purpose of language testing
Báo cáo khoa học: "A Word-Order Database for Testing Computational Models of Language Acquisition" docx
... Discussion of the problem of subset relationships among languages starts with Gold’s (1967) seminal paper and is discussed in Berwick (1985) and Wexler & Manzini (1987) Detailed accounts of the types of ... parametric language systems Proceedings of the Fifth Meeting on Mathematics of Language Bertolo, S., Broihier, K., Gibson, E., and Wexler, K (1997b) Cue-based learners in parametric language systems: ... a comprehensive study of parameter-setting algorithms or acquisition algorithms in general There is a large number of models that are omitted; some of which are targets of current investigation...
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The role of language in adult education and poverty reduction in Botswan
... perspective or needs of people from below At least one language of high status is used to exclude speakers of low status languages Marginalized groups are always at the disadvantage of the culture ... the first language of the learner is removed from the educational environment This may accompany a language shift in a community from the primary language to another more prestigious language ... Fishman 1968) on the use of vernacular languages states that a mother tongue is a person’s natural means of self expression and one of his needs is to develop his power of self expression to the...
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Consumer acceptance of cheese,influence of different testing conditions
... indicating no effect of the order of the testing situation Table shows data from the in-home testing The majority of the consumers (80%) tasted the cheese samples without any kind of bread, while ... primarily were sensory-based as we did blind testing of a single food item in a testing situation as opposed to branded testing, meal testing and/or testing under more natural eating conditions ... More than half of the consumers were drinking water while testing the cheese samples and 16% used other beverages About 50% of the consumers did the testing alone Fig Illustration of interaction...
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The use of hypothesis-testing statistics in clinical trials
... of depressive episodes (one of the frequently emphasized secondary outcomes) (Goodwin et al., 2004) Another example of the issue of generalizability involves studies of combination therapy, often ... basis for most of treatment decisions, is drawn from a small sliver of patients from the larger pie of persons with illnesses One study of elderly depression found that only 4.2% of 188 severely ... large sample The primary outcome of the study was a comparison of aspirin versus streptokinase for prevention of myocardial infarction, with a finding in favor of aspirin In subgroup analyses...
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Tài liệu Purpose of Public Speaking doc
... compliance with Title VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Executive Order 11246 as amended, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and other federal ... or two suggestions may be enough Cut off any criticism which tears down the feeling of achievement and acceptance Ask your county Extension office for a copy of the Public Speaking event scorecard ... service Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S Department of Agriculture, Samuel Curl, Director of Cooperative Extension Service,...
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A study on the use of language activities to enhance 11th grade student's speaking skill in pham hong thai school, hung nguyen district, nghe an province
... views of the goal of language teaching, the goal of the native speaker and the goal of a proficiency level "A second language learner may attain native 39 speaker levels of proficiency and therefore ... that refer to some aspects of the topic One of them that contained most is “Some problems in speaking activities of freshmen of English Department of College of Foreign Languages” by Le Phuong Lan ... background to language activities and speaking skill 2.2.1 Language activities 2.2.1.1 Definition of the language activities Language activities are activities that are used in teaching a language...
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Analysis of language used in business letters in term of speech acts = phân tích ngôn ngữ trong thư tín thương mại dưới góc độ hành động lời nói
... point of view Good writing does not call for elegant language of the poet but it does require to be written in plain language accurately and meet the demand of the seven Cs of a letter Plain language ... as “a stretch of language consisting of several sentences which are perceived as being related in some ways”(1993:5) Cook (1997:156) gives definition of discourse as “stretches of language perceived ... kinds of language for study: one used to teach language or literacy and another to communicate something (may respond to a correct sentence or a series of correct sentences “The later kind of language, ...
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Tài liệu A Brief History of Language Teaching docx
... one out of many types of accuracy work) has an important place in language teaching, not to teach language points but to raise their noticeability in the minds of the students As a matter of note, ... London’; here, the language they need will be: discussion exponents, telephoning language, arrangement language, lexis of sightseeing, etc; each group would be given what language they need by ... approach, more an attitude of mind, based on the idea of an immersive bath of communication from which useful language focus then arises – if we simply set our students off in authentic communicative...
