Đặc điểm ngôn ngữ học của lời điều chỉnh trong hội thoại tiếng anh và tiếng việt TT TIENG ANH

1 THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ MINH HẠNH LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF VERBAL REPAIRS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE CONVERSATIONS (A SUMMARY) Field: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS Code: 9.22.02.01 DOCTORAL DISSERTATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES SUPERVISOR: Assoc.Prof.Dr NGUYỄN THỊ QUỲNH HOA Da Nang, 2021 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 RATIONALE Liddicoat (2007) states that conversation is one of the ways people can socialize, develop and sustain each other’s relationship Conversations in films are also talks about issues in the daily life Although the conversational settings are selected and written by the scriptwriters, their purposes are the same as ones in the natural conversations in every day life, as Dose (2013) states “Speakers use language for a wide range of communicative purpose: in addition to conveying information, speakers express opinions, feelings, and attitudes” For that reason, delivering information smoothly is really important for achieving its goal However, sometimes, the interlocutors not have smooth conversations because the obstructions appear in the middle of their conversations According to Schegloff (cited in Cho (2008), these obstructions can be any factor in the conversation They can be grammatically correct forms or pragmatically appropriate expressions These obstructions makes the interlocutors have to revise a part or the whole of their utterance Repair is a term that refers to how people deal with the difficulty that appears in the middle of conversation Schegloff et al (1977) were the first researchers of linguistics who mentioned the term of repair and presented strategies of repair which were often used to overcome the trouble sources causing communication breakdowns Until now, there is no perfect study of linguistic fetures of verbal repair There are no contrastive researches of verbal repairs in films in English and Vietnamese Therefore, the thesis entitled Linguistic Features of Verbal Repairs in English and Vietnamese Conversations is carried out with the aim of helping both Vietnamese learners of English and English learners of Vietnamese know how to use the strategies more effectively in conversations 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1.2.1 Aims - investigating the pragmatic, semantic and syntactic features of verbal repairs in the extracts of English and Vietnamese film conversations - finding the similarities and differences in linguistic features of verbal repairs in two languages 1.2.2 Objectives - To provide linguistic evidences collected from television films to illustrate the presence of the pragmatic, semantic and syntactic features of RECs and RVCs - To analyze and clarify the linguistic features were realized in RECs and RVCs - To compare and contrast English and Vietnamese verbal repairs to figure out the similarities and differences 1.3 THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS What are pragmatic features of verbal repairs in conversations from English and Vietnamese television films? What are semantic features of verbal repairs in conversations from English and Vietnamese television films? What are syntactic features of verbal repairs in conversations from English and Vietnamese television films? What are similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese verbal repairs from television film conversations in terms of pragmatics, semantics and syntactics? 1.4 THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY Firstly, only verbal repairs were examined Secondly, all the utterances containing verbal repairs were collected from English and Vietnamese television films that first published from 1990s to 2017 Finally, the research used the theory of conversation analysis and repair of Schegloff et al (1977) In addition, the cooperative principles of Grice (1975), classification of illocutionary act of Searle (1969) were used to find out pragmatic features Semantic and syntactic features of verbal repairs were analyzed on the basis of the viewpoints of functional grammar by Halliday (1994) and then they were concretized by Downing (2015) 1.5 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY - provide a systematic and full description of linguistic features of verbal repairs in English and Vietnamese television film conversations in