... saw a rainbow in the shining drop. It was so beautiful
he wanted to keep it to show to his mother, but it slid from his finger into the
sand and was gone.
All the running and laughing had ...
A Rainbow InMy Pocket
A long time ago, in the far away land of the Navajo, there was a small
village. A favorite time in the village was evening. The time when work
was finished, ... his sisters in their long colorful shining skirts and soft velvet
blouses with silver buttons. They were so bright in the sunlight it reminded
him to tell his mother about the rainbow he had...
... Teachers
In order to make the language learning process a more motivating experience instructors
need to put a great deal of thought into developing programs which maintain student
interest ... English in Japan is complex. One
cannot simply observe input, in terms of the amount of time spent studying the language
and then output, expressed as linguistic performance when investigating language ... second language acquisition,
where little or no social integration of the learner into a community using the target
language takes place, or in some instances is even desired.
Integrative vs Instrumental...
... point of view
with regard to …
as regards …
in being
in that it is
inasmuch as it is
more + adjective
less + adjective
A is superior to
inferior to
B
in giving
showing
exhibiting ... real definition, that is a definition that explains precisely the essential, intrinsic
characteristics of an object.
the nominal definition, that is one that helps to determine the meaning ... be right in certain respects, but our findings show that …
* We respect X's work in this area, but our initial conclusions indicate that …
35
Language functions
4.2 Classifying
Classifying...
... all four language
skills (listening, speaking, reading and writing) or on one or more language
modalities (listening, speaking, reading, writing or some combination of these).
However, in this ... for the significance of language
learning strategies inlanguage teaching. Firstly, by examining the strategies used
by second language learners during the language learning process, educators ...
researchers can gain insights into the metacognitive, cognitive, social, and affective
processes involved inlanguage learning. The second reason supporting research
into language learning strategies...
... social informa-
tion sources during word learning.
1 Introduction
From learning sounds to learning the meanings of
words, social interactions are extremely important
for children’s early language ... generalisations
here. The main challenge in this reduction is finding
a way of expressing the non-linguistic information
as part of the strings that serve as the grammatical in-
ference procedure’s input. Here ... Reducing grounded learning tasks to gram-
matical inference. In Proceedings of the 2011 Confer-
ence on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Pro-
cessing, pages 1416–1425, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.,
July....
... be used in the construction.
That is, beginning with only characters in the lexi-
con and using the training data to alter the current
lexicon in each iteration. This is also an interesting
direction.
References
Maximilian ... constraints to combine phonemes into
short chunks while the language model combines
phonemes into longer chunks by more global con-
straints. However, it’s almost impossible to include
all words into ... such information.
With the baseline lexicon, we performed the EM
algorithm as in Table 2 to train the trigram LM.
Here we used a 313 MB LM training corpus, which
contains text news articles in...
... chaining Inferencer Is then called to
generate any ~nown preconditions for the act INGEST.
The
primary
precondition (causative
inference) for
drinking is that the person
doing
the drinking ... establishing
containment, since wine is known to be OUTPUTFROM
bottles
but
bottles are not always assumed to hold wine.
Another inference made
during
the
initial
analysis finds
the ... completes the linking of tne causal chain between tne
events described in the sentence. Second, it causes the
filling of empty slots appearing in either the enabled
act or In the enabling act, wherever...
... of set
domain relational calculus used in TQA then provides
a basis for either taking the initiative in automat-
ically printing these implicitly requested values or
for engaging in a dialog ... second NP dominates the string "WARD 1 BLOCK
2". The feature + UNIT on a node that dominates
PARKING SPACE is not found in the corresponding
structure involving PARKINGLOT, and this ...
of the vacant parcels which are located in split-
blocks in subplanning area 410?"
(2) Store information that permits replacing
expressions involving virtual relations such as
(RELATION...
... ISSUES IN NATURAL LANGUAGE ACCESS TO DATABASES
FROM A LOGIC PROGRAMMING PERSPECTIVE
David H D Warren
Artificial Intelligence Center
SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
I INTRODUCTION ... within the English
subset are answered in well under one second,
including queries which involve taking Joins
between relations having of the order of a
thousand tuples.
A disadvantage of much ... database
management systems, while retaining Prolog's
generality and efficiency as a programming
language. Indeed, I expect such a system to be
developed in the near future, especially now...
...
fined within linguistics, psycholinguistics,
neurolinguistics, and AI approaches to language
study.
2. FOCUS ON PROCESS
In developing CN models, the claim is that by
focusing on process independently ...
morphemes in an attempt to determine in which way
these morphemes are related to the words. Are
they unified with the word in all instances or
only in certain contexts?
Adapting a neurolinguistically ...
linguistically interpretable hierarchical repre-
sentations that arise inlanguage behavior are
introduced by including neurally motivated pro-
cessing control as the focus of model definition...
... in is
interpreted as an entire nucleus, complete with consequent
state, for by definition the consequent state includes whatever
other events were contingent upon Harry walking in, including ... points or
culminations, they can be used to describe extended events
such as our processes, in terms of a
pair
identifying their start-
ing point and to the point at which they stop (in ... culmination (in the case of culminated
processes). This means
that
a process expression like
John
ran
will introduce two events, one indicating the start of the pro-
cess and one indicating...
... distribution. Backoff models have been used
in a variety of ways in natural language process-
ing, most notably in statistical language modeling.
In language modeling, a higher-order n-gram dis-
tribution ... models for combining in- domain and
42
Phrase-Based Backoff Models for Machine Translation of Highly In ected
Languages
Mei Yang
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Washin g ton
Seattle, ... reordering certain syntactic con-
structions that differ in word order in the source
vs. target language (German and English). Re-
ordering is applied before training and after gener-
ating the...
... Algorithm for Incremental Singular Value
Decomposition in Natural Language Processing
Genevieve Gorrell
Department of Computer and Information Science
Link¨oping University
581 83 LINK
¨
OPING
Sweden
gengo@ida.liu.se
Abstract
An ... sys-
tem has seen dur ing training, it will invari-
ably see something new at ru n-time in a do-
main of any complexity. Any approach to au-
tomatic natural language processing will en-
counter ... then be reinserted into GHA.
To summarise, where GHA dotted the input
with the eigenvector and multiplied the result
by the input vector to form the training up-
date (thereby adding the input vector...