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MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS DIPLOMATIC ACADEMY OF VIETNAM MID-TERM ESSAY SUBJECT: ANGLO - AMERICAN STUDIES TOPIC : WHAT HAPPENS TO THE UK AFTER THE BREXIT Student : Nguyen Hoang Thanh Trang Class : TA47A2 Student ID : TA47A1- 0456 Lecturer : MA Nguyen Minh Phuong Ha Noi , 11 October , 2021 TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Rationale for study…………… Scope of the study……… 3 Organization of the study .3 CHAPTER 2: MAIN CONTENT .5 I BREXIT AND ITS MAIN CAUSES Definition of Brexit .5 Main causes of brexit 2.1 The EU threatens British sovereignty 2.2.EURO was a disaster .6 2.3 The immigration crisis 2.4 The UK's commitment to the EU spending plan II WHAT HAPPENS TO THE UK AFTER BREXIT .8 1.Importing and Exporting goods Travelling to the EU 10 Living , working or moving to the EU .11 CHAPTER 3: CONCLUSION .12 REFERENCES……… 13 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Rationale for study Brexit is one of the traumatic events of history that interests people all over the world This event only took place a few years ago, so it still leaves a lot of interest for people to this day In which most people really want to know What is Brexit ?, what is the cause of the Brexit event? What is going on in the UK after leaving the EU ?,etc And many other questions that need answers The UK has left the EU and the transition period has now ended This means that the UK has now left the EU Single Market and Customs Union and EU law no longer applies in the UK The Trade and Cooperation Agreement agreed in December changes the basis of our relationship with our European neighbours from EU law to free trade and friendly cooperation What has changed, and what remains the same In addition , I am interested on this topic myself And going to the theme in a strict and serious manner is also an opportunity for me to cultivate my ability to learn about British And American studies and get acquainted with the work of doing scientific research even it’s a quite extensive topic All these reasons motivated me to I chose the theme : What happens to the UK after the Brexit for my mid-term essay Scope of the study This essay will give readers comprehensive and specific looks as well as the important information about the the UK’s new relationship with the EU , things that has changed or retained in the UK Besides the essay also brought to the most objective happening as well as origin of term “Brexit”,the main causes that lead to brexit Organization of the study This essay shows the comprehensive outlooks on the current situation or the new relationship of the UK with the EU after the Brexit Chapter is Introduction Chapter includes two big parts Part I includes small sections and part II includes three small sections First I define the term Brexit and, its main causes Then I provide information about the UK’s new relationship with the EU after the Brexit Chapter is Conclusion.And the last part in the essay is the References with cites titles I have used to support my work In spite of my endeavours of learning and finding the references for my research, it is inevitable that this essay has shortcomings , I am willing to receive your advices and contributions for my essay Thank you and sincerely! CHAPTER 2: MAIN CONTENT I BREXIT AND ITS MAIN CAUSES Definition of Brexit - Definition: ‘Brexit’ is the name given to the United Kingdom’s departure from the European Union It is a combination of ‘Britain’ and ‘exit’ - History: In June 2016, Britain held a referendum on Brexit 52% supported the idea of leaving the EU Britain officially left the European Union on January 31, ending more than four decades of economic, political, and legal integration with its closest neighbours Main causes of brexit 2.1 The EU threatens British sovereignty The desire to "restore U.K sovereignty" has dominated the British discussion over leaving the European Union ("Brexit") Proponents of Brexit want Britain to "regain power" from EU governments and bureaucracy Effective British autonomy is based on a complex network of economic, social, and cultural contacts with the rest of the world rather than the formal political power of the British government These connections inevitably undermine the UK government's and citizens' ability to make independent, free choice Indeed, the UK’s membership in the European Union erodes formal sovereignty Economic, social, and cultural relations destroy sovereignty on purpose Skeptics in the Uk have a fair argument that the EU Commission and its states have enacted excessive restrictions A succession of EU treaties, for example, have transferred the increasing power of member states to the EU's headquarters in Brussels during the last few decades Many key EU problems, such as competition policy, agriculture, patent rights, and so on, have overloaded member nations' legal systems Brexit doubters also believe that the European Commission (EC), the EU's governing body, does not directly represent voters in the UK or other EU member states.British leaders have very limited influence over the selection of members of the EC every five years However, once the members of the EC have been chosen, there is no one to represent the British government or represent the British to be elected in the European Parliament (EP) 2.2.EURO was a disaster The global recession that began in 2008 was bad around the world, but it was much worse in countries that had adopted Europe’s common currency, the euro.For instance, the unemployment rate shot up above 20 percent in countries like Greece and Spain Seven years after the recession began, Spain and Greece are still suffering from unemployment rates above 20 percent, and many economists believe the