terms of pragmatic, semantic and syntactic features - can be a very useful source of reference for compiling lectures, books, materials related to the scope of the study 1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY This study is divided into five chapters as follows: Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Literature Review Chapter 3: Research Methodology Chapter 4: Pragmatic features of verbal repairs in English and Vietnamese television film conversations Chapter 5: Semantic features of verbal repairs in English and Vietnamese television film conversations Chapter 6: Syntactic features of verbal repairs in English and Vietnamese television film conversations Chapter 7: Conclusion and Implications CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 Definitions of Terms Verbal repair is defined as a mechanism that operates in conversation not only to deal with problems in speaking, hearing, and understanding the talk in conversation by using semantic structures and syntactic structures in an interlocutor’s turn-taking but also to convey some communicative purposes from the interlocutors Recycling (or repetition) means the repeating, either with no apparent changes or with some additions or deletion, of the repaired segment (Fox et al, 1996: 230) Replacement means that the speaker substitutes a quasi-lexical or lexical item or items for another quasi-lexical or lexical item or items, when the repaired and the repairing segments belong to the same syntactic class 2.2 Theoretical Background 2.2.1 Conversation 2.2.1.1 Conversation 2.2.1.2 Conversations in Films 2.2.1.3 Characteristics of Conversations 2.2.2 Conversation Analysis 2.2.2.1 Structures of Conversation Analysis 2.2.2.2 Speech Acts 2.2.2.3 The performative fomula 2.2.2.4 Classifications of Speech Acts 2.2.3 Utterances 2.2.3.1 Definition 2.2.3.2 Characteristics of Utterances 2.2.4 Speech Act of repair 2.2.5 Linguistic Features of Verbal Repairs 2.2.5.1 Pragmatic Features of Verbal Repairs It is necessary to analyze the contexts of the conversations., perfomative fomula, Searle's (1969) classification of illocutionary acts and the Cooperative Principle (Grice, 1975) to find out the communicative purposes of the interlocutors 2.2.5.2 Semantic Features of Verbal Repairs Semantic features of verbal repairs were experiential meanings expressed via the transitivity structure Halliday (1994) (2004) mentioned the participants of semantic roles which are the fullest description Based on the full and detailed study of Halliday (2004), Downing (2015) classified semantic roles and their participants Material processes often have structrure subtypes of following semantic roles: (1) Agent + HAPPENING (Process) (+ Circumstance/Circ.) (2) Agent + DOING + Affected (+ Circ.) (3) Agent + DOING + Range (+ Circ.) (3) Agent + CAUSATIVE + Affected + Resulting Attribute (+ Circ.) (4) Agent + TRANSFER + Affected + Recipient/Beneficiary (+Circ.) Mental processes has structrure subtypes of following semantic roles: (1) Experiencer + COGNITIVE Process + Phenomenon (+ Circ.) (2) Experiencer + PERCEPTIVE + Phenomenon (+ Circ.) (3) Experiencer + AFFECTIVE + Phenomenon (+ Circ.) (4) Experiencer + DESIDERATIVE + Phenomenon (+ Circ.) Relational processes have structrure subtypes of following semantic roles: (1) Identifier + IDENTIFYING + Identified (+ Circ.) (2) Carrier + ATTRIBUTIVE Process + Attribute (+ Circ.) (3) Carrier + CIRCUMSTANTIAL + Circumstance (+ Circ.) (4) Carrier/Possessor + POSSESSIVE + Attribute/Possessed (+Circ.) Verbal processes has structrure subtypes of following semantic roles: (1a) Sayer + VERBAL Process + Said (+ Circ.) (1b) Sayer + VERBAL Process + Said + Receiver (+ Circ.) Behavioural processes have structrure subtypes of following semantic roles: (1a) Behaver + BEHAVIORAL Process (+ Circ.) (1b) Behaver + BEHAVIORAL Process + Phenomenon (+ Circ.) Existential processes has structrure subtypes of following semantic roles: (1a) EXISTENTIAL Process + Existent (1b) (Circ of Location)+EXISTENTIAL +Existent (+Circ.of Loc) 2.2.5.3 Syntactic Features of Verbal Repairs in E & V FCs This study used the classification of grammatical features of a sentence of Downing (2015) Downing (2015) classified clauses into Finite and non-finite clauses, Independent and dependent clauses, Finite dependent clauses groups were classified into Nominal groups, Verbal groups, Adjectival groups, Adverbial groups Words were classified into the following parts of speech with two main classes, the opened class (Noun, verb, adjective, adverb) and