không qui địnhmàu sắc nhưng có khả năng át chế sự biểu hiện của gen a và a
Rate-Distortion Analysis and Traffic Modelling of Scalable Video Coders
... coarse granular scalability includes spatial scalability, temporal scalability, and SNR/quality scalability There is also a term called frequency scalability, which indicates a form of spatial ... streaming applications Scalable coding techniques can be classified into coarse granularity (e.g., spatial scalability) and fine granularity (e.g., fine granular scalability (FGS)) [107] In both coarse and ... video quality over a given bit rate range instead of a given bit rate [65] These video coders are referred to as scalable coders and have attracted much attention in both industry and academia A Problem...
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Hull and White model
... t The variances and covariances are not random The means are random through a dependence on r t Advantages of the Hull & White model: Leads to closed-form pricing formulas Allows calibration ... , A t; T g : Suppose we obtain B 0; T for all T determine the functions t , t , and 0; T from market data (with some interpolation) Can we t for all t 0; T ? Not quite Here is what ... The reason for these changes is the following We are now taking the initial time to be t rather than RT R zero, so it is plausible that : : : dv should be replaced by tT : : : dv: Recall that K...
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computer graphics and geometric modeling - m. agoston
... because standards are device independent, they, by definition, usually not take advantage of any special features that a particular piece of hardware may have What this means is that programs that use ... new value and op is a binary logical operator that operates on a bit-by-bit basis Typical binary logical operations on bits are or, and, xor, and replace The statement (V replace [A] ) Æ [A] corresponds ... the coordinate axes of the camera and view plane coordinate system are parallel and the z-axes are perpendicular to the view plane One also assumes that their x- and y-axes are parallel to the...
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Tài liệu The UML and Data Modeling pptx
... the support of standard datatypes Examples of datatypes are char, date, float, long, number, nvarchar2, raw, varchar2 Object relational databases also require support of any enumeration designed ... , when used as a UML component, defines a database As a component the database must have a name In the component view, a database is a target dependent element, since it references a ... supports The relational database is the standard database supported by the Data Modeling UML profile An object relational database, an extension of the relational database, is also supported by...
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Tài liệu 2D Artwork and 3D Modeling for Game Artists- P1 pptx
... disk space after all your programs are installed, especially since graphic images and animations pile up quick Hard drives are so cheap nowadays anyway that it almost hurts—for $100, you can pick ... Textures are a vital part of game artwork—the detailed images that are applied to walls, floors, and other 3D objects that give them the illusion of realism—and a graphics tablet makes hand-painting ... texture skin, and an animation (or set of animations) all wrapped up in a nice game-ready package Figure 2.1 illustrates the workflow for creating a compound asset such as a character model Figure...
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Tài liệu 2D Artwork and 3D Modeling for Game Artists- P2 docx
... Once an edge is created, trueSpace may or may not install a face that defines a closed boundary If you don’t see a shaded area come to life after you add an edge, you may need to use the Add Face ... Subtraction tool to chisel away at the barrel Repeat steps and using a 10-sided cylinder as a drill to carve out an arcshaped area under the barrel, as shown in Figure 3.24 Select the back face ... flipping back and forth between trueSpace and another program that houses the image, or—my personal preference—creating a reference plane (a 2D plane you create in trueSpace that has the actual sketch...
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Tài liệu 2D Artwork and 3D Modeling for Game Artists- P3 doc
... through Automatic Mapping Your objective is to lay out the U-V coordinates within the Material area so that painting a texture map in a paint program will be a snap DeepUV offers an Please purchase ... the area in question; the camera then displays whatever it’s looking at only as a 2D unwrapped map When you specify a technique other than planar, such as cylindrical, the camera, all-at-once, ... map should be applied to the surface The way this process works is, you create a 3D object, unwrap only the U-Vs, lay them out flat on a blank bitmap surface, and arrange them in a way that makes...
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Tài liệu 2D Artwork and 3D Modeling for Game Artists- P4 doc
... Technique Seam Location Head (normal) Spherical Top/back Head (oblong) Planar/Cylindrical Top Face Planar n /a Body Planar/Cylindrical Sides Tail Cylindrical Bottom Arms/Legs Cylindrical Inside, facing ... the muzzle and cut them away Then, choose Automatic: Planar to map the front face flat Figure 5.51 Select and cut away the inner cone of the muzzle, and apply an Automatic: Planar mapping to it ... That’s because the relaxed shape now appears natural, as if you took a pair of scissors and cut the mesh down the seam, like a pants leg, and laid it out on a table This is exactly what you’re...
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Tài liệu 2D Artwork and 3D Modeling for Game Artists- P5 pdf
... create Animal and reptile skins are usually easy to make by hand because they take the same path as rock-texture creation—usually you can achieve a great base texture for them using only a handful ... Save your image so you can use it later as a plain brick wall I recommend you save the image as a PSD file in a separate folder called \Textures\Brick\ or something similar 11 Start a new layer ... be a flat-out AVI of rushing water that’s overlaid onto a 3D object in the shape of water, then looped ad infinitum Animated textures can also be as simple as a blinking light on a control panel–two...
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Tài liệu 2D Artwork and 3D Modeling for Game Artists- P6 docx
... work by making it a pattern again and again and filling a large canvas with it.) Figure 8.48 shows a before and after of this step Figure 8.48 Offset the texture and use the Clone Stamp tool ... textures based on the previous example For instance, say you have a spaceship deck, or many decks, that have those caution lines tracing all over the place Maybe they’re a path for a robot or ... a floor map Figure 8.104 Create a tileable set of caution lines to make a variety of patterns When you create each tile, reduce the image, and then palletize the image for final import into a...
