work individually match each part of speech in column a to a suitable function in column b
Báo cáo khoa học: "Part of Speech Tagging Using a Network of Linear Separators" pdf
... :285-318, April L A < /b> Ramshaw and M P Marcus 1996 Exploring the nature of < /b> transformation-based learning In < /b> J Klavans and P Resnik, editors, The Balancing Act: Combining Sym- bolic and Statistical Approaches ... application in < /b> information retrieval, machine translation, speech < /b> recognition, and appears to < /b> be an important intermediate stage in < /b> m a < /b> n y natural language understanding related inferences In < /b> ... POS Problem Part < /b> of < /b> speech < /b> tagging is the problem of < /b> identifying parts of < /b> speech < /b> of < /b> words in < /b> a < /b> presented text Since words are ambiguous in < /b> terms of < /b> their part < /b> of < /b> speech,< /b> the correct part < /b> of < /b> speech...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "PART-OF-SPEECH TAGGING USING A VARIABLE MEMORY MARKOV MODEL" doc
... computational complexity of < /b> approximating distributionsby probabilistic automata, Machine Learning, Vol 9, pp 205-260, 1992 D Ron, Y Singer, and N Tishby, Learning Probabilistic Automata with Variable ... enough to < /b> be included as separate states in < /b> the automaton An analysis reveals two possible reasons Frequent symbols such as "ABN" ("half", "all", "many" used as prequantifiers, e.g in < /b> "many a < /b> younger ... appears in < /b> information theory is the description length, as measured by the statistical predictability via the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence A < /b> Probabilistic Finite Automaton (PFA) A < /b> is a...
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Tài liệu Báo cáo khoa học: "Arabic Tokenization, Part-of-Speech Tagging and Morphological Disambiguation in One Fell Swoop" pdf
... features generated by A < /b> LMORGEANA, the training data must also be in < /b> the A < /b> LMORGEANA output format To < /b> obtain this data, we needed to < /b> match < /b> data in < /b> the ATB to < /b> the lexeme-and-feature representation ... the A < /b> LMORGEANA morphological analyzer (Habash, 2005), a < /b> lexeme-based morphological generator and analyzer for Arabic A < /b> sample output of < /b> the morphological analyzer is shown in < /b> Figure A < /b> LMORGEANA ... this can simplify the analysis: for example, a < /b> p (ta marbuta) must be word-final in < /b> Arabic orthography, and thus a < /b> word-medial p in < /b> a < /b> recreated input word reliably signals a < /b> token boundary The rather...
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Tài liệu Báo cáo khoa học: "Detecting Errors in Part-of-Speech Annotation" docx
... Rakesh Agrawal and Ramakrishnan Srikant, 1994 Fast Algorithms for Mining Association Rules in < /b> Large Databases In < /b> Jorge B Bocca, Matthias Jarke and Carlo Zaniolo (eds.), VLDB'94 Morgan Kaufmann, ... between being an auxiliary, a < /b> main verb, or a < /b> noun and thus there is variation in < /b> the way can would be tagged in < /b> I can play the piano, I can tuna for a < /b> living, and Pass me a < /b> can of < /b> beer, please 0ther ... context The starting point of < /b> our variation n-gram approach, that variation in < /b> annotation can indicate an annotation error, essentially is also the starting point of < /b> the approach to < /b> annotation error...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "Categorial Fluidity in Chinese and its Implications for Part-of-speech Tagging" pptx
... Transitional ambiguity: a < /b> word undergoes a < /b> process of < /b> categorial shift, where it originally belongs to < /b> a < /b> particular syntactic category and gradually assumes usage of < /b> another category as well Many ... nominalised, it loses part < /b> of < /b> a < /b> verb's syntactic features For instance, a < /b> nominalised transitive verb cannot take an object in < /b> the normal VO order any more, as in < /b> (7) (7 )a < /b> & t.f.M (produce influence) ... enough to < /b> become genuine ambiguity? These questions should be best answered by empirical data 3.1 A < /b> Preliminary Corpus-Based Study As a < /b> preliminary study, we tagged a < /b> small subset of < /b> the LIVAC corpus...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "Automatic Part-of-Speech Tagging for Bengali: An Approach for Morphologically Rich Languages in a Poor Resource Scenario" pdf
... Ray, V Harish, A < /b> Basu and S Sarkar, 2003 Part < /b> of < /b> Speech < /b> Tagging and Local Word Grouping Techniques for Natural Language Processing ICON 2003 S Singh, K Gupta, M Shrivastav and P Bhattacharyya, ... instead of < /b> using only for rare words as is described in < /b> Ratnaparkhi (1996) This can be explained by the fact that due to < /b> small amount of < /b> annotated data, a < /b> significant number of < /b> instances are not ... training data; the problem is alleviated with the increase in < /b> the annotated data As we have noted already the use of < /b> MA and/or suffix information improves the accuracy of < /b> the POS tagger But what...