closed class (preposition, pronoun, article) Downing (2015, p.17) classified syntactic elements of clauses into 10 types namely Subject (S) which is realized by Nominal group, Predicator (P) which is realized by Verbal group, Direct Object (O), Indirect Object (O), Subject Complement (Cs), Object Complement (Co), Locative/Goal Complement (Cloc), Circumstantial Adjunct (A), Stance Adjunct (A), Connective Adjunct (A) Syntactic features of repairs were also described in terms of repairing techniques such as recycling, replacing, inserting, adding 8 2.3 Previous Studies Related to the Study Schegloff et al (1977) Liebscher & Dailey-O’Cain (2003) and Rylander (2004) Rabab’Ah Abuseileek (2012) Simpson, Rebecca, Eisenchlas, Susana, Haugh, Michael (2013) Quan and Zheng (2012) Hidayah (2015) Mabruroh (2017) noted some functions of repair in conversations Semantic features of repair were also concerned by many researchers such as Mazeland et al (2001) Mazeland et al (2001) Saldert et al (2014) Syntactic features were also concerned and studied by Schegloff (1979) Barbara & Jasperson (1996) Fox, Hayashi and Jasperson (1996); Barbara (2009); Quan (2015) Nguyễn Đức Dân (1998); Diệp Quang Ban (2012); Nguyễn Thị Mai Hữu (2010); Hạ Kiều Phương, Hoàng Trà My (2017) CHAPTER METHODS AND PROCEDURES 3.1 Research Design Qualitative, quantitative, descriptive, contrastive methods were used together with logic approaches such as Deduction, Induction, Systematization and Generalization 3.2 Research Methods 3.2.1 Data Collection Method 3.2.1.1 Sources of Data The data were EFCS and VFCS collected from the 1990s to the 2010s The data were collected from only 23 English television films because English films have more conversations containing repair However, the Vietnamese data were collected from 39 Vietnamese television films 3.2.1.2 Sampling a Criteria of Sampling Conversations containing repairs from English and Vietnamese television films were randomly chosen to watch Samples contaning two or three elements such as pre-repair, repair or repair, postrepair or only repair were collected because sometimes, post-repair was not included when the interlocutor finished his/her turn by leaving out, or nodding, looking at outside… b Description of Samples Samples were the ones containing repair in conversations from English and Vietnamese television films c Sampling Procedures After collecting 500 conversations in each language, compared with the theory of linguistic features, only 372 EFCs in 23 television films and 385 VFCs in 39 television films containing repairs with the linguistic features were selected Of 372 English conversations, there were 110 ones containing self-repair and 262 ones containing otherrepair Of 385 Vietnamese conversations, there were 59 ones containing self-repair, 326 ones containing other-repair d Collecting Procedures The website subscene.com was used to search for English subtitles of films We used VLC media player to run the films The conversations were transcribed All of the conversations containing self-repair and other-repair were collected The software Excel 2010 was used to calculate and analyze the data 3.2.2 Data Analysis Methods 3.2.1 Descriptive Analysis The descriptive analysis were used to describe the pragmatic, semantic and syntactic features of verbal repairs 3.2.2 Contrastive Analysis 10 This study used the contrastive method in which two languages are the source languages and parallel contrasts 3.3 Data Coding Method 3.3.3.1.Coding according to Repair Type 3.3.3.2.Coding according to pragmatic features 3.3.3.3.Coding according to violation of cooperative principles 3.3.3.4.Coding according to semantic features 3.3.3.5.Coding according to syntactic features 3.4 Analytical Framework Conversation Analysis Context Conversation Transaction Exchange Move Move Turn Turn Acts Acts Utterrances Utterrances Repair Schegloff Pragmatics (Searle, Grice) Semantics (Halliday & Downing) Syntactics(Halliday & Downing E V E V E V 3.5 Reliability and Validity 3.5.1 Reliability The data were 372 extracts of EFCs and 385 ones of VFCs selected on the basis of the criteria of selecting data The pragmatic features of repairs were analyzed basing on the contexts of the 11 conversations, the cooperative principles of Grice (1975), performative fomula of implicature, classification of illocutionary act of Searle (1969) Semantic and syntactic features of verbal repairs were analyzed on the basis of the viewpoints of functional grammar by Halliday (1994) and then they were