laplace transform solution of ordinary differential equations
Geometry of single point turning tools and drills
... metal cutting applications One of the key issues is the definite lack of understanding of the basics of tool geometry of standard and application-specific tools The lack of information on cutting ... line of action does not intersect the shear plane AB so that the balancing force R is applied somewhere at the point of intersection of the line of action of R’ and the imaginary continuation of ... meant to be a source of instant solutions, including pieces of useful practical suggestions that one can just implement into one’s own applications, providing the solutions of common problems Second,...
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Tài liệu Cutting Tools P1 pptx
... toughness (b) (a) Figure 1.1 (a) Hardness of various cutting-tool materials as a function of temperature (b) Ranges of properties of various groups of materials tools are made are all characteristically ... cratering of the tool by reducing the tendency of the long steel chips to erode the surface of the tool • The most significant contribution of tantalum carbide is that it increases the hot hardness of ... temperatures, these products of molten metallurgy failed A different set of conditions exists with the cemented carbides The hardness of the carbide is greater than that of most other tool materials...
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Tài liệu Cutting Tools P2 ppt
... numbering sysincrements of 1/16 inch, and the nose tem became necessary, due to the addiradius is designated in increments of tion of an expanded range of types and sizes of inserts incorporating ... the rear tool post of a turret lathe Seat flatness is one of the most critical requirements of tool holders Application tests have shown that an out -of- flatness condition, of as little as 0.001 ... angle of shear (α) A general discussion of the forces acting in metal cutting is presented by using FIGURE 2.2 Chip formation showing the deforthe example of a typical turning operation mation of...
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Tài liệu Cutting Tools P3 pdf
... resistance The use of alloying elements can alter the final grain size of a heat treated steel, which often results in a lower machinability rating of the final product The primary types of alloyed steel ... energy The use of net power consumption during machining as an index of the machinability of the workpiece is similar to the use of cutting force Again, the data are most useful in terms of specific ... carbon, with a minimum of 1.7 percent carbon to 4.5 percent carbon Steel has a typical carbon content of 05 percent to 1.5 percent The commercial production of a significant number of steel grades is...
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Tài liệu Cutting Tools P4 pptx
... Because of their in the spindle be kept free of dirt and collet, the action of the two mating greater size range, fewer of these collets also that the taper of the center be clean and free of chips ... require both modes of tool feed at the same time often referred to as ‘profiling’ Turning facing and profiling operations are shown in Figure 4.1 The cutting characteristics of most turning applications ... reference publications Depth of Cut: The depth of cut relates to the depth the tool cutting edge engages the work The depth of cut determines one linear dimension of the area of cut For example: to...
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Tài liệu Cutting Tools P5 pdf
... right or left of center The machine can be provided with a control that permits automatic operation of each head including rate and direction of feed, change in spindle feed, indexing of turret, ... desired for good productivity, the economics of the cutting process, and the balancing of speeds on various phases of the operation to obtain the desired rate of wear on each cutting tool A single-spindle ... machine A schematic illustration of the Feed components of a turret lathe is shaft shown in Figure 5.5 Square and Hex Turrets: A square turret is mounted on the top of the cross slide and is capaLongitudinal...
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Tài liệu Cutting Tools P7 doc
... Size: The size of a shaper is the maximum length of stroke which it can take Horizontal shapers are most often made with strokes from 16 to 24 The less expensive shaper, the one most often purchased, ... from going off the table when the machine reverses Planer Size: The size of planers is often referred to as a 30 inch planer or a 60 inch planer This specifies the approximate width of the table ... Adjustable dogs at the side of the bed control the stroke length of the platen Planers are often converted to planer- mills, for more efficient machining 7.3.1 Comparison of Shapers and Planers Although...
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Tài liệu Cutting Tools P9 doc
... press vise Successful operation of any drilling machine requires a good knowledge of the machine, proper set-up of the work, correct speed and feed, and proper use of cutting fluids applied to the ... Machines the spindle to the inner face of the column • The maximum length of quill travel • The size of the Morse taper in the spindle • The horsepower of the motor 9.4 Drilling Systems Drilling ... allow easier handling of parts of varying heights 9.2.3 Radial Drill For handling medium to very large size castings, weldments, or forgings, radial drills are ideal The length of the arm along which...
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Tài liệu Cutting Tools P10 pptx
... outside diameter within the limits of the accuracy of the chuck or holding device For best concentricity, the turning of the outside diameter and the boring of the inside diameter is done in one ... holder The stability of direction of the chip flow, a comproall machining, is to minimize the the tool and clamping will be the mise often has to be made The main disadvantage of a small tool overhang ... slightest amount of mobility in the fixed end of the boring bar will lead to deflection of the tool The best stability is obtained with a holder that completely encases the bar This type of holder is...
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Tài liệu Cutting Tools P12 pdf
... configuration on the surface One example of his class of tool is the gear tooth cutter The exact contour of the cutting edge of a form mill is reproduced on the surface of the workpiece (Fig.12.4f, Fig.12.4g, ... motion of the work The thickness of the chip at the beginning of the cut is at a minimum, gradually increasing in thickness to a maximum at the end of the cut Climb Milling: The term often associated ... against the insert pocket walls This clamping action is a result of either offsetting the centerline of the screw toward the back walls of the insert www.toolingandproduction.com Chap 12: Milling...
