functions of data link layer in osi model
Tài liệu Module 7- Data Link Layer CCNA Exploration 4.0 pptx
... OverviewUpon completion of this chapter, you will be able to:ã Explain the role of Data Link layer protocols in data transmission. ã Describe how the Data Link layer prepares data for transmission ... Connecting Upper Layer Services to the Media11ã To support a wide variety of network functions, the Data Link layer is often divided into two sublayers: an upper sublayer and an lower sublayer. ... consists of virtual connections between the nodes of a network independent of their physical layout. – These logical signal paths are defined by Data Link layer protocols.ã The Data Link layer...
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Hình ảnh Protocols in relation to the OSI model.doc
... SessionNetwork Data link Physical zone 1 zone 2H2:H.323 Protocols in relation to the OSI model G.711G.722G.728G.729G.723.1.1PresentationH.261 ... H.323 RAS signaling zone 1 zone 2Hình 3: kiến trúc tại Terminal H.323 cña CiscoVideo Conference Architecturea typical H.323 TerminalVideo I/OEquipmentAudio I/OEquipmentUser Data ApplicationsSystemControlUserInterfaceH.225.0 Layer LocallAreaNetworkIntererfacerecoveryPathDelayVideo ... Data ApplicationsSystemControlUserInterfaceH.225.0 Layer LocallAreaNetworkIntererfacerecoveryPathDelayVideo codecH261, H263Audio condecG711, G722, G723, G728G729System control 1. Setup 2. Alerting 3....
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Tài liệu overview of data modeling and database design pptx
... course description. Overview of Data Modeling and Database Design 8Ć9Database DesignDesigning a relational database system involves converting a model into a workablesoftware representation. The ... is the amount of space required to store the data of a table in the database.DRedefine integrity constraints.For more information, seeDevelop Complex Data Models and Design Databases course ... attribute. Overview of Data Modeling and Database Design 8Ć29Designing the DatabaseThe database design stage produces design specifications for a relational database,including definitions for relational...
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Tài liệu Modeling of Data part 1 pptx
... Permission is granted for internet users to make one paper copy for their own personal use. Further reproduction, or any copying of machine-readable files (including this one) to any servercomputer, ... graph of data and model “looks good.” Thisapproach is known as chi-by-eye. Luckily, its practitioners get what they deserve.CITED REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING:Bevington, P.R. 1969, Data Reduction ... general principles is it based on? The answerto these questions takes us into the subject of maximum likelihood estimators.Given a particular data set of xi’s and yi’s, we have the intuitive...
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Tài liệu Modeling of Data part 2 doc
... [1]15.2 Fitting Data to a Straight LineA concrete example will make the considerations of the previous section moremeaningful. We consider the problem of fitting a set of N data points (xi,yi)toa ... that the model does fit well, then we can proceed by first assigning an arbitraryconstant σ to all points, next fitting for the model parameters by minimizing χ2,and finally recomputingσ2=Ni=1[yi− ... 68 percent of the time, within ±2σ 95 percent of the time, and within ±3σ 99.7 percent of the time. Extending this, one wouldexpect a measurement to be off by 20 only one time out of 2 ì 1088.Weallknow...
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Tài liệu Modeling of Data part 3 docx
... [1]15.2 Fitting Data to a Straight LineA concrete example will make the considerations of the previous section moremeaningful. We consider the problem of fitting a set of N data points (xi,yi)toa ... ith point. Theweighted sum of variances in the denominator of equation (15.3.2) can be understood bothas the variance in the direction of the smallest χ2between each data point and the line ... *chi2, float *q)Given a set of data pointsx[1 ndata],y[1 ndata]with individual standard deviationssig[1 ndata], fit them to a straight line y = a + bx by minimizing χ2. Returned area,band...
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Tài liệu Modeling of Data part 4 pptx
... ith point. Theweighted sum of variances in the denominator of equation (15.3.2) can be understood bothas the variance in the direction of the smallest χ2between each data point and the line ... ensurethat the minimum with respect to b is also minimized with respect to a. 668Chapter 15. Modeling of Data Sample page from NUMERICAL RECIPES IN C: THE ART OF SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING (ISBN 0-521-43108-5)Copyright ... projection of the confidence region ontothe a axis. In the figure, we have found the point labeled B;tofindσawe need to find the 666Chapter 15. Modeling of Data Sample page from NUMERICAL RECIPES IN...
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Tài liệu Modeling of Data part 5 doc
... learn more about identifying and treating such cases in Đ15.6. In the following routine, the point at which this kind of editing wouldoccur is indicated.Generallyspeaking, werecommend that youalwaysuseSVD ... .XM(xN)σN data pointsbasis functions Figure 15.4.1. Design matrix for the least-squares fit of a linear combination of M basis functions to N data points. The matrix elements involve the basis functions ... a factor of 3 on the linear algebra by switching to LU decomposition, without 674Chapter 15. Modeling of Data Sample page from NUMERICAL RECIPES IN C: THE ART OF SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING (ISBN...
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Tài liệu Modeling Of Data part 6 pdf
... i.Inclusion of the second-derivative term can in fact be destabilizing if the model fits badly or is contaminated by outlier points that are unlikely to be offset bycompensating points of opposite ... covsrt(float **covar, int ma, int ia[], int mfit);void gaussj(float **a, int n, float **b, int m);void mrqcof(float x[], float y[], float sig[], int ndata, float a[],int ia[], int ma, float **alpha, ... [], int), float *alamda)Levenberg-Marquardt method, attempting to reduce the value χ2 of a fit between a set of data pointsx[1 ndata],y[1 ndata]with individual standard deviationssig[1 ndata],and...
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Tài liệu Modeling Of Data part 7 pptx
... find some way of estimating or approximatingthe probability distributionof a(i)−atruewithout knowing atrueand withouthavingavailable to us an in nite universe of hypothetical data sets.Monte ... a minimum at a(0). Call this minimum value χ2min.If 696Chapter 15. Modeling of Data Sample page from NUMERICAL RECIPES IN C: THE ART OF SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING (ISBN 0-521-43108-5)Copyright ... departures for all data points, or else fractionally large departures for a smallnumber of data points. It is the latter interpretation, leading to the notion of outlierpoints, that is generally...
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Tài liệu Modeling Of Data part 8 pptx
... thus obtainedare then used as starting values in amoeba, now using the robust choice of ρ andminimizing the expression (15.7.3).Fitting a Line by Minimizing Absolute DeviationOccasionally ... Such discontinuities frequently wreak havoc on both generalnonlinear equation solvers and general function minimizing routines. You mightnow think of rejecting (15.7.8) in favor of (15.7.10), ... departures for all data points, or else fractionally large departures for a smallnumber of data points. It is the latter interpretation, leading to the notion of outlierpoints, that is generally...
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Tài liệu overview of data modeling and database design pdf
... indicating “must be.”Crow’s foot Degree element indicating “one or more.”Single line Degree element indicating “one and only one.” Overview of Data Modeling and Database Design 8Ć27Integrity ... Values in the column must match the defineddatatype.User-defined Values must comply with the business rules.Examples of UserĆDefined Data Integrity ConstraintsDAn employee in the finance ... degree. Overview of Data Modeling and Database Design 8Ć29Designing the DatabaseThe database design stage produces design specifications for a relational database,including definitions for relational...
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