concretized by Downing (2015) 3.5.2 Validity The linguistic features of verbal repairs in English and Vietnamese film conversations were analyzed, described, compared and contrasted on the selected theoretical framework from the beginning to the end of the investigation CHAPTER PRAGMATIC FEATURES OF VERBAL REPAIRS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE FILM CONVERSATIONS 4.1 Pragmatic Features of Verbal Self-repairs 4.1.1 Pragmatic Functions of Verbal Self-repair in EFCs Table 4.1 Pragmatic Functions of Verbal Self-repair in EFCs Order Functions Occurrence Percentage Representatives 69 63% Expressives 41 37% Total 110 100% The analysis showed that in the contexts where the speakers (S) could not find the correct word to express their ideas or in the case of violating the maxim of quantity, maxim of manner as Grice (1975) mentioned, the speakers used self-repair to explain, assert or give more information as Schegloff (1977) called these functions as confirmation clarification Beside the direct functions, the contexts of conversations also showed that self-repair had indirect functions of expressives which Searle (1969) classified Depending the level of 12 their feelings, the speakers used repair to show their different feelings in their utterances.The data showed that speakers (63%) used selfrepair for the direct functions more than speakers (37%) used selfrepair for the indirect functions 4.1.2 Pragmatic Functions of Verbal Self-repair in VF Conversations Table 4.2 Pragmatic Functions of Verbal Self-repair in VF Conversations Order Functions Occurrence Percentage Representatives 27 46% Expressives 32 54% Total 59 100% The analysis showed that they used self-repair to explain the information, to assert and to give more information Beside the direct functions, they used self-repair to express their embarrassment, surprise, anger, worry 4.1.3 Similarities and Differences 4.1.3.1 Similarities Both English and Vietnamese speakers (S) used self-repair to explain the information, to assert the information, to give more information when they found hey violated the maxim of cooperative principles, the maxim of quantity and the maxim of manner which Grice (1975) mentioned They also used self-repair to express their embarrassment, surprise, panic, anger, worry 4.1.3.2 Differences Firstly, the speakers in VFCS used self-repair to carry out more functions of expressives than functions of representatives Secondly, the speakers in EFCs used self-repair to show their panic while speakers in VFCs used self-repair to show their anger 13 4.2 Pragmatic Features of Verbal Other-repairs 4.2.1 Pragmatic Functions of Verbal Other-repair in EFCs Table 4.3 Pragmatic Functions of Verbal Other-repair in EFCs Order Functions Occurrence Percentage Representatives 209 80% Expressives 53 20% 262 100% Total The speakers (S1) in EFCs used other-repair to ask for explaining the information, to ask for asserting the information they have just heard, to ask for giving more information The contexts of conversations also showed that other-repair had indirect functions of expressives such as expressing their embarrassment, surprise and panic, surprises and worry The data showed that speakers (80%) used other-repair for the direct functions more than speakers (20%) used other-repair for the indirect functions 4.2.2 Pragmatic Functions of Verbal Other-repair in VFCs Table 4.7 Pragmatic Functions of Verbal Other-repair in VFCs Order Functions Occurrence Representatives 138 42% Expressives 188 58% 326 100% Total Percentage S1 in VFCs used other-repair to ask for asserting the information, to ask for giving more information, to ask for explaining the information The contexts of conversations also showed that otherrepair had indirect functions of expressives such as expressing their embarrassment, surprise and panic, worry and anger The data showed that speakers (58%) used other-repair for the indirect functions more than speakers (42%) used other-repair for the direct functions 14 4.2.3 Similarities and Differences 4.2.3.1 Similarities Both speakers in the extracts of EFCs and VFCS used otherrepair for two functions of representatives and expressives In the functions of representatives, (S1) used other-repair to ask for explaining the information, asserting the information, giving more information Beside the direct functions, other-repair had indirect functions of expressives such as expressing their embarrassment, surprise and panic, worry 4.2.3.2 Differences S1 in VFCS used other-repair to carry out more