organisation for economic cooperation and development oecd countries

... degradation), not only for human health, but also for the economy. This finding is particularly true for those OECD and non -OECD countries which have significant levels of air and water pollution. ... Policy Briefs are available on the OECD s Internet site: www .oecd. org/publications/Policybriefs ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD Policy Briefs are prepared by ... strong link that exists between PM exposure and premature mortality. Economic studies of water supply and sanitation interventions in both OECD and non -OECD countries demonstrated that benefit-cost...

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... compression formats in a variety of standard and specialized formats. Sphereworkswellforsampleddatafiles,butislimitedformoregeneralspeechdatafiles. Ageneral purpose, public-domain format (Esignal) ... contents and for loading previously saved workspaces. Anextensionmechanismistypicallyprovidedbyacommandinterpreterforasimplelanguagethat includes the available operations and a means for encapsulating ... data types, and layout of all data in the file. (For example, this permits programs to retrieve data by name.) There are many popular file formats, and various programs are available for converting...

Ngày tải lên: 27/01/2014, 03:20

... Scerri Statistics฀has฀helped฀determine฀the฀form฀of฀laws฀about฀society and the฀character฀of฀ social฀facts.฀It฀has฀engendered฀concepts and classifications฀within฀the฀human฀sci- ences.฀Moreover฀the฀collection฀of฀statistics฀has฀created,฀at฀the฀least,฀a฀great฀bureau- cratic฀machinery.฀It฀may฀think฀of฀itself฀as฀providing฀only฀information,฀but฀it฀is฀ itself฀part฀of฀the฀technology฀of฀power฀in฀the฀modern฀state.฀(Hacking฀1991:181) This฀book฀emerged฀from฀the฀seminar฀on฀the฀Measurement฀of฀Innovation฀Activities฀in฀ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and non -OECD countries that฀was฀held฀in฀South฀Africa฀in฀2001.฀The฀motivation for that฀forum฀was฀the฀ recognised฀need฀to฀address฀a฀new and exciting฀phenomenon฀in฀the฀area฀of economic policy฀formulation.฀The฀landmarks฀of฀this฀phenomenon฀were฀the฀publication฀of฀the฀1992฀ Oslo฀Manual and the฀new฀Eurostat฀Community฀Innovation฀Survey฀(CIS).฀These฀events฀ marked฀a฀notable฀rupture฀in฀the฀placement฀of฀innovation฀within฀macroeconomic฀policy฀ formulation.฀This฀rupture฀resulted฀in฀a฀shift฀of฀innovation฀theory฀(offering,฀as฀it฀does,฀what฀ may฀well฀be฀one฀of฀the฀more฀formidable฀challenges฀to฀the฀neoclassical฀account฀of economic growth)฀from฀the฀realms฀of฀a฀theoretical฀debate฀to฀praxis.฀In฀a฀way,฀the฀paradigm฀shift฀that฀ had฀occurred฀in฀theory,฀with฀the฀emergence฀of฀evolutionary฀economics and innovation฀ theory,฀now฀became฀manifest฀in฀a฀corresponding฀shift฀in฀the฀nature฀of฀the฀statistical฀tool฀of฀ (political) economic governance. Innovation฀theory฀had฀‘arrived’, and its฀legitimacy฀was฀further฀ratified฀in฀a฀later OECD document฀ (OECD 1997)฀that฀explicitly฀articulated฀the฀theoretical฀foundation฀of฀this฀ new฀type฀of฀survey,฀which฀had฀gone฀far฀beyond฀the฀previous฀data฀gathering฀on฀research฀ and development in OECD member countries. ฀The฀rupture฀marked฀a฀departure฀from฀ an economic planning฀framework฀wherein฀the฀science and technology฀(S&T)฀sector฀was฀ incorporated฀in฀the฀orthodox฀neoclassical฀model฀to฀an฀innovation฀theory-based฀approach฀ to฀growth฀that฀fundamentally฀challenges฀this฀model.฀It฀redirected฀the฀analysis฀of฀the฀role฀ of฀technology, and of฀innovation฀in฀general,฀in฀the฀growth฀of฀nations,฀away฀from฀residual฀ analysis฀to฀the฀mainstream.฀This฀rupture฀thus฀arose฀from฀two฀linked฀developments.฀The฀first฀ was฀the฀increasingly฀apparent฀importance฀of฀innovation฀in฀the฀growth and development of฀economies,฀especially฀in฀the฀latter฀part฀of฀the฀twentieth฀century.฀The฀second฀was฀the฀ realisation฀that฀the฀essentially฀static฀analytical฀framework฀of฀mainstream฀neoclassical฀theory฀ was฀ill฀suited for the฀analysis฀of฀the economic role฀of฀innovation.฀These฀two฀developments฀ provided฀what฀one฀may฀call฀the฀political฀basis,฀the฀motive฀force, for the฀emergence฀of฀the฀ new฀survey. The development of฀a฀new฀survey,฀seeking฀new฀data and new฀ways฀of฀organising฀ information,฀is฀no฀light฀matter, and the฀significance฀of฀a฀new฀survey฀is฀obviously฀most฀ pronounced฀when฀it฀reflects฀a฀shift฀in฀the฀theoretical฀base,฀in฀this฀case฀from฀neoclassical฀to฀ evolutionary฀theory.฀The฀scope฀of฀surveys฀that฀are฀adopted฀by฀governments฀is฀anchored฀in฀ governance, and the development of฀such฀surveys฀is฀thus฀fundamentally฀different฀from฀the฀ normal฀process฀of฀academic฀enquiry.฀There฀is฀always฀an฀inevitable฀reciprocal฀relationship฀ between฀the฀object฀of฀enquiry and the฀mode฀of฀enquiry,฀but฀in฀the฀case฀of฀official฀surveys,฀ Free ... www.hsrcpress.ac.za PreparedfortheDepartmentofScienceandTechnologyandtheOrganisationforEconomicCo-operation andDevelopment (OECD) bytheCentreforScience,TechnologyandInnovationIndicators(CeSTII)inthe KnowledgeSystemsProgrammeoftheHumanSciencesResearchCouncil PublishedonbehalfoftheDepartmentofScienceandTechnology. PublishedbyarrangementwiththeOECD.Theopinionsexpressedandargumentsemployedhereindonot necessarilyreflecttheofficialviewsoftheOrganisationorofthegovernmentsofitsmembercountries. PublishedbyHSRCPress PrivateBagX9182,CapeTown,8000,SouthAfrica www.hsrcpress.ac.za â2006HumanSciencesResearchCouncil Firstpublished2006 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedorutilisedin anyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,includingphotocopying andrecording,orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermission inwritingfromthepublishers. ISBN0-7969-2062-1 CopyeditedbyRobynArnold TypesetbyRobinTaylor CoverbyFarmDesign PrintmanagementbycomPress DistributedinAfricabyBlueWeaver SpecialistPublishersRepresentatives POBox30370,Tokai,CapeTown,7966,SouthAfrica Tel:+27(0)21701-4477 Fax:+27(0)21701-7302 email:orders@blueweaver.co.za www.oneworldbooks.com DistributedinEuropeandtheUnitedKingdombyEurospanDistributionServices(EDS) 3HenriettaStreet,CoventGarden,London,WC2E8LU,UnitedKingdom Tel:+44(0)2072400856 Fax:+44(0)2073790609 email:orders@edspubs.co.uk www.eurospanonline.com DistributedinNorthAmericabyIndependentPublishersGroup(IPG) OrderDepartment,814NorthFranklinStreet,Chicago,IL60610,USA Calltoll-free:(800)8884741 Allotherenquiries:+1(312)3370747 Fax:+1(312)3375985 email:frontdesk@ipgbook.com www.ipgbook.com Free ... National฀Experts฀on฀Science and Technology฀Indicators NIS฀ ฀ National฀innovation฀system NPD฀ ฀ New฀product development OAS฀ ฀ Organisation of฀American฀States OECD ฀ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OMFB฀...

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... Evidence Base, OECD, Paris. OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Programme A Review of Local Economic and Employment Development Policy Approaches in OECD Countries Executive ... policies and programmes that affected economic growth, job creation and workforce development; craft new policies and programmes for business development and job creation; establish metrics for ... LESSONS FOR INNOVATION AND LABOUR MARKET POLICY DEVELOPMENT FROM EXISTING OECD WORK – 19 A REVIEW OF LOCAL ECONOMC AND EMPLOYMENT DEVELOPMENT POLICY APPROACHES IN OECD COUNTRIES â OECD 2008...

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... prototype to investigate and resolve key requirements and design issues Reused Designs DB Day 1 - Definitions & Overview What is software development ? Software development is a process ... & Physical DB Software Design & Development Software Design & Development Day 1 - Definitions and Overview Day 2 - Software Design Software Development Day 2 - Software Design Reviewing ... schedule and budget. Day 1 - Definitions & Overview Day 1 - Definitions & Overview Software development life-cycle Installation, Operation & maintenance Needs Definition & development Shutdown...

Ngày tải lên: 15/10/2013, 23:13

... provide information via HTML forms and see different information depending on their form input. This interac- tion leads to transactions of many types — commerce, research, forums, and so on. Building ... occa- sionally, with information you need to know. So, right now, before you forget, hop over to the PHP and MySQL Web sites and sign up for a list or two at www.php.net/mailing-lists.php and http://lists.mysql.com. In ... language and a backend database. The most popular software for this purpose is PHP for scripting and MySQL to provide the backend database. Both are specifically designed for Web sites and provide...

Ngày tải lên: 24/01/2014, 14:27

... Nations Development Programme and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the World Bank, and encourage intersectoral cooperation ... potential for health and development and to reduce the burden of avoidable disease and mortality. The intention is to encourage healthy growth and development and to reduce illness and mortality, ... Priority areas for action 24. Strategic directions for improving the health and development of children and adolescents sets forth seven priorities for WHO’s global work in child and adolescent...

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... in the taxonomy of the economic development efforts of higher education. As the Organi- zation for Economic Cooperation and Development pointed out in 2007, universities and systems really have ... Center for Economic Development. “The task for the university (and for re - gional stakeholders) is to identify and support areas of university expertise that align with clusters of opportunity for ... youth and education, economic and community development, as well as agriculture and the environment. Within each area, the university provides academic, community, and pro - gram resource information,...

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