KIM LOAI KIEM
1. Tac dung v&i phi kim:
a) Tdc dung vdi oxi:
2Na + O2 > NQZO-J (natri peoxit) 4Na + O2 > 2Na20 (natri oxit) b) Tdc dung vdi do:
' 2K+ CI2 > 2KC1
2. Tac dung v&i axit:
2Na + 2HC1 > 2NaCI + H ^ t
3. Tdc dung vdi nit&c:
2K + 2H2O > 2KOH + H ^ t
Tit Li den Cs phdn úng vdi nitdc xdy ra ngay cang manh liet.
MOT SO HOP CHAT QUAN TRONG CUA KIM LOAI KI^M 1. NATRI HIBROXIT 1. NATRI HIBROXIT
Natri hidroxit tdc dung dúcfc vdi oxit axit, axit va muoi: CO2 + 2NaOH > Na2C03 + H2O CO2 + 20H~ > COl + H2O HCI + NaOH > NaCI + H2O IT + OHT > H2O
CUSO4 + 2NaOH > NajSÔ + Cu(OH)2i Cif* + 20H- > Cu(OH)2i
NATRI HIDROCACBONAT
- Natri hidrocacbonat (NaHCOj) la chat rdn mau trdng, it tan trong niidc, de hi nhiet phdn huy tgo ra Na2C03 vd khi CO2 :
2NaHC03 Na2C03 + C O ^ t + H2O
! - fA\)Nn HI^A Hnn 17
- NaHCOs CO tinh litdng tinh (vita tdc dung vdi dung dich axit, vita tdc dung dúcfc vdi dung dich baza).
NaHCOs + HCI > NaCI + C O ^ t + H2O NaHC03 + NaOH > Na2C03 + H2O
- NaHC03 ditgc diing trong cong nghiep ditcfc phdm (che thudc dau da day,...) vd cong nghiep thúc phdm (1dm hot nd,...).
3, NATRI CACBONAT
- Natri cacbonat (NazCO;) la chat rdn mau trdng, tan nhieu trong niidc. O nhiet do thitdng, natri cacbonat ton tgi d dang muoi ngam niidc Na2CO3.10H2O, d nhiet do cao, muoi nay mat dan núdc ket tinh trd thdnh natri cacbonat khan, ndng chdy d 850''C.
- Na2C03 Id muoi cua axit yeu (axit cacbonic) vd cd nhffng tinh chat chung cua muoị
4. KALINITRAT
- Kali nitrat (KNO3) la nhitng tinh the khdng mdu, ben trong khdng khi, tan nhieu trong mtdc. Khi dun ndng d nhiet do cao han nhiet do ndng chdy (333°C), KNO3 bat dau bi phdn huy thdnh O2 vd KNO2.
2KNO3 ^—> 2KNO2+ Oj^
-KNO3 ditgc dimg 1dm phan bon (phdn dam, phdn kali) vd ditcfc dimg de che tgo thudc nd (gom 68% KNO3, 15%S vd 17%C).
- Phdn ling chdy cua thudc sung xdy ra theo phiidng trinh: 2KNO3 + 3C+ S ^—> N ^ t + 3CO2Í + K2S. in. KIM LOAI KIEM THO
1. Tdc dung v&i phi kim:
Kim logi kiem thd khit cdc nguyen tit phi kim thdnh ion dm 2Mg + O2 > 2MgO
2. Tdc dung v&i dung dich axit:
a) Vdi axit HCI, H2SO4 lodng. '
Mg + 2HC1 > MgCh + H ^ t b) Vdi axit HNO3, H2SO4 dgc
4Mg + 10 HNO3 lodng > 4Mg(N03)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O 4Mg + 5H2SO4 dgc > 4MgS04 + H ^ S t + 4H2O
3. Tdc dung v&i nif&c:
d nhiet do thitdng. Be khdng khit diicfc mtdc, Mg khit chdm. Cdc kim logi con Igi khit mgnh mtdc, gidi phdng khi hidrọ
Ca + 2H2O > CăOH)2 + H ^ t
V. MOT SO HCfP CHAT QUAN TRONG CUA CANXI 1. Canxi hidroxit: CăOH)2 hap thu d§ dang khi CO2:
CăOH)2 + CO2 > CaCOsi + H2O
Phdn ling tren thiidng ditcfc dhng de nhan biet khi CO2.
2. Canxi cacbonat:
- Canxi cacbonat (CaCOs) la chat ran, mau trdng, khong tan trong niidc, hi phan huy d nhiet do khoang 1000°C.
CaCOa ^—> CaO + CO2 f
- O nhiet do thiidng, CaCOj tan dan trong niidc cd hoa tan khi CO2 tgo ra canxi hidrocacbonat (CăHC03)2), chat nay chi ton tgi trong dung dich.
CaCOj + CO2 + H2O < > CăHC03)2
- Phdn ling tren giai thich sii tgo thanh thgch nhQ (CaCOs) trong cdc hang da voi, can trong dm niidc,...
3. Canxi sunfat:
- Trong tii nhien, canxi sunfat [CaSOJ ton tgi diidi dang muoi nggm niidc CaS04.2H20 ggi la thgch cao song.
- Khi dun nong den 160°C, thgch cao song mat mot phan niidc bien thanh thgch cao nung.