functions of expressives than functions of representatives This difference shows that the Vietnamese speakers cannot hide their real feelings in conversations Moreover, it is also a cultural feature of the Vietnamese: expressing the attitudes via language English has a lof of homonyms, so if S1s violate the maxim of quantity and maxim of manner, their utterances will cause misunderstandings for the hearers Therefore, S1 in EFCS used other-repair to carry out more functions of representatives than functions of expressives 4.3 Summary The analysis showed that speakers (S and S1) in EFCS and VFCS used repairs to ask for explaining the information, asserting the information, giving more information Beside the direct functions, they used other-repair for the indirect functions CHAPTER SEMANTIC FEATURES OF VERBAL REPAIRS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE FILM CONVERSATIONS 5.1 Semantic Features Of Verbal Self-Repair in EFCs Table 5.1 Semantic Processes Of Verbal Self-Repair in EFCs 15 Order Process types Occurrence Percentage Relational process 41 37% Material process 36 33% Mental process 25 23% Verbal process 06 5% Existential process 02 2% Behavioural process 0 110 100% Total The analysis of semantic features of self-repair in the extracts of English film conversations showed that speakers self-repaired types of processes with a lot of semantic participants in their transitivity structures, depending on the functions of repair Except for relational processes, S repaired the semantic participants to assert the information and to give more information Four other processes such as material, mental, verbal and existential ones, S repaired the semantic participants to assert the information and to explain the information 5.2 Semantic Features Of Verbal Self-Repair in VFCs Table 5.2 Semantic Processes of Verbal Self-Repair in VFCs Order Process types Occurrence Percentage Relational process 28 48% Material process 15 25% Mental process 11 19% Verbal process 03 5% Existential process 02 3% Behavioural process 0 Total 59 100% The analysis of semantic features of self-repair in the extracts of Vietnamese film conversations showed that speakers self-repaired 16 types of processes with a lot of semantic participants in their transitivity structures, depending on the functions of repair S repaired the semantic participants in all of five processes to assert the information Among them, S repaired the semantic participants in the material, mental and verbal processes to assert the information and show the feelings Along with the function of asserting the information, S also repaired the semantic participants in the relational, mental and verbal processes to explain the information 5.2.6 Similarities and Differences 5.2.6.1 Similarities Firstly, both speakers in English and Vietnamese extracts of television film conversations used self-repair for processes such as material, mental, relational, verbal and existential processes as Downing (2015) classified Secondly, in the relational processes, both speakers in English and Vietnamese extracts of television film conversations repaired the same semantic participants identifier and identified to explain information In the material processes, speakers repaired the same semantic participants agent, doing, affected; in the mental processes, speakers repaired the same semantic participants experiencer, phenomenon, desiderative; in the verbal processes, speakers repaired the same semantic participant sayer to assert the information and show their feelings In the existential processes, speakers repaired the same semantic participant existent Lastly, both S1 did not repair any participants in the behavioural processes 5.2.6.2 Differences Firstly, the number of cases of self-repair in EFCS was higher than the one in VFCs Secondly, speakers in two languages repaired some different semantic particicpants in the same processes 5.3 Semantic Features Of Verbal Other-Repair in EFCs 17 Table 5.3 Semantic Processes of Verbal Other-Repair in EFCs Order Process types Occurrence Percentage Relational process 88 31% Material process 82 34% Verbal process 61 23% Mental process 29 11% Existential process 02 1% Behavioural process 0 262 100% Total The analysis of semantic features of other-repair in the extracts of English film conversations showed that speakers (S1) repaired types of processes with a lot of semantic participants in their transitivity structures, depending on the functions of repair For relational processes, S1 repaired the semantic