao hiem trong bao hiem hang hoa XNK: la su cd bat ngd gay ra thiet hai ma ngudi ta quen ggi la riii ro bao hiem. Tuy nhien riii ro bao hiem do phai nam trong dieu kien, pham vi bao hiem da thoa thuan trong HDBH cho loai hang hoa XNK do.
- Ve ban chat phap ly: HDBH hang hoa XNK mang ban chat phap ly ciia hgp dong kinh te. Co cau chii the, hinh thiic, muc dich tham gia hgp dong ciia cac chii the la nhiing yeu to quyet dinh ban chat phap ly do ciia HDBH hang hoa XNK.
Trong nen kinh te thi trudng, vdi su da dang, rong md ciia cac moi quan he xa hoi, cac quan he bao hiem, do do, cQng bi chi phdi va dugc chia thanh nhieu loai hinh nghiep vu bao hiem khac nhau. Can cii vao thanh phan chii the va muc dich tham gia giao ket ciia cac chii the ma chiing ta cd dugc su xac dinh tuong ddi chinh xac ban chat kinh te hay dan su ciia tirng loai hinh nghiep vu bao hiem cu the nao do.
Can cii vao nhiing quy dinh hien hanh ciia he thong phap luat kinh te, thi ban chat phap ly ciia HDBH hang hoa XNK dugc xac dinh nhu sau:
+ Hgp dong dugc giao ket giira mot ben la doanh nghiep bao hiem ( cd the la lien doanh, cd the la doanh nghiep Nha nude), vdi ben kia la mot phap nhan hoac mot ca nhan cd dang ky kinh doanh.
+ Hgp dong dugc giao ke't vdi muc dich phuc vu nhu cau kinh doanh, Igi nhuan. Tuy nhien, cung can phai thay rang, trong quan he bao hie'm hang hoa XNK, cung nhu cac quan he bao hiem thuong mai, tinh kinh doanh, Igi nhuan ciia ben mua bao hiem thudng khong dugc bieu hien mot each rd net, boi tinh chai dac thu ciia quan he bao hiem chi phdi. Nhung xet cho ciing, neu quyen Igi bao hiem ciia ngudi mua bao hiem khong dugc bao dam, ngudi nhan bao hiem tii' chdi trach nhiem bao hiem thi dieu dd cung dong nghia vdi su thiet hai ve kinh te cho ngudi mua bao hiem va nhu vay tat yeu la muc dich kinh doanh cung khong dat dugc, it nhat la trong mot thuong vu cu the, cho dii thuong vu dd da dugc mua bao hiem .
+ HDBH hang hoa XNK cung thuoc loai hgp dong song vu. Tinh song vu dugc the hien d chd cac ben tham gia quan he hgp dong deu cd quyen va nghia vu ddi vdi nhau. Doanh nghiep bao hiem cd quyen thu phi bao hiem va quyen nay gan lien vdi nghia vu boi thudng thiet hai khi xay ra su kien bao hiem. Ngugc lai. ddi vdi ngudi mua bao hiem, hg cd nghia vu dong phi bao hiem tuong ling vdi quyen dirge yeu cau doanh nghiep boi thudng khi xay ra su kien bao hiem gay thiet hai, ton that.
Xuat phat tii co sd HDBH hang hoa XNK ciing la mot trong nhirng loai hinh nghiep vu ciia HDBH thuong mai, vi vay, ngoai nhiing dac diem dac thu ciia HDBH hang hoa XNK, HDBH hang hoa XNK cung ham chiia trong minh mot sd tinh chat ciia HDBH thuong mai ndi chung:
Tbu nbat, dd la hgp dong cd tinh chat ung thuan: Hgp ddng dugc giao ket
dua tren su chap thuan ciia ca hai ben, tuy nhien, tinh chat ung thuan d day cung chi mang nghia tuong ddi, ngudi mua bao hiem phai chiu su ap dat chii quan ciia ngudi bao hiem d mot sd diem co ban trong hgp dong.
Tbu- bai, la hgp ddng theo mSu: Nhung ndi dung mang tinh quy tac thudng
dugc cd dinh trudc bdi ngudi bao hiem, ben mua bao hiem chi cd quyen lira chgn theo phuong thiic ddng y hoac khdng ddng y ma khdng cd su thoa thuan thay ddi. Su dam phan chi cd the thuc hien ddi vdi phan dieu kien rieng, hay ndi each khac la phan phu luc ciia hgp ddng.
