economic co operation and development oecd countries

... between PM exposure and premature mortality. Economic studies of water supply and sanitation interventions in both OECD and non -OECD countries demonstrated that benefit-cost ratios vary from ... outweigh the costs. In non -OECD countries, hygiene interventions and minimal water disinfection at the point of use were found to be significantly cost-efficient in health and economic terms. These ... of the world World OECD 1 000 Premature deaths per million inhabitants © OECD 2008 ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO- OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT Policy Brief FEBRUARY 2008 Health and the Environment Introduction How...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 23:20

... Scerri Statistics฀has฀helped฀determine฀the฀form฀of฀laws฀about฀society and the฀character฀of฀ social฀facts.฀It฀has฀engendered฀concepts and classifications฀within฀the฀human฀sci- ences.฀Moreover฀the฀collection฀of฀statistics฀has฀created,฀at฀the฀least,฀a฀great฀bureau- cratic฀machinery.฀It฀may฀think฀of฀itself฀as฀providing฀only฀information,฀but฀it฀is฀ itself฀part฀of฀the฀technology฀of฀power฀in฀the฀modern฀state.฀(Hacking฀1991:181) This฀book฀emerged฀from฀the฀seminar฀on฀the฀Measurement฀of฀Innovation฀Activities฀in฀ Organisation฀for Economic Co- operation and Development (OECD) and non -OECD countries that฀was฀held฀in฀South฀Africa฀in฀2001.฀The฀motivation฀for฀that฀forum฀was฀the฀ recognised฀need฀to฀address฀a฀new and exciting฀phenomenon฀in฀the฀area฀of economic policy฀formulation.฀The฀landmarks฀of฀this฀phenomenon฀were฀the฀publication฀of฀the฀1992฀ Oslo฀Manual and the฀new฀Eurostat฀Community฀Innovation฀Survey฀(CIS).฀These฀events฀ marked฀a฀notable฀rupture฀in฀the฀placement฀of฀innovation฀within฀macroeconomic฀policy฀ formulation.฀This฀rupture฀resulted฀in฀a฀shift฀of฀innovation฀theory฀(offering,฀as฀it฀does,฀what฀ may฀well฀be฀one฀of฀the฀more฀formidable฀challenges฀to฀the฀neoclassical฀account฀of economic growth)฀from฀the฀realms฀of฀a฀theoretical฀debate฀to฀praxis.฀In฀a฀way,฀the฀paradigm฀shift฀that฀ had฀occurred฀in฀theory,฀with฀the฀emergence฀of฀evolutionary฀economics and innovation฀ theory,฀now฀became฀manifest฀in฀a฀corresponding฀shift฀in฀the฀nature฀of฀the฀statistical฀tool฀of฀ (political) economic governance. Innovation฀theory฀had฀‘arrived’, and its฀legitimacy฀was฀further฀ratified฀in฀a฀later OECD document฀ (OECD 1997)฀that฀explicitly฀articulated฀the฀theoretical฀foundation฀of฀this฀ new฀type฀of฀survey,฀which฀had฀gone฀far฀beyond฀the฀previous฀data฀gathering฀on฀research฀ and development in OECD member countries. ฀The฀rupture฀marked฀a฀departure฀from฀ an economic planning฀framework฀wherein฀the฀science and technology฀(S&T)฀sector฀was฀ incorporated฀in฀the฀orthodox฀neoclassical฀model฀to฀an฀innovation฀theory-based฀approach฀ to฀growth฀that฀fundamentally฀challenges฀this฀model.฀It฀redirected฀the฀analysis฀of฀the฀role฀ of฀technology, and of฀innovation฀in฀general,฀in฀the฀growth฀of฀nations,฀away฀from฀residual฀ analysis฀to฀the฀mainstream.฀This฀rupture฀thus฀arose฀from฀two฀linked฀developments.฀The฀first฀ was฀the฀increasingly฀apparent฀importance฀of฀innovation฀in฀the฀growth and development of฀economies,฀especially฀in฀the฀latter฀part฀of฀the฀twentieth฀century.฀The฀second฀was฀the฀ realisation฀that฀the฀essentially฀static฀analytical฀framework฀of฀mainstream฀neoclassical฀theory฀ was฀ill฀suited฀for฀the฀analysis฀of฀the economic role฀of฀innovation.฀These฀two฀developments฀ provided฀what฀one฀may฀call฀the฀political฀basis,฀the฀motive฀force,฀for฀the฀emergence฀of฀the฀ new฀survey. The development of฀a฀new฀survey,฀seeking฀new฀data and new฀ways฀of฀organising฀ information,฀is฀no฀light฀matter, and the฀significance฀of฀a฀new฀survey฀is฀obviously฀most฀ pronounced฀when฀it฀reflects฀a฀shift฀in฀the฀theoretical฀base,฀in฀this฀case฀from฀neoclassical฀to฀ evolutionary฀theory.฀The฀scope฀of฀surveys฀that฀are฀adopted฀by฀governments฀is฀anchored฀in฀ governance, and the development of฀such฀surveys฀is฀thus฀fundamentally฀different฀from฀the฀ normal฀process฀of฀academic฀enquiry.฀There฀is฀always฀an฀inevitable฀reciprocal฀relationship฀ between฀the฀object฀of฀enquiry and the฀mode฀of฀enquiry,฀but฀in฀the฀case฀of฀official฀surveys,฀ Free ... Community฀Innovation฀Survey CMEA฀ ฀ Council฀for฀Mutual Economic Assistance COMECON฀ Council฀for฀Mutual Economic Assistance COSTECH฀ Tanzania฀Commission฀for฀Science and Technology CPI฀ ฀ Consumer฀price฀index CV฀ ฀฀ Coefficient฀of฀variation CYTD฀ ... 161 Table฀A10.7฀ Common฀body฀of฀issues฀for฀comparison฀ 161 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za PreparedfortheDepartmentofScienceandTechnologyandtheOrganisationforEconomicCo -operation andDevelopment (OECD) bytheCentreforScience,TechnologyandInnovationIndicators(CeSTII)inthe KnowledgeSystemsProgrammeoftheHumanSciencesResearchCouncil PublishedonbehalfoftheDepartmentofScienceandTechnology. PublishedbyarrangementwiththeOECD.Theopinionsexpressedandargumentsemployedhereindonot necessarilyreflecttheofficialviewsoftheOrganisationorofthegovernmentsofitsmembercountries. PublishedbyHSRCPress PrivateBagX9182,CapeTown,8000,SouthAfrica www.hsrcpress.ac.za â2006HumanSciencesResearchCouncil Firstpublished2006 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedorutilisedin anyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,includingphotocopying andrecording,orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermission inwritingfromthepublishers. ISBN0-7969-2062-1 CopyeditedbyRobynArnold TypesetbyRobinTaylor CoverbyFarmDesign PrintmanagementbycomPress DistributedinAfricabyBlueWeaver SpecialistPublishersRepresentatives POBox30370,Tokai,CapeTown,7966,SouthAfrica Tel:+27(0)21701-4477 Fax:+27(0)21701-7302 email:orders@blueweaver .co. za www.oneworldbooks.com DistributedinEuropeandtheUnitedKingdombyEurospanDistributionServices(EDS) 3HenriettaStreet,CoventGarden,London,WC2E8LU,UnitedKingdom Tel:+44(0)2072400856 Fax:+44(0)2073790609 email:orders@edspubs .co. uk www.eurospanonline.com DistributedinNorthAmericabyIndependentPublishersGroup(IPG) OrderDepartment,814NorthFranklinStreet,Chicago,IL60610,USA Calltoll-free:(800)8884741 Allotherenquiries:+1(312)3370747 Fax:+1(312)3375985 email:frontdesk@ipgbook.com www.ipgbook.com Free...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 11:20

