Câu hỏi ôn tập biên dịch 1

1. What is translation? Give an example. 1. What is translation? Give an example. Translation is the expression in another language ( target language) of what has been expressed in one language ( source language), preserving semantic and stylistic equivalencies.

Câu hỏi ôn tập Biên dịch 1 What is translation? Give an example Translation is the expression in another language ( target language) of what has been expressed in one language ( source language), preserving semantic and stylistic equivalencies Draw the chart of translation process generated by Peter Newmark and explain each step in the process SOURCE LANGUAGE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE (ngôn ngữ gốc) ( ngôn ngữ tiếp nhận) TEXT TRANSLATION (Văn bản) (phiên dịch) ANALYSIS RESTRUCTURING (phân tích) ( phục nguyên) TRANSFER ( chuyển hoán) The translator should analyse: Grammatical relationships between constituent parts Referential meaning of the semantic units 3.Connotative values of the grammatical structures and semantic units Peter Newmark: Since the overrding factor in deciding now to trans-late is the intrinsic importance of every semantic unit in the text, it follows that the vast majority of texts require communicative rather than semantic translation Most non - literary writing, non - personal correspondence, propaganda, publicity, public notices, standarlized writing, popular fiction, comprise typical material suitable for communicative translation On the other hand, original expression, whether it is philosophical, religious, political, scientific, technical or literary, needs to be translated semantically 3 Draw the chart of translation process by Milfred Larson and explain the steps in the process SOURCE LANGUAGE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE (ngôn ngữ gốc) (ngôn ngữ tiếp nhận) DISCOVER THE MEANING RE- EXPRESS THE MEANING (Khám phá ý nghĩa) (tái diễn đạt ý nghĩa) MEANING (Ý nghĩa) State styles of translation by Martin Joos Strevens Officialese: The consumption of any nutriments what so ever is categorically prohibited in this establishment - Officiall: The consumption of nutriment is prohibited - Formal: You are requested not to consume food in this establishment - Neutral: Eating is not allowed here - Informal: Please don’t eat here - Colloquial: you can’t feed your face here - Slang: lay off the nosh - Taboo: lay off the fucking nosh What is literal translation? Give examples to illustrate Form-based translations attempt to follow the form of the source language and are known as literal translation Meaning-based translations make every effort to communicate the meaning of the source language text in the natural forms of the receptor language Examples: What is idiomatic translation? Give examples to illustrate a Form-based translations attempt to follow the form of the source language and are known as literal translation Meaning-based translations make every effort to communicate the meaning of the source language text in the natural forms of the receptor language Such translations are called idiomatic translations b examples Vietnamese: Mời bạn nhà chơi Idiomatic translation: Would you like to come to my home? Vietnamese: Cuôi tuần picnic nhé! Idiomatic translation: Let’s go picnic at the weekend! Vietnamese: Bạn mang theo ô kẻo trời mưa Idiomatic translation: Please bring an umbrella, lest it rain Vietnamese: Bạn ăn tối chưa? Idiomatic translation: Have you eat diner yet? What should a translator when the parts of speech in the source and the target language are different? Give examples a Parts of speech are language specific Each language has its own division of the lexicon into classes such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and so on Different languages will have different classes and subclasses It will not always be possible to translate a source language noun with a noun in the receptor language For example, English has many nouns which really refer to actions while Vietnamese prefers to express actions as verbs rather than nouns b examples English : “There is a general agreement that the government has given top priority to education” Vietnamese: “Có đồng ý chung phủ dành nhiều ưu tiên cho giáo dục” “Ai đồng ý phủ dành nhiều ưu tiên cho giáo dục” English : “Nguyen Du is considered to be a great poet” Vietnamese: “Người ta xem Nguyễn Du nhà thơ vĩ đại” “Nguyễn Du coi đại thi hào” What grammatical features should be considered when you translate a text? Give examples to illustrate your idea a Parts of speech are language specific Each language has its