Tbii ba, la hgp ddng cd the chuyen nhugng: HDBH, don bao hiem hoac
giay chiing nhan bao hiem la nhung van ban cd the chuyen nhugng cho ngudi khac, thong qua hinh thiic ky hau vao mat sau ciia ngudi dugc bao hiem
Tbii tu, la hgp ddng mang tinh chuyen giao riii ro: Tuy rang khi giao ket
hgp ddng cac ben tham gia quan he deu khong mong mudn xay ra riii ro, thiet hai tren thuc te, nhung rd rang la, tinh chat riii ro va su riii ro, thiet hai ciia ciia ddi tugng bao hiem trong HDBH luon la tieu diem, la ddi tugng quan tam sd 1 cua cac chii the. Va suy cho cung, khi xac lap cho minh mot quan he HDBH cac ben chii the da thuc hien hanh vi chuyen giao, san se riii ro, thiet hai cho ngudi bao hie'm, hay ndi diing hon la su ehuyeJn giao riii ro tii ngudi mua bao hiem nay sang nhieu ngudi mua bao hiem khac, ma doanh nghiep bao hiem chi la trung gian diing ra to chiic thuc hien viec chuyen giao dd ma thoi.
Tbu nam, la hgp ddng ma tinh Igi nhuan, muc dich Igi nhuan khong duoc
dat ra tii phia ngudi mua bao hiem: Vi tinh chat chuyen giao, san se riii ro, thiet hai nhu da neu d tren, trong quan he HDBH hang hoa XNK, viec ngudi mua bao hiem cd tinh chiem doat tai san ciia doanh nghiep bao hiem la khong the chap nhan dugc. Hoat ddng giao ke't thuc hien HDBH phai dua tren tinh than trung thuc, hgp tac va diing tinh chat cua mot hgp ddng san se, chuyen giao riii ro, ma riii ro d day phai la riii ro thuoc pham vi, trach nhiem bao hiem. Cung chinh vi vay, trong moi trudng hgp, miic bdi thudng thiet hai bao hie'm khong bao gid vugt qua gia tri thiet hai xay ra tren thuc te.
• Mot sd dac diem dac tbu cua HDBH bang boa XNK:
- Giao ke't HDBH hang hoa XNK, viec ap dung cac dieu khoan bao hiem (ICC 1.1.82) ciia ILU, cac quy dinh ciia luat phap nude ngoai la pho bien. thudng thay, chii yeu la luat ciia Anh. Day la mot dac diem dac thii ciia quan he HDBH hang hoa XNK, bdi le viec dua cac dieu khoan ICC hoac luat phap qudc te vao trong HDBH hang hoa van chuyen trong ndi dia cung cd, song dieu nay rat han
che. Trong khi dd, nhiing quy dinh ciia phap luat nude ta trong ITnh vuc hi\o hiem
hang hoa XNK lai viia yeu va vira thieu, vi vay, viec ap dung cac dieu kien, dieu
khoan ciia nude ngoai khi giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK cd the ndi da tro thanh mot dac diem dac thii.
- HDBH hang hoa XNK la loai hgp ddng ma cac dieu khoan chii yeu ( noi dung hgp ddng) cd su lien quan chat che vdi cac noi dung ciia hgp dong van chuyen, dac biet la hgp ddng mua ban ngoai thuong cho ciing loai hang hoa XNK dd. Ngay tai Dieu 4 QTC 90 da ndi rd: Ngudi bao hiem khong chiu trach nhiem bdi thudng nhiing mat mat, hu hong xay ra cho hang hoa xep tren boong tau trai vdi tap quan thuong mai...
Tap quan thuong mai d day ma Dieu 4 QTC 90 mudn de cap chii yeu la cac dieu kien co sd giao hang trong mua ban ngoai thuong ( Incoterms...).
