word alignment using labeled

... statistical word alignment with limited labeled data and large amounts of unlabeled data. In this algorithm, we built an in- terpolated model by using both the labeled data 919 and the unlabeled ... each word aligner using only the labeled data. Based on this semi- supervised boosting algorithm, we inves- tigate two boosting methods for word alignment. In addition, we improve the word alignment ... incor- porating the unlabeled data. In this algo- rithm, we build a word aligner by using both the labeled data and the unlabeled data. Then we build a pseudo reference set for the unlabeled data,...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 02:21

... automatic word alignment. Context vec- tors are built from the alignments found in a paral- lel corpus. Each aligned word type is a feature in the vector of the target word under consideration. The alignment ... for the automatic word alignment described below. 5.2.2 Alignment Context Context vectors are populated with the links to words in other languages extracted from automatic word alignment. We applied ... the target word P(W) is the probability of seeing the word P(f) is the probability of seeing the feature P(W,f) is the probability of seeing the word and the feature together. 3.3 Word Alignment The...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 12:20

... language word similarity of the Chinese word c and the Japanese word given the English word );,( efcsim f e Figure 1. Similarity Calculation English word e. For the ambiguous English word e, ... equation (7). The word similarity of the Chinese word "河 岸 (bank2)" and the Japanese word " 銀行 (bank1)" given the word English word "bank" is low. Thus, using the updated ... given English word and Japanese word , and put the English sentences in the pairs into Set 2. e f (3) Construct the feature vectors and of the given English word using all other words as context...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 12:20

... language word. is expressed as follows: a word qualifies for clus- tering if As before, are all the target language words that cooccur with source language word . Similarly to the most frequent words, ... assumedly variants of the same word, then further refines the clusters using a cooccurrence related measure. Word variants are found via a stemmer or by clustering all words that begin with the same ... contain one word. Then the similarity score of the merged cluster will be the similarity score of the word pair. 2. Merge a cluster that contains a single word and a cluster that contains words and...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 07:20

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 18:20

... (Pause). Look at the words around the picture (Pause.) Find the biggest word. What is that word? (Students will say, "Table.") A line has been drawn from that word to the TABLE to ... pattern of lining. • Have one example word that is familiar to all students and is bigger than the rest of the words. Difficulty of Items The task will contain words of varying degrees of difficulty, ... basis of the frequency of word use, complexity of the graphic image, and the meaning of the word. Response Attributes • Response: Students will look at the picture and the words and then draw lines...

Ngày tải lên: 06/09/2013, 11:10

... system. For sub-tree- alignment, we use the above word alignment to learn lexical /word alignment feature, and train with the FBIS training corpus (200) using the composite kernel of Plain+dBTK-Root+iBTK- RdSTT. ... bilingual phrases to be consistent with Either Word alignment or Sub-tree alignment (EWoS) instead of being originally consistent with the word alignment only. The method helps tailoring the ...     refers to the word set for the ex- ternal span of the source sub-tree , while  refers to that of the target sub-tree . Internal Word Alignment Features: The word alignment links...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 04:20

... a method for using synonym information effectively to improve word alignment quality. In general, synonym relations are defined in terms of word sense, not in terms of word form. In other words, synonym ... of the word alignment model by using synonym pairs includ- ing such ambiguous synonym words. Finally, we discuss the data set size used for un- supervised training. As shown in Table 1, using a ... sen- 140 Figure 1: Graphical model of HM-BiTAM alignment quality. 2 Bilingual Word Alignment Model In this section, we review a conventional gener- ative word alignment model, HM-BiTAM (Zhao and Xing,...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 04:20

... translations by word alignment but also becaus e of such interface issues that aligning words manually has the reputa- tion of being a very tedious task. 3 Yawat Yawat (Yet Another Word Alignment Tool) ... Ex- plorer. Figure 3: Alignment v isualization with Yawat. As the mouse is moved over a word, th e word and all words linked with it are highlighted. The highlighting is removed when the mouse leaves the word ... the term word alignment 1 Yawat was first presented at the 2007 Linguistic Annota- tion Workshop (Germann, 2007). to refer to any form of alignment that identifies words or groups of words as...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 09:20

... model many-to-one word alignments, where each source word is aligned with zero or one target words, and therefore each target word can be aligned with many source words. Each source word is labelled ... one-to-many alignments, where each target word is aligned with zero or more source words. Many-to-many alignments are recoverable using the standard techniques for superimposing pre- dicted alignments ... null, denot- ing no alignment. An example word alignment is shown in Figure 1, where the hollow squares and circles indicate the correct alignments. In this example the French words une and autre...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 11:21

... as 1. In building word alignment models, a special “NULL” word is usually introduced to address tar- get words that align to no source words. Since this physically non-existing word is not in the ... a m 1 specifies the indices of source words that target words are aligned to. In an HMM-based word alignment model, source words are treated as Markov states while target words are observations that are ... generative word alignment models. Prior knowledge serves as soft constraints that shall be placed on translation lexi- con to guide word alignment model training and dis- ambiguation during Viterbi alignment...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 12:20

... a family of word alignment. Definition 1. The ITG alignment family is a set of word alignments that has at least one BTG deriva- tion. ITG alignment family is only a subset of word alignments because ... am- biguity in word alignment is the case where two or more derivations d 1 , d 2 , d k of G have the same underlying word alignment A. A grammar G is non- spurious if for any given word alignment, ... Null -word Attachment Ambiguity Definition 4. For any given sentence pair (e, f) and its alignment A, let (e  , f  ) be the sentence pairs with all null-aligned words removed from (e, f). The alignment...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... are less than 20 percent. 2 1 : n Word Alignment Our discussion of uni-directional alignments of word alignment is limited to IBM Model 4. Definition 1 (Word alignment task) Let e i be the i-th ... two word alignments as an alignment point, 2) add new alignment points that exist in the union with the constraint that a new alignment point connects at least one previ- ously unaligned word, ... mechanism to aug- ment one source word into several source words or delete a source word, while a NULL insertion is a mechanism of generating several words from blank words. Fertility uses a conditional...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 01:20

... sums, for each word w, the number of words not linked to w that fall between the first and last words linked to w. The other features counts only such words that are linked to some word other than w. ... have a function word not linked to anything, between two words linked to the same word. exact match feature We have a feature that sums the number of words linked to identical words. This is motivated ... association with respect to a word in a sentence pair to be the number of association types (word- type to word- type) for that word that have higher association scores, such that words of both types occur...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 02:21

... bilin- gual word alignment finds word- to -word connec- tions across languages. Originally introduced as a byproduct of training statistical translation models in (Brown et al., 1993), word alignment ... im- proved alignments. 2 Constrained Alignment Let an alignment be the complete structure that connects two parallel sentences, and a link be one of the word- to -word connections that make up an alignment. ... exer- cise for word alignment. In HLT-NAACL Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts, pages 1–10, Edmon- ton, Canada. R. Moore. 2005. A discriminative framework for bilingual word alignment. ...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 02:21

... optimal alignment. Section 2 describes the clue alignment model and ways of estimating parameters from associ- ation scores. Section 3 introduces the alignment approach which is based on word alignment ... therefore, they can be dismissed in the alignment process. 3 Clue Alignment Word alignment clues as described above can be used to model the relations between words of translated texts. Parameters ... short words. 340 Combining Clues for Word Alignment Rirg Tiedemann Department of Linguistics Uppsala University Box 527 SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden joerg@stp.ling.uu.se Abstract In this paper, a word...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 21:20

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 21:20

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 21:20

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 16:51

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 00:20