own division of the lexicon into classes such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and so on Different languages will have different classes and subclasses It will not always be possible to translate a source language noun with a noun in the receptor language b examples English: “Nguyen Du is considered to be a great poet” (active) Vietnamese: “Người ta xem Nguyễn Du nhà thơ vĩ đại” (passive) Vietnamese: “Cô mặc áo lụa xanh nhỏ bé” English: “She often wears a shirt silk blue small” (Error) “She often wears a small blue silk shirt” (Correct) (Complete reversal) State the strategy Give examples of using these two techniques: Translating by using a more specific word and a more general word a State the strategy It is often the case that no direct equivalents can be found in Vietnamese for English words It may be that the concept or idea is new to Vietnamese translators, as in the case of “gender”, which is, in fact, a relatively new concept in general, and a very difficult concept to understand and explain in many languages It may also be that the concept is known or understood but there is no specific word in Vietnamese used to express it Another difficulty is that, in addition to their concrete meaning, some words have special connotations that are not conveyed by the Vietnamese word for the same thing b Give examples of using these two techniques: Translating by using a more specific word and a more general word Vietnamese has many words that mean “ to carry” with distinction being made depending on the size and shape of the object; its animate (e.g a child as opposed to a box); and how it is carried (e.g in the hand, or in the arms ) 10 State the strategy Give examples of using translating by cultural substitution and translating by using a loan word plus explanation a State the strategy It is often the case that no direct equivalents can be found in Vietnamese for English words It may be that the concept or idea is new to Vietnamese translators, as in the case of „gender‟, which is, in fact, a relatively new concept in general, and a very difficult concept to understand and explain in many languages It may also be that the concept is known or understood but there is no specific word in Vietnamese used to express it Another difficulty is that, in addition to their concrete meaning, some words have special connotations that are not conveyed by the Vietnamese word for the same thing b Give examples of using translating by cultural substitution and translating by using a loan word plus explanation HIV and AIDS are two loan words that are frequently used in Vietnamese, as they are referred to by their English names in almost every part of the world Because these words have been in common used in Vietnam for a long time, they are often used without any accompanying explanation 11 State the strategy Give examples of using these two techniques: translating by using a paraphrase and translating by omission - Translating by using a paraphrase: This strategy can be used when we translate an English word or concept that does not exist in Vietnamese, or when the Vietnamese term for it does not include all the meanings conveyed by the English term for the same concept Ex: +Pregnant women should avoid alcohol: Phụ nữ mang thai nên tránh rượu + Children must be protected from all forms of violence causing harm or offense, and from abandonment and negligence in their care: “trẻ em cần bảo vệ chống lại hình thức bạo lực, gây tổn thương hay xúc phạm, bỏ mặc xao nhãng việc chăm sóc” - Translating by omission: it is sometimes appropriate to omit words or phrases that are not essential to the meaning or impact of the text This is especially true for words that would require lengthy explanations, awkward paraphrases, or literal and unnatural translations, which would interrupt the flow of the text and could distract the reader from the overall meaning Ex: + Much can be done even without being physically present in the meeting: nhiều việc làm khơng có mặt họp 12 State strategy Explain and give examples to illustrate substrategies: (1) Using an idiom or a set expression of similar meaning and form and (2) Using an idiom or a set expression of similar meaning but different forms - Using an idiom or a set expression of similar meaning and form: It is sometimes possible to find a Vietnamese idiom or expression with a similar meaning to an English idiom or expression, and which is expressed in the same way Ex: + to fight like cats and dogs: cãi chó với mèo + Better late than never: Thà muộn cịn khơng đến -Using an idiom or a set