CaS04.2H20 ISÔC—> CaS04.H20 + H2O
thgch cao song thgch cao nung
- De dieu che thgch cao khan la CaS04 thi ngiídi ta nung thgch cao song d nhiet do 350°C.
NlfdC ClfNG
1. Khai niem: Niidc chiia nhieu ion Câ^ va Mg^* diigc ggi Id niidc ciing-a) Tinh cvtng tgm thcfi la tinh ciing gay nen bdi cac muoi CăHC03)2 va a) Tinh cvtng tgm thcfi la tinh ciing gay nen bdi cac muoi CăHC03)2 va Mg(HC03)2. Ggi la tinh ciing tgm thdi vi khi dun soi niidc tgo ra ket tiia CaCOj vd MgCOs nen se 1dm mat tinh ciing gay ra bdi cdc muoi naỵ
Ca[HC03)2 —> CaC03i+ C02t + H2O
Mg(HC03)2 —> MgC03i+ C O ^ t + H2O
b) Tinh ciing vinh c^u Id tinh ciing gay nen bdi cdc muoi sunfat.
clorua cuá canxi va magiẹ
c) Tinh Cling todn phan gom cd tinh ciing tgm thdi va tinh ciing vinh ciiụ
2. Cdch lam mem nii&c ciing
a) Phiidng phdp ket tua:
- Dim soi niidc, cdc muoi CăHC03)2 vd Mg(HC03)2 bi phan huy tgo ra muoi cacbonat khong tan. De ling niidc, ggn bd ket tua diidc niidc mem.
- Dimg CăOH)2 vdi htgng vita dii trung hoa muoi axit, tgo ra ket tua lam mat tinh ciing tgm thdị
CăHC03)2 + CăOH)2 > 2CaC03i+ 2H2O
- Dimg Na2C'03 (hogc Na3P04) de 1dm mat tinh ciing tgm thdi va tinh Cling vinh ciilị
Ca[HC03)2 + Na2C03 > CaC03i+ 2NaHC03
CaS04 + Na2C03 > CaC03i+ Na2S04
b) Phiidng phdp trao doi ion
Nhiing vat lieu vd eg vd hiiu eg cd khd nang trao doi mot so ion cd trong thanh phdn cdu tgo cua chiing vdi cdc ion cd trong dung dich diidc ggi la vat lieu trao doi ion.
VỊ NHOM
1. Tdc dung vdi phi kim:
a) Tdc dung vdi halogen: 2A1 + 3CI2 > 2AICI3
b) Tdc dung vdi oxi: 4A1 + 3O2 > AI2O3
Chii y: Nhom ben trong khong khi d nhiet do thiidng do cd mang exit
AI2O3 rat mdng vd ben bdo vẹ
2. Tdc dung vdi axit:
- Nhdm khii de dang ion IT trong dung dich HCl va H2SO4 lodng thanh khi H2 .
2A1 + 6HC1 > 2AICI3 + 3H2t
- Nhdm tdc dung vdi dung dich HNO3 lodng, HNO3 dgc, ndng va
H2SO4 dgc, ndng.
Al + 4HNO3 (lodng) > A1[N03)3 + N O t + 2H2O
2A1 + 6H2SO4 (dgc) > Al2(S04)3 + 550^1+ 6H2O
- Nhdm bi thu dgng vdi cdc dung dich axit HNO3 dgc, ngugi vd H2SO4
dgc, ngugị
3. Tdc dung vdi oxit kim logi [phdn dug nhiet nhdm)
2A1 + Fe203 j{j^03 + 2Fe 4. Tdc dung vdi niTdc:
Neu phd bd Idp oxit tren be mat nhdm (hogc tgo thanh hon hong Al~Hg), thi nhdm se tdc dung vdi niidc d nhiet do thiidng:
2A1 + 6H2O > 2Al(OH)3l + 3 H , f (D
Nhdm khong tdc dung vdi niidc, dii d nhiet do cao Id vi tren be mat cua nhdm dwgc phii kin mot Idp AI2O3 rat mdng, ben vd min, khong cho khi vd niidc thdm quạ
5. Tac dung v&i dung dich kicm:
Khi khong con mang oxit bdo ve, nhom se tac dung vdi mtdc tqo ra
AliOH)3 va gjai phong khi H2; Al(OH)3 la hidroxit hidng tinh nen tac
dung tiep vdi dung dich kiem.
Al[OH}j + NaOH > NaAIO, + 2H2O (2) natri ahuninat
Phdn ling nhom tan trong dung dich kiem la: •
2A1 + 2NaOH + 2H2O > 2NaAl02 + ^H^t
6. San xuat nhom: dien phan nhom oxit nong chdy
2AI2O, '^P"'^ > 4A1 + 3O2
IỊ MOT SO HOP CHAT QUAN TRONG CUA NHOM 1. Nhom oxit - AI2O3: 1. Nhom oxit - AI2O3:
-AhOjtdc dung vdi dung dich axit
AI2O3 + 6HC1 > 2AlClj + 3H2O AI2O3 + GH' > 2Aí' + 3H2O -AI2O3 tac dung vdi dung dich kiem
AI2O3 + 2NaOH > 2NaA102 + H2O AI2O3 + 2OIT > 2PAO,+H20
2. Nhom hidroxit ~ Al(OH)3: