economic cooperation and development oecd countries

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 04:22

... www.hsrcpress.ac.za xiii Foreword Through฀the฀Department฀of฀Science and Technology฀(DST),฀South฀Africa฀has฀had฀the฀benefit฀ of฀observer฀membership฀on฀the OECD s฀Committee฀for฀Scientific and Technological฀Policy฀ (CSTP)฀since฀1998.฀This฀allows฀South฀Africa฀to฀participate฀in฀the฀Global฀Science฀Forum฀ (GSF),฀Working฀Group฀on฀Technology and Innovation฀Policy฀(TIP),฀National฀Experts฀on฀ Science and Technology฀Indicators฀(NESTI) and the฀Working฀Party฀on฀Biotechnology฀ (WPB).฀ The฀work฀of฀NESTI,฀particularly฀in฀the฀areas฀of฀Research and Experimental Development (R&D) and Innovation฀Surveys,฀has฀been฀of฀special฀interest฀to฀the฀Department and led฀to฀ the OECD and South฀Africa฀hosting฀a฀joint฀seminar฀on฀the฀measurement฀of฀innovation฀ activities฀in OECD and non -OECD countries in฀Pretoria฀in฀March฀2001.฀The฀seminar฀was฀ well฀attended,฀with132฀delegates฀from OECD countries and other฀regions฀of฀the฀world฀ (Africa,฀Latin฀America and Asia)฀participating฀in฀a฀very฀fruitful฀exchange฀of฀experiences.฀ The฀importance฀of฀regular฀measurement฀of฀both฀R&D and innovation฀through฀proper฀ national฀surveys฀was฀brought฀into฀focus฀for฀South฀Africa฀at฀the฀seminar.฀I฀would฀like฀to฀take฀ this฀opportunity฀to฀sincerely฀thank฀the฀Steering฀Committee and the฀team฀from฀the OECD Secretariat฀for฀their฀hard฀work฀in฀ensuring฀that฀the฀seminar฀was฀a฀success. I฀am฀pleased฀to฀report฀that฀since฀the฀seminar,฀South฀Africa฀has฀made฀rapid฀progress฀ in฀establishing฀a฀reliable,฀nationally and internationally฀accepted฀set฀of฀official฀science฀ and technology฀statistics.฀These฀statistics฀in฀turn฀provide฀the฀main฀indicators฀required฀ to฀underpin฀the฀implementation฀of฀South฀Africa’s฀national฀R&D฀Strategy฀as฀outlined฀ by฀government.฀In฀2002,฀the฀Centre฀for฀Science,฀Technology and Innovation฀Indicators฀ (CeSTII)฀of฀the฀Human฀Sciences฀Research฀Council฀was฀commissioned฀by฀DST฀to฀undertake฀ a฀regular฀series฀of฀R&D and Innovation฀Surveys฀in฀order฀to฀establish฀a฀baseline฀of฀official฀ S&T฀indicators.฀In฀June฀2004,฀the฀DST and Statistics฀South฀Africa฀signed฀a฀Memorandum฀of฀ Agreement฀concerning฀the฀recognition฀of฀official฀national฀science and technology฀statistics.฀ This฀book฀thus฀records฀an฀important฀historical฀turning฀point฀in฀South฀Africa’s฀progress฀ towards฀an฀effective฀national฀system฀of฀innovation.฀The฀seminar฀brought฀to฀the฀fore฀some฀of฀ the฀key฀critical฀differences฀between฀developed and developing countries in฀their฀approaches฀ to฀measuring฀innovation.฀These฀differences฀are฀clearly฀reflected฀in฀the฀various฀chapters฀ of฀this฀book,฀which฀cover฀some฀of฀the฀most฀important฀debates฀that฀emerged฀during฀the฀ seminar. Rob฀Adam Director-General Department฀of฀Science and Technology South฀Africa Free ... Scerri Statistics฀has฀helped฀determine฀the฀form฀of฀laws฀about฀society and the฀character฀of฀ social฀facts.฀It฀has฀engendered฀concepts and classifications฀within฀the฀human฀sci- ences.฀Moreover฀the฀collection฀of฀statistics฀has฀created,฀at฀the฀least,฀a฀great฀bureau- cratic฀machinery.฀It฀may฀think฀of฀itself฀as฀providing฀only฀information,฀but฀it฀is฀ itself฀part฀of฀the฀technology฀of฀power฀in฀the฀modern฀state.฀(Hacking฀1991:181) This฀book฀emerged฀from฀the฀seminar฀on฀the฀Measurement฀of฀Innovation฀Activities฀in฀ Organisation฀for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and non -OECD countries that฀was฀held฀in฀South฀Africa฀in฀2001.฀The฀motivation฀for฀that฀forum฀was฀the฀ recognised฀need฀to฀address฀a฀new and exciting฀phenomenon฀in฀the฀area฀of economic policy฀formulation.฀The฀landmarks฀of฀this฀phenomenon฀were฀the฀publication฀of฀the฀1992฀ Oslo฀Manual and the฀new฀Eurostat฀Community฀Innovation฀Survey฀(CIS).฀These฀events฀ marked฀a฀notable฀rupture฀in฀the฀placement฀of฀innovation฀within฀macroeconomic฀policy฀ formulation.฀This฀rupture฀resulted฀in฀a฀shift฀of฀innovation฀theory฀(offering,฀as฀it฀does,฀what฀ may฀well฀be฀one฀of฀the฀more฀formidable฀challenges฀to฀the฀neoclassical฀account฀of economic growth)฀from฀the฀realms฀of฀a฀theoretical฀debate฀to฀praxis.฀In฀a฀way,฀the฀paradigm฀shift฀that฀ had฀occurred฀in฀theory,฀with฀the฀emergence฀of฀evolutionary฀economics and innovation฀ theory,฀now฀became฀manifest฀in฀a฀corresponding฀shift฀in฀the฀nature฀of฀the฀statistical฀tool฀of฀ (political) economic governance. Innovation฀theory฀had฀‘arrived’, and its฀legitimacy฀was฀further฀ratified฀in฀a฀later OECD document฀ (OECD 1997)฀that฀explicitly฀articulated฀the฀theoretical฀foundation฀of฀this฀ new฀type฀of฀survey,฀which฀had฀gone฀far฀beyond฀the฀previous฀data฀gathering฀on฀research฀ and development in OECD member countries. ฀The฀rupture฀marked฀a฀departure฀from฀ an economic planning฀framework฀wherein฀the฀science and technology฀(S&T)฀sector฀was฀ incorporated฀in฀the฀orthodox฀neoclassical฀model฀to฀an฀innovation฀theory-based฀approach฀ to฀growth฀that฀fundamentally฀challenges฀this฀model.฀It฀redirected฀the฀analysis฀of฀the฀role฀ of฀technology, and of฀innovation฀in฀general,฀in฀the฀growth฀of฀nations,฀away฀from฀residual฀ analysis฀to฀the฀mainstream.฀This฀rupture฀thus฀arose฀from฀two฀linked฀developments.฀The฀first฀ was฀the฀increasingly฀apparent฀importance฀of฀innovation฀in฀the฀growth and development of฀economies,฀especially฀in฀the฀latter฀part฀of฀the฀twentieth฀century.฀The฀second฀was฀the฀ realisation฀that฀the฀essentially฀static฀analytical฀framework฀of฀mainstream฀neoclassical฀theory฀ was฀ill฀suited฀for฀the฀analysis฀of฀the economic role฀of฀innovation.฀These฀two฀developments฀ provided฀what฀one฀may฀call฀the฀political฀basis,฀the฀motive฀force,฀for฀the฀emergence฀of฀the฀ new฀survey. The development of฀a฀new฀survey,฀seeking฀new฀data and new฀ways฀of฀organising฀ information,฀is฀no฀light฀matter, and the฀significance฀of฀a฀new฀survey฀is฀obviously฀most฀ pronounced฀when฀it฀reflects฀a฀shift฀in฀the฀theoretical฀base,฀in฀this฀case฀from฀neoclassical฀to฀ evolutionary฀theory.฀The฀scope฀of฀surveys฀that฀are฀adopted฀by฀governments฀is฀anchored฀in฀ governance, and the development of฀such฀surveys฀is฀thus฀fundamentally฀different฀from฀the฀ normal฀process฀of฀academic฀enquiry.฀There฀is฀always฀an฀inevitable฀reciprocal฀relationship฀ between฀the฀object฀of฀enquiry and the฀mode฀of฀enquiry,฀but฀in฀the฀case฀of฀official฀surveys,฀ Free ... www.hsrcpress.ac.za Prepared฀for฀the฀Department฀of฀฀Science and Technology and the฀Organisation฀for Economic Co-operation฀ and Development (OECD) ฀by฀the฀Centre฀for฀Science,฀Technology and Innovation฀Indicators฀(CeSTII)฀in฀the฀ Knowledge฀Systems฀Programme฀of฀the฀Human฀Sciences฀Research฀Council Published฀on฀behalf฀of฀the฀Department฀of฀Science and Technology.฀ Published฀by฀arrangement฀with฀the OECD. ฀The฀opinions฀expressed and arguments฀employed฀herein฀do฀not฀ necessarily฀reflect฀the฀official฀views฀of฀the฀Organisation฀or฀of฀the฀governments฀of฀its฀member countries. Published฀by฀HSRC฀Press฀ Private฀Bag฀X9182,฀Cape฀Town,฀8000,฀South฀Africa฀ www.hsrcpress.ac.za ©฀2006฀Human฀Sciences฀Research฀Council First฀published฀2006 All฀rights฀reserved.฀No฀part฀of฀this฀book฀may฀be฀reprinted฀or฀reproduced฀or฀utilised฀in฀ any฀form฀or฀by฀any฀electronic,฀mechanical,฀or฀other฀means,฀including฀photocopying฀฀ and recording,฀or฀in฀any฀information฀storage฀or฀retrieval฀system,฀without฀permission฀฀ in฀writing฀from฀the฀publishers. ISBN฀0-7969-2062-1 Copy฀edited฀by฀Robyn฀Arnold฀ Typeset฀by฀Robin฀Taylor฀ Cover฀by฀Farm฀Design฀ Print฀management฀by฀comPress Distributed฀in฀Africa฀by฀Blue฀Weaver฀฀ Specialist฀Publishers฀Representatives฀ PO฀Box฀30370,฀Tokai,฀Cape฀Town,฀7966,฀South฀Africa฀ Tel:฀+27฀(0)฀21฀701-4477฀ Fax:฀+27฀(0)฀21฀701-7302฀ email:฀orders@blueweaver.co.za฀ www.oneworldbooks.com Distributed฀in฀Europe and the฀United฀Kingdom฀by฀Eurospan฀Distribution฀Services฀(EDS)฀ 3฀Henrietta฀Street,฀Covent฀Garden,฀London,฀WC2E฀8LU,฀United฀Kingdom฀ Tel:฀+44฀฀(0)฀20฀7240฀0856฀ Fax:฀+44฀(0)฀20฀7379฀0609฀ email:฀orders@edspubs.co.uk฀ www.eurospanonline.com Distributed฀in฀North฀America฀by฀Independent฀Publishers฀Group฀(IPG)฀ Order฀Department,฀814฀North฀Franklin฀Street,฀Chicago,฀IL฀60610,฀USA฀ Call฀toll-free:฀(800)฀888฀4741฀ All฀other฀enquiries:฀+1฀(312)฀337฀0747฀ Fax:฀+1฀(312)฀337฀5985฀ email:฀frontdesk@ipgbook.com฀ www.ipgbook.com Free...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 11:20

... SMEs and Local Development (CFE) 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 cedex 16, Paris, France www .oecd. org/cfe CFE’s Local Economic and Employment development programme www .oecd. org/cfe/leed OECD contact ... CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY MESSAGES – 33 A REVIEW OF LOCAL ECONOMC AND EMPLOYMENT DEVELOPMENT POLICY APPROACHES IN OECD COUNTRIES –© OECD 2008 Build evidence-based strategies and policies Recent OECD ... Employment Development (LEED) Programme A Review of Local Economic and Employment Development Policy Approaches in OECD Countries Executive Summary and Synthesis of Findings CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY...

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... low-income countries, 2% in lower middle-income countries and less than 1% in upper middle-income countries. As shown in Figure 4, population-based measures that address tobacco and harmful ... infrastructure and create health policies. Academia can contribute scientific insights and expertise. NGOs and civil society can raise the profile of NCDs and support implementation and action on ... Director, Head of Production and Design, World Economic Forum), Mr Floris Landi (Graphic Designer, World Economic Forum), Ms Fabienne Stassen (Head of Editing, World Economic Forum), Ms Nancy Tranchet...

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... here? © OECD 2008 The OECD Policy Briefs are available on the OECD s Internet site: www .oecd. org/publications/Policybriefs ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD Policy ... strong link that exists between PM exposure and premature mortality. Economic studies of water supply and sanitation interventions in both OECD and non -OECD countries demonstrated that benefit-cost ... in non -OECD countries and 90% of those dying are children. Although the health impacts of water-related diseases remain very low in OECD countries (around 0.2% of deaths), some OECD countries...

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... Educational Planning and Administration, New Delhi OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development R&D research and development RIHED Regional Centre for Higher Education and Development SNU ... 2009. Stiglitz, J. 1998. Knowledge for economic development: economic science, economic policy and economic advice. Annual World Bank conference on development economics, Washington, DC: World Bank. ... education and nearly three fourths of all cross-border students are hosted by 10 member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) . The current economic...

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... Maternal mental health and child health and development in low and middle income countries Report of the meeting held in Geneva, Switzerland 30 January – 1 February 2008 ANNEX ... community and maternal and child health (MCH) workers (who already engage in infant-nutrition and development- related activities) and aim to engage with these mothers, empower them, and provide ... Infant Behavior and Development, 1996, 19:419-424. 75. Field T et al. Depressed withdrawn and intrusive mothers’ effects on their fetuses and neonates. Infant Behavior and Development, 2001,...

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