participants to assert the information, show the feelings, to ask for giving more information and to ask for explaining information For material processes, S1 repaired the semantic participants to ask for asserting the information and to show the feelings For verbal processes, S1 repaired the semantic participants to ask for asserting the information, show the feelings and to ask for explaining the information For mental processes, S1 repaired the semantic participants to ask for asserting the information, to show the feelings and to ask for giving more information For existential processes, S1 repaired the semantic participants to ask for asserting the information and to show the feelings 5.4 Semantic Features Of Verbal Other-Repair in VFCs Table 5.4 Semantic Processes of Verbal Other-Repair in VFCs Order Process types Relational process Occurrence Percentage 109 33% 18 Verbal process 97 30% Material process 81 25% Mental process 37 11% Existential process 1% Behavioural process 0 326 100% Total The analysis of semantic features of other-repair in the extracts of Vietnamese film conversations showed that speakers (S1) repaired types of processes with a lot of semantic participants in their transitivity structures, depending on the functions of repair For relational processes, S1 repaired the semantic participants to assert the information and show the feelings, to ask for giving more information and show the feelings, to ask for explaining information For verbal processes, S1 repaired the semantic participants to ask for asserting the information and show the feelings For material processes, S1 repaired the sematic participants and semantic structures to ask for asserting the information and show the feelings For mental processes, S1 repaired the semantic participants to ask for asserting the information, to ask for asserting the information and show the feelings, to ask for giving more information and show the feelings For existential processes, S1 repaired the participant existent to ask for asserting the information 5.4.6 Similarities and Differences 5.4.6.1 Similarities Firstly, both speakers (S1) in English and Vietnamese extracts of television film conversations used other-repair for processes such as material, mental, relational, verbal and existential processes as Downing (2015) classified Secondly, in the relational processes, S1 in English and Vietnamese conversations repaired 19 some participants to assert the information, to ask for giving more information and show the feelings In the material processes, S1 repaired the participants and the semantic structures to ask for asserting the information and show the feelings In the mental processes, S1 in two languages repaired the participants to ask for asserting the information In the existential processes, S1 in two languages repaired the participants to ask for asserting the information Lastly, both S1 did not repair any participants in the behavioural processes 5.4.6.2 Differences Firstly, the number of S1 in Vietnamese film conversations was higher (326 cases) than the number of S1 in English film conversations (262 cases) Secondly, the semantic participants repaired in some processes were different due to the different communicative purposes CHAPTER SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF VERBAL REPAIRS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE FILM CONVERSATIONS 6.1 Syntactic Features Of Verbal Self-Repair in EFCs Table 6.1 Syntactic Features Of Verbal Self-Repair in EFCs Conversations from EFs Order Syntactic features Percentage Occurrences Self - repair initiated after a nominal group 69 63% Self - repair initiated after a clause 27 24% Self - repair initiated after a verbal group 13 12% Self - repair initiated after a Prepositional 01 1% 110 100% Phrase Total 20 The findings showed that there were 69 cases in which S used self- repair after a NG and clause while there were only 14 cases in which S used self- repair after a preposition and a VG The speakers wanted to explain or give more information about what they had just said, so they mainly focused on the NG or a clause to make a repair English speakers used the repairing technique of recycling more frequently than replacing Moreover, English speakers followed the tendency to recycle function words at a higher rate than they were replaced Similarly, content words might be a range of troubles for speakers and might thus be targets for replacement repair 6.2 Syntactic Features Of Verbal Self-Repair in VFCs Table 6.2 Syntactic