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DSpace at VNU: On the Effect of the Label Bias Problem in Part-Of-Speech Tagging
... via the global normalization constant As a < /b> result, all parts of < /b> the training data will affect the parameters This helps avoid the label bias problem exposed by MEMMs In < /b> order to < /b> quantify the label ... is a < /b> measure of < /b> the uncertainty or the average unpredictability in < /b> a < /b> random variable [10] In < /b> this problem, transition entropy is a < /b> measure of < /b> the uncertainty of < /b> a < /b> transition probability distribution ... than that in < /b> Vietnamese tagging This observation may be explained by the difference in < /b> language nature, in < /b> that French is a < /b> moderately inflected language while Vietnamese is a < /b> typical isolating...
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part of speech
... speaker announced the of < /b> a < /b> new college ESTABLISH 147 We want to < /b> students to < /b> participate fully in < /b> the running of < /b> the college COURAGE 148 Details of < /b> the are available at all participating ... not to < /b> say a < /b> word to < /b> anyone about it SOLEMN 134 What unusual of < /b> flavours! COMBINE 135 His was a < /b> combination of < /b> surgery, radiation and drugs TREAT 136 The company was very ……………… of < /b> my ... heart attack IMPORTANCE 78 The burglars gained entry to < /b> the building after the alarm ABLE 79 We were all struck dumb with AMAZE Exercises (Parts of < /b> speech)< /b> Lê Ngọc Thaïch 80 Some people are...
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Tài liệu Báo cáo khoa học: "Fast and Robust Part-of-Speech Tagging Using Dynamic Model Selection" pptx
... their learning parameters are optimized by running n-fold cross-validation where n is the total number of < /b> documents in < /b> the training data and grid search on Liblinear parameters c and B (see Section ... Guergana Savova, and Martha Palmer 2010 An architecture for complex clinical question answering In < /b> Proceedings of < /b> the 1st ACM International Health Informatics Symposium, IHI’10, pages 395–399 Libin ... Giorgio Satta, and Aravind Joshi 2007 Guided Learning for Bidirectional Sequence Classification In < /b> Proceedings of < /b> the 45th Annual Meeting of < /b> the Association of < /b> Computational Linguistics, ACL’07, pages...
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Tài liệu Báo cáo khoa học: "Part-of-Speech Tagging for Twitter: Annotation, Features, and Experiments" pdf
... WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database Bradford Books Tim Finin, Will Murnane, Anand Karandikar, Nicholas Keller, Justin Martineau, and Mark Dredze 2010 Annotating named entities in < /b> Twitter data with ... Saphra, and Tae Yano for assistance in < /b> annotating data This research was supported in < /b> part < /b> by: the NSF through CAREER grant IIS1054319, the U S Army Research Laboratory and the U S Army Research ... fields: Probabilistic models for segmenting and labeling sequence data In < /b> Proc of < /b> ICML Mitchell P Marcus, Beatrice Santorini, and Mary Ann Marcinkiewicz 1993 Building a < /b> large annotated corpus of < /b> English:...