expression of similar meaning but different forms: It is possible and easy to find a Vietnamese idiom with a similar meaning for an English idiom or set expression Ex: + To carry firewood to the forest: chở củi rừng 13 State strategy Explain and give examples to illustrate substrategies: (1)Translating by paraphrasing and (2) Translating by omission - Translating by paraphrasing:When Vietnamese equivalents cannot be found, paraphrasing may be the best way to deal with an idiom or set expression in English Ex: But before the new estimates replace the old as a way of packaging up the problem, it should be said that a mistake has been made in allowing statistics such as these to slip into easy language The expression “packaging up the problem” caused the problems in translation, as it was misinterpreted to mean “assembling” or “gathering” However, even if this phrase were clearly understood, it would be difficult to find a precise equivalent in Vietnamese In fact, it would be difficult to restate concisely in English This phrase is best dealt with by paraphrasing, which in English could be understood as something like “summing up the problem by referring to it simply as a number, which does not 16 reflect its true magnitude or impact -Translating by omission: This strategy could be used when we translate words or phrases that would require lengthy explanations, awkward paraphrases, or literal and unnatural translation This strategy has also be used when we translate phases which has two meanings one of the meanings may be sacrificed for the other Ex: + Being Positive-Living with HIV/AIDS: Hãy Sống Yêu Đời Dù Nhiễm HIV 14 State the strategy State the substrategy of voice and give examples to illustrate The passive voice is used very often in English and poses some problems in Vietnamese translation Passive voice can be translated from English into Vietnamese in the following ways: - English: A is/was/has been done by B Vietnamese: (i) A + động từ + (bởi B) A được/do + (B) + độngtừ (ii) A bị + động từ + B A bị + (B) + độngtừ Example: This house was built by Frank in 1930: Ngôi nhà Frank xây năm 1930 Ngôi nhà xây Frank vào năm 1930 -English: A is/was/has been done Vietnamese: (i) A + động từ (ii) A bị + độngtừ (iii) Người ta/ai + động từ + A Example: + The children were given injections Vietnamese translation: Các cháu tiêm/ Các cháu bị tiêm + The CD has been broken Chiếc đĩa CD bị vỡ/ Ai làm vỡ đĩa CD 15 State the strategy State the substrategy of number and give examples to illustrate Though both languages have similar notions of number and countability, each language has its own way to express these notions In English, number is expressed as a grammar category; that is, there are different grammatical forms for singular and plural nouns In Vietnamese, however, no such distinction is grammatically made In Vietnamese, some plural markers such as "các" , “những", "tất cả", "mọi"," mỗi" can be used in addition to the noun "các" generally means all of the given category of things, whereas "những" refers only to some of the total number of things being discussed "Mỗi" emphasizes the identity of the individual member of the category without indicating anything of their totality; "mọi" expresses both the individuality of the items and the totality of the category If it is clear from the English context which of these plural markers should be used in the Vietnamese, then the translator should choose accordingly Example: Phụ nữ: can mean either woman or women 16 State the strategy State the substrategy of person and give examples to illustrate Participants' roles and forms of address are expressed in Vietnamese through a very complicated system of personal pronouns based largely on kinship terms Unlike English pronouns, Vietnamese pronouns bear number of semantic components depending on the relationship within a family, age, sex, familiarity, social status, and even one's particular mood or attitude in a given situation These distinctions are not always explicitly expressed in English and can usually be determined by the context in which the language operates If it is not possible to determine the distinctions of the English pronouns, the attention should be focused on the tone and the overall purpose of the text to be translated Example: A book on health-care contains many sections written especially for children and adults In the sections for children the pronoun "you" is translated as "em" or "các em" In the sections for adults, "you" should be translated as "chúng ta" 17 State the substrategies in strategy How to deal with