Features Of Verbal Self-Repair in VFCs Order Syntactic features Conversations from VFs Occurrences Percentag e Self – repair initiated after a Nominal Group 45 76.3% Self – repair initiated after a Verbal Group 09 15.3% Self – repair initiated after a clause 03 5% Self – repair initiated after 02 3.4% 59 100% a Prepositional Phrase Total The findings showed that there were 45 cases in which S used self- repair after a NG and 09 cased in which S used self- repair after a VG while there were only 03 cases in which S used self- repair after a clause and 02 cases in which S used self- repair after a preposition/PP Vietnamese speakers used the repairing technique of recycling more frequently than replacing However, for repairing initiated after a noun/NG, Vietnamese speakers followed the tendency to recycle function words, especially subject pronouns at a 21 higher rate They also replaced content words, especially NG with the high rate 6.2.5 Similarities and Differences 6.2.5.1 Similarities Firstly, both S in the extracts of English and Vietnamese film conversations used self-repair after a noun/NG and a clause with higher rates than self-repair after a verbal group and prepositional phrase Secondly, both English and Vietnamese speakers used the repairing technique of recycling more frequently than replacing, especially recycling subject pronouns because recycling a subject pronoun can be a device for managing trouble with an upcoming verb 6.2.5.2 Differences Firstly, the number of self-repair in English film conversations was higher (110 cases) than the number of self-repair in Vietnamese film conversations (59 cases) Secondly, for repairing initiated after a nominal group, English speakers used the technique of recycling for subject and direct object pronouns while Vietnamese speakers used the technique of recycling for subject pronouns and replacing for direct object N/NG or content words at a high rate Thirdly, in English, clauses are a common destination of recycling and replacing This pattern may be a result of the settings in English film conversations where speakers have just uttered NG + VG and then they paused and finally they finished their utterances In some situations, English speakers uttered the finite clause, but then they replaced by another clause to make their utterance clearer 6.3 Syntactic Features Of Verbal Other-Repair in EFCs Table 6.3 Syntactic Features Of Verbal Other-Repair in EFCs Order Conversations from EFs Syntactic features of other-repair Occurrences Percenta 22 ge Other-repair initiated after a Clause 120 45% Other-repair initiated after a nominal group 102 39% Other-repair initiated after a Verbal group 28 11% Other-repair initiated after a PP 08 3% Other-repair initiated after an Adj group 04 2% Total 262 100% The findings showed that there were 222 cases (nearly 85%) S1 used other- repair after a NG and clause while there were only 40 cases (more than 15%) S1 used other - repair after a VG, adjective group and a prepositional phrase However, English speakers used the repairing techniques of recycling and replacing at the same rate because they could use recycling or replacing to ask for asserting the information, for giving more information, for explaining or for showing their feelings, depending on their communicative purposes 6.4 Syntactic Features Of Verbal Other-Repair in VFCs Table 6.4 Syntactic Features Of Verbal Other-Repair in VFCs Order Conversations from VFs Syntactic features of other-repair Occurrences Percentage Other-repair initiated after a clause 150 46% Other-repair initiated after a nominal 100 31% group Other-repair initiated after a Verbal group 54 16% Other-repair initiated after an Adj group 22 7% Total 326 100% The findings showed that there were 250 cases (77%) S1 used other- repair after a NG and clause while there were 76 cases (23%) S1 used other-repair after a VG and adjective group Vietnamese speakers (S1) used the technique of replacing more than recycling, 23 especially when they repaired after a nominal group or a clause The analyzing of contexts of the conversations showed that Vietnamese speakers used replacing after a NG or a clause to ask for giving more information and showing their feelings 6.4.5 Similarities and Differences 6.4.5.1 Similarities Firstly, both S in the extracts of English and Vietnamese film conversations used self-repair after a noun/NG and a clause with higher rates than self-repair after a verbal group and prepositional phrase Similarly, both English and Vietnamese speakers used