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Tài liệu Cutting Tools P13 pdf
... involving the machining of cavities can be done on three-dimensional profilers An accurate pattern of the cavity is made of wood, plaster, or soft metal The stylus follows the contour of the pattern guiding ... means of one of several different types of systems The material-handling system selected must be capable of routing any part to any machine in any order and also to provide a bank of parts ahead of ... Schematic illustration of the motions and components (a) of a vertical-spindle column and knee type milling machine and (b) of a horizontalspindle column and knee type of machine (a) (b) FIGURE...
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Tài liệu Cutting Tools P14 docx
... accounts for only about 10 percent of existing broaching machines, but this is not indicative of the percentage of the total investment they represent or of the volume of work they produce Horizontal ... prevent crowding of chips in the intersection of the cutting teeth Another method of placing teeth at a shear angle on broaches is by using a herringbone pattern An advantage of this design is ... entire length of the workpiece Sides of the broach teeth will rub the sides of the slot and cause rapid tool wear unless clearance is provided Grinding a single relief angle on both sides of each tooth...
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Tài liệu Cutting Tools P16 pptx
... Diamond: Two types of diamond are used in the production of grinding wheels: natural and manufactured Natural diamond is a crystalline form of carbon and very expensive In the form of bonded wheels, ... Grade The grade of a grinding wheel is a measure of the strength of the bonding material holding the individual grains in the wheel It is used to indicate the relative hardness of a grinding wheel ... is A to Z, with A representing maximum softness and Z maximum hardness The selection of the proper grade of wheel is very important Wheels that are too soft tend to release grains too rapidly...
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Tài liệu Cutting Tools P11a docx
... result of one of several causes, some of which are listed: * Excessive speed * Too much clearance on reamer * Lack of rigidity in jig or machine * Insecure holding of work * Excessive overhand of ... adjustable holders Quite often if the user will grind a slight back taper on the reamer it will also be of help in overcoming the effects of misalignment Chatter: The presence of chatter while reaming ... from the accuracy of the hole Tapered, oversize, or bell-mouthed holes should call for a check of alignment Sometimes the bad effects of misalignment can be reduced through the use of floating or...
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Tài liệu Cutting Tools P11b docx
... Pipe often be run up to twice as fast as other styles, however, the size of the hole drilled before tapping must be no larger than the pitch diameter of the thread The cold-formed thread often ... for threading a wide range of materials both ferrous and non-ferrous All pipe taps are supplied with 2-1/2 to 3-1/2 thread chamfer The nominal size of a pipe tap is that of the pipe fitting to be ... sometimes called ‘helical-fluted’ taps The use of these taps has been increasing since they pull the chip up out of the hole and produce good threads in soft metals (such as aluminum, zinc, and copper),...
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Báo cáo hóa học: " Structural Analysis of Single-Point Mutations Given an RNA Sequence: A Case Study with RNAMute" potx
... motivation of using the Fiedler eigenvalue, or algebraic connectivity of trees, as a similarity measure between RNAfolds to locate structural rearrangements We present some of the properties of the ... matrix of T (also known to be the difference of the diagonal matrix of vertex degrees D(T) and the adjacency matrix A(T) [3, 5]) is L(T) = (ai j ), where ⎧ ⎪d(vi ) ⎪ ⎨ j = ⎪−1 ⎪ ⎩0 Properties of algebraic ... representation of case study The eigenvalues of the Laplacian matrix are independent of the chosen labeling for the nodes in the tree graph, which only amounts to interchanges of rows and columns...
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Wear mechanisms of HSS cutting tools pps
... form of small fragments, see Fig 13b a) b) Fig 13 Coating detachment of hob tooth used for making gears of carbon steel a) Coating fracture due to thermal softening of the substrate b) Removal of ... Note that the direction of the cracks coincide with the direction of surface finishing Wear mechanisms of HSS cutting tools 10 7.2 Coating removal due to thermal softening of the substrate Once ... dispersion of hard particles, etc of a metallic materials most often results in a material with a lower fracture strength as indicated by Fig 3b a) Fig b) a) Hot hardness (HV) of HSS compared to that of...
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Cutting Tools Episode 2 Part 9 ppt
... shown in Figure 18.3 The lapping plate is most frequently made of high-quality soft cast iron, though some are made of copper or other soft metals This plate must be kept perfectly flat The work ... used finishing lap/ polishing plate • Often used in place of polishing pads • Suitable for metal, ceramic and other materials Tin - Fine Stock Removal • Often used where lead-type contamination ... inch of stock or as much as 0.125 inch of stock However, usually only 0.002 to 0.020 inch stock is left on the diameter for honing As shown in Figure 18.10, honing can correct a number of condi-...
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Cutting Tools Episode 2 Part 8 potx
... this type of surface the bedways of an engine lathe It This type of grinding machine (Fig grinder, the work moves back and forth removes metal with the face of the 17.6) is capable of heavy cuts ... depth of cut is as much as 0.25 in., and the workpiece speed is low The wheels are mostly softer grade FIG 17.17: Tool and cutter grinder setups: (a) sharpening of a tap, (b) sharpening of a milling ... criteria of the grindability to the application requireof metals In addition, there ments are the important factors of chip formation and suscep17.4.3 Bond Fracture tibility to damage of the It...
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Cutting Tools Episode 2 Part 7 docx
... Diamond: Two types of diamond are used in the production of grinding wheels: natural and manufactured Natural diamond is a crystalline form of carbon and very expensive In the form of bonded wheels, ... Grade The grade of a grinding wheel is a measure of the strength of the bonding material holding the individual grains in the wheel It is used to indicate the relative hardness of a grinding wheel ... is A to Z, with A representing maximum softness and Z maximum hardness The selection of the proper grade of wheel is very important Wheels that are too soft tend to release grains too rapidly...
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