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Tài liệu Báo cáo khoa học: "A Fully Bayesian Approach to Unsupervised Part-of-Speech Tagging∗" docx
... on Natural Language Learning (CONLL) S Finch, N Chater, and M Redington 1995 Acquiring syntactic information from distributional statistics In < /b> J In < /b> Levy, D Bairaktaris, J Bullinaria, and P Cairns, ... Metropolis-Hastings update (Gilks et al., 1996) to < /b> resample the value of < /b> each < /b> hyperparameter after each < /b> iteration of < /b> the Gibbs sampler Informally, to < /b> update the value of < /b> hyperparameter α, we sample a < /b> proposed ... hyperparameters to < /b> encourage some degree of < /b> sparsity in < /b> all clusters Conclusion In < /b> this paper, we have demonstrated that, for a < /b> standard trigram HMM, taking a < /b> Bayesian approach to < /b> POS tagging dramatically...
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Tài liệu Báo cáo khoa học: "Deriving an Ambiguous Word’s Part-of-Speech Distribution from Unannotated Text" doc
... occurs as an adjective Note that the centroid values for a < /b> particular word will always add up to < /b> since, as mentioned above, the column < /b> vectors have been normalized beforehand As elaborated in < /b> Rapp ... tend to < /b> be assigned only to < /b> the cluster relating to < /b> their dominant part < /b> of < /b> speech < /b> This means that no ambiguity detection takes place at this stage In < /b> contrast, the problem of < /b> demixing can be avoided ... problem can be reduced by considering longer contexts which tend to < /b> be less ambiguous That is, by choosing an appropriate context width a < /b> reasonable tradeoff between data sparseness and ambiguity...
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Tài liệu Báo cáo khoa học: "Inferring Selectional Preferences from Part-Of-Speech N-grams" doc
... Proceedings of < /b> the AAAI Fall Symposium on Probabilistic Approaches to < /b> Natural Language, Cambridge, MA, October 23–25, 1992, 54-60 Gildea, D and Jurafsky, D 2002 Automatic Labeling of < /b> Semantic Roles ... cause of < /b> errors in < /b> case (b) is overgeneralization when PONG abstracts a < /b> word Ngram labeled with a < /b> relation by mapping its POS N-gram to < /b> that relation In < /b> particular, the coarse POS tag set may ... likely to < /b> be inaccurate So is the probability of < /b> a < /b> POS N-gram for rare cooccurrences of < /b> a < /b> target and relative in < /b> Google word N-grams Using a < /b> smaller tag set may reduce the sparse data problem but increase...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "Part-of-Speech Implications of Affixes" potx
... sorted out all words that had an affix, that is, a < /b> beginning or ending that matched a < /b> member of < /b> the affix list and met the established criteria Each < /b> of < /b> these words had a < /b> partof -speech < /b> string given ... words that not contain an affix and that are not in < /b> an exception list are classified as NA if multisyllable and NAVB if one syllable It must be realized that a < /b> good many ambiguities will be introduced ... and verb 23 Noun, adjective, and verb Adjective and verb Verb 44 or NAVB 27 VB 44 Accordingly, words beginning with inter will be assigned to < /b> the NAVB class, obtaining the correct inclusive part...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "A Cost Sensitive Part-of-Speech Tagging: Differentiating Serious Errors from Minor Errors" pptx
... Multiclass Kernel-based Vector Machines Journal of < /b> Machine Learning Research, Vol pp 265–292 Dipanjan Das and Slav Petrov 2011 Unsupervised Partof -Speech < /b> Tagging with Bilingual Graph-Based Projections ... Tagging In < /b> Proceedings of < /b> the 45th Annual Meeting of < /b> the Association of < /b> Computational Linguistics pp 744–751 Joao Graca, Kuzman Ganchev, Ben Taskar, and Fernando Pereira 2009 Posterior vs Parameter ... Empirical Methods in < /b> Natural Language Processing and the Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning pp 296–305 Taku Kudo, Kaoru Yamamoto, and Yuji Matsumoto 2004 Applying Conditional Random...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "Simple semi-supervised training of part-of-speech taggers" pptx