otherrepair after a noun/NG and clause with higher rates while less English and Vietnamese speakers used other-repair after a verb/VG, adjective group and a prepositional phrase Finally, both English and Vietnamese speakers used the repairing technique of recycling more frequently than replacing when they used self-repair, especially recycling subject pronouns because recycling a subject pronoun can be a device for managing trouble with an upcoming verb 6.4.5.2 Differences Firstly, the number of other-repair in Vietnamese film conversations was higher (326 cases) than the number of self-repair in English film conversations (262 cases) Secondly, Vietnamese speakers (S1) used the technique of replacing more than recycling, especially when they repaired after a nominal group or a clause The analyzing of contexts of the conversations showed that Vietnamese speakers used the repairing technique replacing after a nominal group or a clause to ask for giving more information and showing their feelings Whereas, English speakers (S1) used both techniques of recycling and replacing at the same rate because they could use recycling or replacing to ask for asserting the information, for giving 24 more information, for explaining or for showing their feelings, depending on their communicative purposes Thirdly, there was no other-repair after a prepositionl phrase in Vietnamese conversations 6.5 Summary The study showed that both speakers (S and S1) in the extracts of English and Vietnamese film conversations used self and other-repair after a noun/NG and clause at a higher rate than after a verb/VG, adjective group and a prepositional phrase There was no other-repair after a prepositionl phrase in Vietnamese conversations Both English and Vietnamese speakers used the repairing technique of recycling more frequently than replacing when they used self-repair However, English speakers (S1) used both techniques of recycling and replacing at the same rate when they used other-repair while Vietnamese speakers (S1) used the repairing technique replacing CHAPTER CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS 7.1 Conclusions The finding results showed that there was a close relationship of three ligusitc features such as pragmatic, semantic and syntactic ones when S S1 used repairs 7.2 Implications The findings can be a supporting source for teaching and learning English and Vietnamese speaking skills It can be a very useful source of reference for compiling lectures, books, materials related to the scope of the study 7.3 Limitations of the Study and suggestions for further research Further researches of verbal repairs on phonological features or from the real recording conversations or nonverbal repairs PUBLICATION LISTS 25 Nguyễn Thị Minh Hạnh, Nguyễn Thị Quỳnh Hoa (2015) Positions and strategies of self-repair in English and Vietnamese conversations Journal of Science and Technology of Danang University No 12 (97), Vol 100-104 Nguyễn Thị Minh Hạnh, Nguyễn Thị Quỳnh Hoa (2016) Strategies and functions of other-repair in English and Vietnamese conversations Journal of Science and Technology of Danang University No (103), 63-66 Nguyễn Thị Quỳnh Hoa, Nguyễn Thị Minh Hạnh (2016) Điều chỉnh khúc mắc lời thoại từ phim truyền hình Việt Nam: Một cách tiếp cận ngữ dụng học Ngôn ngữ và đời sống, Số 11 (253) 33-37 Nguyễn Thị Minh Hạnh (2017) Chiến lược điều chỉnh khúc mắc người nghe thực lời thoại phim Tiếng Anh Kỷ yếu Hội thảo Khoa học Quốc gia dành cho học viên cao học nghiên cứu sinh lần thứ 1, Trường ĐH Ngoại ngữ, ĐH Quốc gia Hà Nội, 163-169 Nguyễn Thị Quỳnh Hoa, Nguyễn Thị Minh Hạnh (2017) Identifying Repair Strategies in English Film Conversations and Suggestions for Application in Teaching Verbal Interaction Skill NVU Journal of Foreign Studies Vol 33, No 110-121 Nguyễn Thị Minh Hạnh (2019) Pragmatic functions of self- repair in conversations from Vietnamese television films Journal of Inquiry into Languages and Culture Vol.3, No.2 157-166  ... chỉnh khúc mắc lời thoại từ phim truyền hình Việt Nam: Một cách tiếp cận ngữ dụng học Ngôn ngữ và đời sống, Số 11 (253) 33-37 Nguyễn Thị Minh Hạnh (2017) Chiến lược điều chỉnh. .. Chiến lược điều chỉnh khúc mắc người nghe thực lời thoại phim Tiếng Anh Kỷ yếu Hội thảo Khoa học Quốc gia dành cho học viên cao học nghiên cứu sinh lần thứ 1, Trường ĐH Ngoại ngữ,... replacing This pattern may be a result of the settings in English film conversations where speakers have just uttered NG + VG and then they paused and finally they finished their utterances In some