non-subject sentences Give examples to illustrate The following techniques could be used to translate the non-subject sentences in Vietnamese texts: + Passive voice + It + to be + Adj + to infinitive + There + to be + Use the subject that is found in the previous sentence(s) Example: - Cần đẩy mạnh cơng nghiệp hỏa, đại hóa + Industrialization and modernization should be promoted + It is necessary to promote industrialization and modernization - Vẫn chưa có cách chữa khỏi bệnh AIDS + There has been no cure for AIDS 18 State the substrategies in strategy How to deal with newspaper headlines Give examples to illustrate Some main characteristics of newspaper headlines are as follows - Present tense = past events - Present participle= event in progress - To infinitive = future events - Past participle = passive voice - Nouns - Verb + noun Example: Chinese Professors Turn To Business: Các giáo sư Trung Quốc chuyển sang kinh doanh US President Visiting Vietnam: Tổng thống Hoa Kỷ thăm Việt Nam Oil Price To Rise? Giá dầu tăng Three More Investment Projects Licensed This Year: Thêm ba dự án đầu tư cấp giấy phép năm Investment Boom: Bùng nổ đầu tư See You In Court: Hen gặp tòa PROGRESS TEST I Translate sentences 1,2, into Vietnamese and sentences 4, into English After the hold-up, the robbers made their getaway in a stolen car -> Sau gây án, tên cướp trốn xe ăn trộm All the money having been spent, he started to look for work -> Sau tiêu hết tiền, anh bắt đầu tìm việc All things being equal, we should win on Saturday -> Xét phương diện, ta thắng trận ngày Thứ Bảy Khơng có lái xe, anh bị phạt 100 nghìn đồng phạm luật -> Not having a driving license, he was fined VND 100,000 for the offence Không trả lời đề nghị -> Not one person has replied to our offer II Translate into Vietnamese Officials say extreme heat has killed at least 170 people across much of the country Emergency officialssay many of the victims were old people They say most of the victims lived alone and had no one to help them or recognize their conditions Temperatures of almost 40 degrees Celsius have affectedthe area from the Middle West to the Atlantic Coast The heat has damaged crops and killed farm animals It has also damaged roads and railroad tracks Weather experts say cooler temperatures are expected to spread across much of the United States by Wednesday Vocab: emergency official: nhân viên cấp cứu => Các quan chức cho biết, nóng khủng khiếp làm thiệt mạng 170 người nhiều vùng quốc gia Các nhân viên cấp cứu cho hay, nhiều nạn nhân người già Họ nói đa số nạn nhân sống đơn độc chẳng có giúp đỡ họ nhận tình trạng họ.Nhiệt độ gần 40°c ảnh hưởng đến khu vực từ miền Trung Tây đến vùng duyên hải Đại Tây Dương Sức nóng làm thiệt hại mùa màng giết hại súc vật nơng trại Nó phá hủy đường sá đường ray xe lửa Các chuyên gia thời tiết cho hay, người ta hy vọng nhiệt độ mát mẻ lan nhiều vùng Hoa Kỳ vào ngày thứ tư III Translate into English Tình trạng suy thối mơi trường xảy phát triển nhanh chóng cơng nghiệp, nạn chặt phá rừng quy mơ tồn cầu, cân dân số tài nguyên thiên nhiên, chạy đua vũ trang gia tăng Ô nhiễm mơi trường suy thối mơi trường xảy quốc gia, khu vực, nước phát triển nước công nghiệp tiên tiến Ô nhiễm môi trường không hạn chế phạm vi quốc gia, chặt phá rừng quốc gia gây lụt lội, hạn hán quốc gia khác Đây vấn đề tồn cầu, khơng quốc gia đơn lẻ giải vấn đề mà cần có phối hợp quốc gia thông qua chiến lược toàn cầu => Surrounding degradation is caused by the rapid development of industry, deforestation on the global scale, imbalance between population and natural resources and rising arms race Environment pollution and degradation hit in any country, any region, underdeveloped countries as well as advanced industrial ones It is not restricted to nation boundary, deforestation in this country might cause flood and drought in others This is global issue, therefore, which can not be solved by any single country but the cooperation of all countries through global strategy  ... + B A bị + (B) + độngtừ Example: This house was built by Frank in 19 30: Ngôi nhà Frank xây năm 19 30 Ngôi nhà xây Frank vào năm 19 30 -English: A is/was/has been done Vietnamese: (i) A + động từ... trận ngày Thứ Bảy Khơng có lái xe, anh bị phạt 10 0 nghìn đồng phạm luật -> Not having a driving license, he was fined VND 10 0,000 for the offence Không trả lời đề nghị -> Not one person has replied... physically present in the meeting: nhiều việc làm khơng có mặt họp 12 State strategy Explain and give examples to illustrate substrategies: (1) Using an idiom or a set expression of similar meaning and