... tag This way of < /b> combining taggers into a < /b> single end classifier can be seen as a < /b> form of < /b> stacking (Wolpert, 1992) It has the advantage that it reduces POS tagging to < /b> a < /b> classification task This may ... tri-training tri-disagr Note also that self-training gave very good results Self-training was, again, much slower than tri-training with disagreement since we had to < /b> train on a < /b> large pool of < /b> unlabeled ... unlabeled data In < /b> CONLL, Edmonton, Canada Wen Wang, Zhongqiang Huang, and Mary Harper 2007 Semi-supervised learning for part-< /b> of-< /b> speech < /b> tagging of < /b> Mandarin transcribed speech < /b> In < /b> ICASSP, Hawaii Jesus...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "Efficient Optimization of an MDL-Inspired Objective Function for Unsupervised Part-of-Speech Tagging" docx
... Learning Springer J Bos, C Bosco, and A < /b> Mazzei 2009 Converting a < /b> dependency treebank to < /b> a < /b> categorical grammar treebank for italian In < /b> Eighth International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories ... HMM POS-taggers (when given a < /b> good start) In < /b> Proceedings of < /b> the ACL S Goldwater and T L Griffiths 2007 A < /b> fully Bayesian approach to < /b> unsupervised part-< /b> of-< /b> speech < /b> tagging In < /b> Proceedings of < /b> the ACL M ... D Chiang, J Graehl, K Knight, A < /b> Pauls, and S Ravi 2010 Bayesian inference for Finite-State transducers In < /b> Proceedings of < /b> the North American Association of < /b> Computational Linguistics 213 A < /b> P Dempster,...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "Semisupervised condensed nearest neighbor for part-of-speech tagging" pot
... run a < /b> WCNN C and obtain a < /b> condensed set of < /b> labeled data points To < /b> this set of < /b> labeled data points we add a < /b> large number of < /b> unlabeled data points labeled by a < /b> NN classifier T on the original data ... is available at: cst.dk/anders/sccn/ Conclusions We have introduced a < /b> new learning algorithm that simultaneously condensates labeled data and learns from a < /b> mixture of < /b> labeled and unlabeled data ... all the labeled data points and compare each < /b> of < /b> them to < /b> the data point that is to < /b> be classified Several strategies have been proposed to < /b> make nearest neighbor classification more efficient (Angiulli,...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "A Cascaded Linear Model for Joint Chinese Word Segmentation and Part-of-Speech Tagging" pdf
... exact predicating to < /b> the best of < /b> its ability, and can back off to < /b> approximately predicating if exact predicating fails 3.2 Training Algorithm We adopt the perceptron training algorithm of < /b> Collins ... has to < /b> resort to < /b> approximate inference by maintaining a < /b> list of < /b> N -best candidates at each < /b> predication position, which evokes a < /b> potential risk to < /b> depress the training To < /b> alleviate the drawbacks, ... following Ng and Low (2004) As each < /b> tag is now composed of < /b> a < /b> boundary part < /b> and a < /b> POS part,< /b> the joint S&T problem is transformed to < /b> a < /b> uniform boundary-POS labelling problem A < /b> subsequence of < /b> boundary-POS...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "Examining the Content Load of Part of Speech Blocks for Information Retrieval" pptx
... during which, any information on top of < /b> surface POS classification is lost (Table 1) Practically, this leads to < /b> 48 original TreeBank (TB) tag classes being narrowed down to < /b> 15 Reduced TreeBank ... so on In < /b> class-based n-gram modeling (Brown et al., 1992) for example, classbased n-grams are used to < /b> determine the probability of < /b> occurrence of < /b> a < /b> POS class, given its preceding classes, and the ... Church and Patrick Hanks 1990 Word association norms, mutual information, and lexicography Computational Linguistics, 16(1):22–29 We described a < /b> block-based part < /b> of < /b> speech < /b> (POS) modeling of < /b> language...
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