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Tài liệu 16 Validation, Testing, and Noise Modeling pdf
... way as to include Gaussian pdf as a special case 16.4.1 Generalized Gaussian Noise A generalized Gaussian pdf is characterized by two constants, variance σ , and an exponential decayrate parameter ... data • Linear Gaussian models have long been dominant both for signals as well as for noise processes Assumption of Gaussianity allows implementation of statistically efficient parameter estimators ... in a wide variety of signal processing tasks such as signal detection, estimation, filtering, and classification, and in a wide variety of applications such as digital communications, automatic...
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Tài liệu 2D Artwork and 3D Modeling for Game Artists- P7 ppt
... Texture Tutorials with Photoshop Metal Panels (and Spaceship Hulls) You probably already have an idea about how to create a metal panel These can look really cool, especially when you put painted stuff ... with the Metal Panel procedure, create a panel outline, but apply a Layer Via Cut (instead of copy) to treat the panel as a separate unit Apply an inner bevel to the removed panel, and move it ... Save As, and choose TGA, TIF (or whatever the engine requires) Make sure Alpha Channel is selected and click Save If the Alpha Channel option is not present in the Save As screen, you may have...
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Tài liệu 2D Artwork and 3D Modeling for Game Artists- P8 doc
... techniques being applied to a texture Blast Marks Blast marks are just smoky radial marks of varying transparency using either a grayscale range (like from white to black) or within an alpha channel I’m ... futuristic wall, with an associated animation frame to alter the texture’s state in a game TE ■ AM FL Y ow that you’ve absorbed a good deal of basic, general texturing examples from the previous chapter, ... Polygonal Lasso tool, select a board from the image, copy it, and paste it into a new layer Repeat for a second board (pasting it into a new layer as well), as shown in Figure 8.199 Scale each board...
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Tài liệu 2D Artwork and 3D Modeling for Game Artists- P9 doc
... before Add an Outer Glow to the radial gradient’s layer CAUTION 22 Add an outer-glow style to the layer that contains the furnace’s radial gradient (Make sure the glow color is the same as before—in ... simulate reflectance of the furnace 37 Next, make an on/off panel that a player could approach and activate In the image shown in Figure 9.53, I simply made a rectangular selection, copied a portion ... texture animation during game play 23 Break up the top portion of the background layer a bit by creating Polygonal Lasso selections, making a copy of that portion of the background layer, and applying...
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Tài liệu 2D Artwork and 3D Modeling for Game Artists- P10 doc
... slogre’s hand, between his thumb and index finger There is a slightly organic pattern to this area too, with knurled hash marks that act as anti-slip areas The blades at the bottom are very sharp and ... terrain to be in constant, random, wave-like motion within a fixed range In the case of this example—which could easily apply to lava, boiling acid, and the like a water texture is applied to an ... scrap-metal heaps near the incinerators The great thing about the Alien series was the concept art—extraordinarily eerie, organic shapes that made much of the non-living materials look alive The...
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Tài liệu 2D Artwork and 3D Modeling for Game Artists- P11 ppt
... model a backpack onto this character; besides, the pack can always be modeled separately and attached by the game engine if needed (All you have to is add an appropriate mounting dummy; see Please ... you can take care of this by choosing Image, Adjust, Hue/Saturation, and desaturating the entire image until it looks a little washed Adjusting the levels and color balance are also good last-minute ... 12.24 Create a copy of the tooth layer, and place a copy of the tooth layer in a new channel for a bump map Add noise to the channel as well 13 You should have two tooth layers in the Layers palette...
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Tài liệu 2D Artwork and 3D Modeling for Game Artists- P12 pdf
... during animations to change the way a character moves For instance, when a character transitions from a walk to a sprint, it would be more natural for the COM to shift forward, causing the character ... count as the player’s view increases with distance After all, how much detail on another player’s weapon can you possibly discern from far away? Try to picture an opponent standing far away on a ... engine (as well weapon at the same time as many other engines) comes with default character animations that you can use to drive the skeleton you create (see the Adding and Attaching a Biped...
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Tài liệu 2D Artwork and 3D Modeling for Game Artists- P13 docx
... Anti-aliased aliasing To correct this problem and make the image appear smooth, a program can anti-alias the image Anti-aliasing is a technique in which the program looks at the edge detail of an ... their salary? I’d rather take a 75% pay cut and be ecstatic about my job than be loaded but have to deal with trademark agreements all day long In any case, assuming you are (or will be) an entry-level ... Granularity of distant images Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark A Few Graphics Concepts 621 Figure B.4 An aliased and an anti-aliased image Aliased Anti-aliased...
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Tài liệu 2D Artwork and 3D Modeling for Game Artists- P14 pptx
... a moving pattern called marching ants Mask A graphics operation that creates a temporary overlay on an image with a specified pattern in order to isolate a particular work area Material Synonymous ... (American National Standards Institute), 641 anti-aliasing, 621 Apogee Web site, Arbitrary command (Image menu, Rotate Canvas), 203 Arc Rotate tool, 153 arcade games, arcs, 45 arms (slogre character) ... progress Accelerated Graphics Port See AGP Acuity Refers to the ability to differentiate the details of an image, especially at a distance Adaptive A sampling mode used when anti-aliasing an image...
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