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Tài liệu INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH LANGUAGE TESTING SYSTEM docx
... explosion of Mount St Helens Which paragraph describes the evacuation of the mountain? Which paragraph describes the moment of the explosion of Mount St Helens? 500 nuclear bombs The area of land ... types of coffee sold in each Common Room CONVENTION PROGRAM Example I = R = E = Answer Afternoon sessions: start at finish at 2.00pm .2.30 4.00pm Instant Real Espresso European Studies Type of coffee ... of Mount St Helens, Washington State, astounded the world with its violence A gigantic explosion tore much of the volcano's summit to fragments; the energy released was equal to that of 500 of...
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Tài liệu Báo cáo khoa học: "The impact of language models and loss functions on repair disfluency detection" pptx
... the next two Sections in more detail 5.2 Language Model Informally, the task of language model component of the noisy channel model is to assess fluency of Following Johnson and Charniak (2004), ... billion-token corpus of web text Because of the noise1 present in this corpus there is an ongoing debate in the scientific community of the use of this corpus for serious language modelling The ... fsisted of all sw[23]∗.dps files, held-out training con- score of 0.838 on test data The results as indicated sisted of all sw4[5-9]∗.dps files and test consisted of by the f-score outperform state -of- the-art...
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Tài liệu Báo cáo khoa học: "A Selectionist Theory of Language Acquisition" docx
... population of grammars Learning, including language acquisition, can be characterized as a sequence of states in which the learner moves from one state to another Transformational models of language ... the learner be modeled as a population of "grammars", the set of all principled language variations made available by the biological endowment of the human language faculty Each grammar Gi is associated ... 1991) Although I am not aware of any report on the timing of the correct setting of the Dutch V2 parameter, there is evidence in the acquisition of German, a similar language, that children are...
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Tài liệu Báo cáo khoa học: "Web augmentation of language models for continuous speech recognition of SMS text messages" docx
... empirical study of smoothing techniques for language modeling Computer Speech and Language, 13:359–394 Joshua T Goodman 2001 A bit of progress in language modeling Computer Speech and Language, 15:403–434 ... can afford from the top of the list However, the relevance of a query is dependent on the sequence of past queries (because of the decay factor) Finding the optimal order of the queries takes O(n2 ... on FSTs of different sizes The FSTs contain the acoustic models, language model and lexicon, but the LM makes up for most of the size The availability of data varies for the different languages,...
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The art of software testing
... 129 System Testing 130 Facility Testing 133 Volume Testing 133 Stress Testing 134 Usability Testing 135 Security Testing 137 Performance Testing 137 Storage Testing 138 Configuration Testing 138 ... Art of Software Testing Second Edition Glenford J Myers Revised and Updated by Tom Badgett and Todd M Thomas with Corey Sandler John Wiley & Sons, Inc The Art of Software Testing The Art of Software ... nature of the topic The Psychology of Testing One of the primary causes of poor program testing is the fact that most programmers begin with a false definition of the term They might say: • “Testing...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "Compositional Matrix-Space Models of Language" potx
... intersection of two matricible languages is again a matricible language Proof This is a direct consequence of the considerations in Section together with the observation, that the new set of acceptance ... properties of matrix grammars and matricible language are straightforward Proposition All languages characterized by a set of linear equations on the letter counts are matricible Proof Suppose ... a vector v of numerical values; one might, e.g., think of the level of excitation of neurons Then, an external stimulus or signal, such as a perceived word, will result in a change of the mental...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "Intelligent Selection of Language Model Training Data" ppt
... according to a language model trained on I, of a text segment s drawn from N Let HN (s) be the per-word cross-entropy of s according to a language model trained on a random sample of N We partition ... sample of the Gigaword corpus of a similar size to that of the Europarl training data: 1,874,051 sentences, 48,459,945 tokens To further increase the comparability of these Europarl and Gigaword language ... side of this equation, we could use it to select text segments that have a high probability of being in NI We can estimate P (s|I) and P (s|N ) by training language models on I and a sample of...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "Automatic Acquisition of Language Model based on Head-Dependent Relation between Words" pdf
... a sequence of or more adjacent complete-links that have the same direction A unit complete-sequence is defined on a string of one word It is sequence of complete-links The direction of a completesequence ... representation o f / ) Figure shows an abstract representation of a / ) of an n-word sentence When wk(1 < k
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