Cung can minh hoa them, trong hgp ddng mua ban hang hoa XNK, cac ben cd the thoa thuan vdi nhau ve viec ap dung phuong thiic thanh loan qua L/C va trong dd cd de cap den dieu kien bao hiem theo ICC 1.1.63. Van de d day la chiing ta khong di sau vao phan tich tinh chat, dac diem ciia quan he hgp ddng mua ban ngoai thuong, ma chi mudn ndi den mot thuc trang kha "dich dac" ciia van de nay:
De viec thanh toan qua L/C dien ra thuan Igi, ddng thdi van bao dam dugc quyen nghia vu phap ly ciia cac chu the trong HDBH, ngudi ban bao hiem van chap nhan giao ket HDBH theo dieu kien bao hiem theo diing ICC 1.1.63 nhu da ghi trong hgp ddng mua ban ngoai thuong, song khi cap don bao hiem, buoc phai cd phu luc dinh kem, giai thich de ngudi mua bao hiem biet rang, dieu kien bao hiem se ap dung la ICC 1.1.82 chii khdng phai ICC 1.1.63. Thuc te la, trong quan he mua ban hang hoa XNK hien nay, cung nhu trong quan he bao hiem. van cdn khong it ngudi nham lln va cho rang cd ICC 1.1.63. Dieu nay hoan toan khong chinh xac. Ve mat thuat ngCr, cac dieu kien bao hiem dd khdng ggi la ICC ma chi ggi vdi nhiing cai ten nhu sau:
+ Dieu kien bao hiem mien ton that rieng- ggi tat la FPA ( free from
paticular average)
+ Dieu kien bao hiem ton that rieng- WPA (With paticular average) + Va, dieu kien bao hiem moi riii ro - AR (All risk)
Ba dieu kien bao hiem ndi tren deu do Uy ban ky thuat va dieu kien (technical and clauses committee) thuoc Vien nhiing ngudi bao hiem London (ILU), soan thao vao nam 1963. De tranh su hieu lam va lam dung cac dieu kien bao hiem nay khi ap dung, nen vao dau nam 1982, ILU da siia ddi, khong ggi ten tung dieu kien bao hiem ma xep theo van chCr cai: Dieu kien bao hiem A, B, C. Cho den nay chung ta van quen ggi la ICC (A), ICC (B), va ICC (C).
Ve tinh dac trung nay ciia HDBH hang hoa XNK, xin dugc dan chung them trudng hgp tranh chap bao hiem giiia Tong cong ty che Viet Nam va Bao Viet keo dai hon 6 nam trdi, tir nam 1994. Trong hgp ddng mua ban 230 tan ngO giua Vinatea va Cdng ty Thdng Dat (Trung Qudc) thi hai ben hgp ddng khong thoa thuan ban hang theo Incoterms 1990, nhung trong HDBH thi Vinatea lai thoa thuan vdi Bao Viet bao hiem theo gia CIF: 110% CIF, nghia la cd su van dung Incoterms 1990. Khi xay ra tranh chap bao hiem, Bao Viet cho rang Vinatea khdng cd tham quyen khoi kien Bao Viet, vi khi hang hoa dugc giao qua Ian can tau cang di (cang Quy Nhon- Viet Nam) thi 230 tan ngo dd thuoc quyen sd hCiu ciia phia cdng ty Trung Qudc, theo diing tap quan thuong mai qudc te ma Incoterms 1990 da quy dinh. Tii thi du thuc tien nay, mot Ian nua cho thay, khOng chi cd su lien quan chat che giiia cac dieu khoan, ndi dung ciia HDBH hang hoa XNK va hgp ddng mua ban ngoai thuong cho hang hoa dd, ma van de d day da trd thanh tinh dac trung ciia HDBH hang hoa XNK.
- HDBH hang hoa XNK cd tinh chuyen nhugng, chuyen giao cho ngudi mua hang theo thdng le qudc te ve mua ban ngoai thuong. Dieu 12 QTC 90 cung ghi rd: Don bao hiem hoac giay chiing nhan bao hiem cd the dugc chuye'n nhugng cho mot ngudi khac sau khi ngudi dugc bao hiem hay dai dien cd tham quyen ciia ho ky d mat sau- thii tuc ky hau.
can nhan manh la, khdng phai moi trudng hgp HDBH hang hoa XNK deu phai cd su chuyen nhugng, chuyen giao cho chii the khac ma tuy thuoc vao tiing trudng hgp cu the, can cii vao tinh chat ciia tiing md'i quan he mua ban ngoai thuong cu the giCra ngudi mua va ngudi ban hang. Chang han nhu khi ngudi mua hang mua bao hiem thi trudng hgp nay khdng cd su chuyen nhugng, chuyen giao
HDBH, cdn trudng hgp ngudi ban hang mua bao hiem thi duong nhien theo thong le, tap quan thuong mai qudc te quyen Igi bao hiem, hay ndi dung hon HDBH cho hang hoa XNK dd se dugc chuyen nhugng, chuyen giao cho ngudi mua hang ke tu thdi diem hang hoa dugc chuyen qua Ian can tau noi cang di. Tuy nhien, vice xac dinh mot each chinh xac thdi diem chuyen giao quyen Igi bao hiem cdn tuy thuoc vao tiing trudng hgp cu the ciia dieu kien giao hang co sd. Nhung van phai thua nhan mot nguyen tac la, quyen Igi bao hiem bat huge phai chuyen giao cho ngudi mua hang.
- Trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai ciia ben nhan bao hiem thudng khong phat sinh ddng thdi ciing thdi diem cd hieu luc ciia hgp ddng.
Can phan biet giCra thdi diem phat sinh hieu luc hgp ddng ve nop phi va thu phi bao hiem vdi thdi diem phat sinh trach nhiem bao hiem. Dac trung ciia HDBH thuong mai, trong dd cd HDBH hang hoa XNK la trach nhiem bao hiem ciia ngudi bao hiem luon di lien vdi nghia vu nop phi bao hiem ciia ngudi mua bao hiem. trir khi cd su thoa thuan khac ghi rd trong hgp ddng. Ngay trong miu HDBH bao cho hang hoa XNK ciia Bao Viet, Dieu 14, doan 4 ciing ghi rd: Bao Viet se khong chiu trach nhiem bdi thudng ton that xay ra trudc khi cdng ty giii giay yeu cau bao hiem tiing chuyen cho Bao Viet va trong trudng hgp cdng ty chua thanh toan phi bao hiem cho Id hang bi ton that.
2.1.2. Nhu cau dieu chinh phdp luat doi vdi quan he HDBH hdng hod XNK
Cd the khang dinh rang, trong bat ky che do xa hdi nao, phap luat cung luon dugc coi la cdng cu quan trgng bac nhat nam trong lay nha nude, giiip nha nude dieu chinh, van hanh cac md'i quan he xa hoi trong mot khudn kho thdng nhat, co Igi cho giai cap cam quyen, dac biet la cac md'i quan he lien quan tdi Igi ich sat sudn cua nha nude, su an toan ciia moi trudng tai chinh qudc gia va Igi ich cua cdng ddng xa hdi.
Mat khac, chiing ta ciing phai thay rang, quan he bao hiem ndi chung, cung nhu quan he HDBH hang hoa XNK ndi rieng, la loai hinh quan he tai chinh-ngan hang, cd tinh nhay cam dac biet den su on dinh va phat trien cua toan bo he thdng
n^n kinh te qudc dan. Theo con sd thdng ke ciia Bg Tai chinh- co quan quan ly nha nude ve boat ddng bao hi^m, hien nay cd tdi 70% phi bao hiem thu dugc ciia cac doanh nghiep bao hiem dugc giii vao ngan hang, tinh lai[36,3-4] . Cach thuc su dung nay, tuy khdng phii hgp vdi "co che tai chinh" ciia hoat dong bao hie'm thuong mai, nhung dieu dd cang lam cho chung ta thay rd hon tinh "phan ling day chuyen" trong boat dong bao hie'm cd th^ xay ra bat ky liic nao, va khong chi la su phan ling cd nguyen nhan ciia nOi tai, ma ngay ca nhung nguyen nhan tu phia hoat dong thuan tuy ciia ngan hang cung lam anh hudng true tiep den hoat dong bao hie'm thuong mai. Xuat phat tir tam quan trgng dd ciia kinh te bao hiem, trong nhung nam gan day, cung vdi viec thanh lap Cong ty tai bao hiem qudc gia (Vinare), la hang loat cac van ban quy pham phap luat dieu chinh boat dong bilo hie'm, trong dd quy dinh rd tinh bat huge tai bao hiem trong nhung trudng hgp ma nha nude thay can thiet, ke ca viec dieu chinh cu the ty le phan tram phai tai bao hiem, hoac nhu chi dinh rd tai bao hie'm tai doang nghiep nao. Viec dieu chinh nay ciia phap luat Viet Nam dac biet dugc chii trgng trong cac quan he bao hiem hang hoa XNK, bdi le day la linh vuc bao hiem cd khdi lugng tai san bao hiem Idn, tinh chat quan he rat phiic tap vi cd su tham gia ciia yeu to nude ngoai, va dac biet luon cd su can thiep, din chieu ciia phap luat qudc te, dieu kien bao hiem qudc te trong giao ke't, thuc hien hgp ddng.
Ciing can ndi them, su dieu chinh ciia phap luat trong linh vuc bao hiem hang hoa XNK la het sire can thiet. Ndi de'n bao hiem la ndi den tinh riii ro, bat chac va kha nang nay trong bao hiem hang hoa XNK la luon Idn, vugt khdi tarn kiem soat ciia ca ngudi mua bao hiem va ngudi ban bao hiem. Trong khi do, cong ude qudc te, thdng le qudc te' ve van chuyen hang hoa XNK, chi gidi han trach nhiem, pham vi bdi thudng thiet hai ciia ngudi chuyen chd trong mot sd trudng