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Statisticshashelpeddeterminetheformoflawsaboutsociety and thecharacterof
socialfacts.Ithasengenderedconcepts and classificationswithinthehumansci-
ences.Moreoverthecollectionofstatisticshascreated,attheleast,agreatbureau-
craticmachinery.Itmaythinkofitselfasprovidingonlyinformation,butitis
itselfpartofthetechnologyofpowerinthemodernstate.(Hacking1991:181)
ThisbookemergedfromtheseminarontheMeasurementofInnovationActivitiesin
Organisationfor Economic Co- operation and Development (OECD) and non -OECD
countries thatwasheldinSouthAfricain2001.Themotivationforthatforumwasthe
recognisedneedtoaddressanew and excitingphenomenonintheareaof economic
policyformulation.Thelandmarksofthisphenomenonwerethepublicationofthe1992
OsloManual and thenewEurostatCommunityInnovationSurvey(CIS).Theseevents
markedanotableruptureintheplacementofinnovationwithinmacroeconomicpolicy
formulation.Thisruptureresultedinashiftofinnovationtheory(offering,asitdoes,what
maywellbeoneofthemoreformidablechallengestotheneoclassicalaccountof economic
growth)fromtherealmsofatheoreticaldebatetopraxis.Inaway,theparadigmshiftthat
hadoccurredintheory,withtheemergenceofevolutionaryeconomics and innovation
theory,nowbecamemanifestinacorrespondingshiftinthenatureofthestatisticaltoolof
(political) economic governance.
Innovationtheoryhad‘arrived’, and itslegitimacywasfurtherratifiedinalater OECD
document (OECD 1997)thatexplicitlyarticulatedthetheoreticalfoundationofthis
newtypeofsurvey,whichhadgonefarbeyondthepreviousdatagatheringonresearch
and development in OECD member countries. Therupturemarkedadeparturefrom
an economic planningframeworkwhereinthescience and technology(S&T)sectorwas
incorporatedintheorthodoxneoclassicalmodeltoaninnovationtheory-basedapproach
togrowththatfundamentallychallengesthismodel.Itredirectedtheanalysisoftherole
oftechnology, and ofinnovationingeneral,inthegrowthofnations,awayfromresidual
analysistothemainstream.Thisrupturethusarosefromtwolinkeddevelopments.Thefirst
wastheincreasinglyapparentimportanceofinnovationinthegrowth and development
ofeconomies,especiallyinthelatterpartofthetwentiethcentury.Thesecondwasthe
realisationthattheessentiallystaticanalyticalframeworkofmainstreamneoclassicaltheory
wasillsuitedfortheanalysisofthe economic roleofinnovation.Thesetwodevelopments
providedwhatonemaycallthepoliticalbasis,themotiveforce,fortheemergenceofthe
newsurvey.
The development ofanewsurvey,seekingnewdata and newwaysoforganising
information,isnolightmatter, and thesignificanceofanewsurveyisobviouslymost
pronouncedwhenitreflectsashiftinthetheoreticalbase,inthiscasefromneoclassicalto
evolutionarytheory.Thescopeofsurveysthatareadoptedbygovernmentsisanchoredin
governance, and the development ofsuchsurveysisthusfundamentallydifferentfromthe
normalprocessofacademicenquiry.Thereisalwaysaninevitablereciprocalrelationship
betweentheobjectofenquiry and themodeofenquiry,butinthecaseofofficialsurveys,
Free ... CommunityInnovationSurvey
CMEA CouncilforMutual Economic Assistance
COMECON CouncilforMutual Economic Assistance
COSTECH TanzaniaCommissionforScience and Technology
CPI Consumerpriceindex
CV Coefficientofvariation
CYTD ... 161
TableA10.7 Commonbodyofissuesforcomparison 161
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
PreparedfortheDepartmentofScienceandTechnologyandtheOrganisationforEconomicCo -operation
andDevelopment (OECD) bytheCentreforScience,TechnologyandInnovationIndicators(CeSTII)inthe
KnowledgeSystemsProgrammeoftheHumanSciencesResearchCouncil
PublishedonbehalfoftheDepartmentofScienceandTechnology.
PublishedbyarrangementwiththeOECD.Theopinionsexpressedandargumentsemployedhereindonot
necessarilyreflecttheofficialviewsoftheOrganisationorofthegovernmentsofitsmembercountries.
PublishedbyHSRCPress
PrivateBagX9182,CapeTown,8000,SouthAfrica
www.hsrcpress.ac.za
â2006HumanSciencesResearchCouncil
Firstpublished2006
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