... expectations. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY MESSAGES – 23 A REVIEW OF LOCAL ECONOMC AND EMPLOYMENT DEVELOPMENT POLICY APPROACHES IN OECD COUNTRIES â OECD 2008 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY MESSAGES Marco Marchese ... transition economies of south- eastern Europe. 44 – CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY MESSAGES A REVIEW OF LOCAL ECONOMC AND EMPLOYMENT DEVELOPMENT POLICY APPROACHES IN OECD COUNTRIES â OECD 2008 Consider ... SMEs and Local Development (CFE) 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 cedex 16, Paris, France www .oecd. org/cfe CFE’s Local Economic and Employment development programme www .oecd. org/cfe/leed OECD contact...

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... significant contribution to stability and confidence in the region made by the Border Monitoring Operation and urged extension of its mandate. Further co- operation between the OSCE and the United ... of politico-military decisions or commitments. The FSC developed a comprehensive paper, containing a great variety of options for possible forms of politico-military co- operation and for voluntary ... Council Counter-Terrorism Committee and of its Executive Directorate. We commit to hold ourselves to the highest possible standards of implementation of the 12 United Nations conventions and...

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... low-income countries, 2% in lower middle-income countries and less than 1% in upper middle-income countries. As shown in Figure 4, population-based measures that address tobacco and harmful alcohol ... lower income and middle- income countries. Middle-income countries are further subdivided into lower middle and upper middle, and categorization depends on a country’s gross national income per ... under US$ 1 in low-income countries, US$ 1.50 in lower middle-income and US$ 3 in upper middle- income countries. When considered in terms of overall health spending, these costs constitute only a...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 19:20

... to economic, social and political pressures. For example, common economic pressures have included budget deficits, structural problems, growing competitiveness and globalization. Political and ... partner country capacity and moreover is less likely to result in donor coordination and cost-sharing. 14 Special challenges facing the donor agencies Because of the nature of development co- operation ... performance measurement systems in donor agencies more complex and costly than normal. For example, donor agencies:  Work in many different countries and contexts.  Have a wide diversity of projects...

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... Health and Child Health and Development in Low Income Countries, World Health Organization, Geneva, 30 January-01 February 2008. 2) Additional information from selected upper middle income countries ... Are scored 0, 1, 2 or 3 with top box scored as 0 and the bottom box scored as 3. QUESTIONS3,510(markedwit han*) Are reverse scored, with the top box scored as a 3 and the bottom box scored ... Cataloguing-in-Publication Data : Maternal mental health and child health and development in low and middle income countries : report of the meeting held in Geneva, Switzerland, 30 January - 1 February, 2008. ...

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... subsystem, and USB gadgets. vi Embedded Linux System Design and Development Ⅲ Borland is a registered trademark of Borland Software Corporation in the United States and other countries. ... thttpd, Tinylogin, and so on Development Environment ELinOS v3.1 is enhanced with a fully integrated development environment (IDE) with two new tools, CODEO and COGNITO. Ⅲ CODEO: CODEO is the Eclipse-based ... TimeSys Corporation in the United States and other countries. Ⅲ NeoMagic is registered trademark of NeoMagic Corporation. Ⅲ Transmeta is a trademark of Transmeta Corporation. Ⅲ Broadcom...

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