euro was the primary culprit Meanwwhile, endless fiscal contraction policies imposed by Frankfurt and Brussels have enormously undermined support for the Union, and not just in the UK Technically of course, one can say that the UK is not a member of the Eurozone and therefore of what concern is it to London? However, as explained above, extremely damaging fiscal policies in Frankfurt and Brussels, have a direct impact on the UK, flooding Britain with more people looking for work Equally, it reduces the value of the single market to the UK, as Eurozone fiscal rigidity squeezes economic growth A significant part of the British business and intellectual classes, who were naturally proEU, began to rethink their support for the Union So, the argument goes, it might be better for everyone if the UK got out of the EU, clearing the path for the rest of the EU to evolve more quickly into a unified European state 2.3 The immigration crisis The immigration crisis in Europe continues to deepen disagreements between the European Union and the United Kingdom European Union law guarantees that citizens of one European Union country have the right to travel, live, and take jobs in other European Union countries The eurozone has struggled economically, and workers from eurozone countries such as Ireland, Italy, and Lithuania (as well as EU countries like Poland and Romania that have not yet joined the common currency) have flocked to the UK in search of work The UK absorbed 333,000 new people, on net, in 2015 That’s a significant number for a country Britain’s size British people find that the United Kingdom has been adversely affected by the above regulation They argue that immigrants to the United Kingdom have reduced jobs, the wages of local people, and even placed a burden on the country's public services So they think that, when leaving the European Union, the United Kingdom can create a more reasonable immigration system without the constraints of the EU 2.4 The UK's commitment to the EU spending plan At present, the EU doesn't have the capacity to direct gather charges, however it requires part states to make a annually commitment to the central EU expenditure plan In 2019 the UK made an anticipated gross commitment (after the refund) of £14.4 billion, which is about $300 per individual in the UK The UK got a discount from the EU which diminished its commitment The refund planned to address the issue of the UK making moderately huge net commitments to the EU "Leave" allies have been refering to a bigger figure than £14.4 billion, yet that figure disregards a refund that is consequently deducted from the UK's commitment The UK got £5.0 billion of public area receipts from the EU, so the UK's net public area commitment to the EU was an expected £9.4 billion 2019 was the last entire year where the UK was an individual from the European Union (EU) As an individual from the EU, the UK made installments, or commitments, to the EU spending plan The UK likewise got financing, or receipts, from the EU While quite a bit of this cash is spent on administrations in the UK like different horticultural, social, financial turn of events and seriousness programs, Brexit allies actually contend that it would be better for the UK to just keep the cash and have Parliament conclude how to spend it II WHAT HAPPENS TO THE UK AFTER BREXIT The UK has cleared out the EU and the move period has now finished This implies that the UK has now left the EU Single Market and Customs Union and EU law no longer applies in the UK The Trade and Cooperation Agreement 1concured in December changes the premise of the relationship with the European neighbours from EU law to free exchange and friendly cooperation What has changed, and what remains the same? The travelling, working , living policies, etc may have any reformations or not We will find out in this section 1.Importing and Exporting goods The way enterprises in the Uk trade products with the EU has altered as a result of the United Kingdom's exit from the Single Market and Customs Union To export products to the EU, your company must now follow new customs procedures, which include UK export declarations and import requirements for EU Member States Border restrictions Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the one part, and the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community of the other part for importing products into the UK are being phased in to give companies time to adapt, with full customs inspections taking effect in January 2022 To guarantee that you can continue to trade freely, you must now comply with laws for safeguarding human, plant, and animal health, including as health certification, additional biosecurity requirements, and border inspections, whenever you transport, purchase, or sell animals or plants, or their products from or to the EU Certain animal goods, such as cold meats (such as sausages and mincemeat), as well as certain plant species, are no longer allowed to be exported to the EU The agreement requires the UK and EU to examine their respective SPS border controls on a regular basis in order to reduce the cost of such controls while maintaining biosecurity The UK currently has complete control over the technical regulations, standards, and conformity assessment processes that must be followed in order for items to be placed on the UK market To sell products in the UK, you must comply with UK regulatory standards, and to sell goods in the EU, you must comply with EU regulatory criteria If your conformity assessment processes necessitate approval from a third-party conformity assessment organization, you must acquire certification in both the UK and the EU if your products are to be marketed in both countries The UK Conformity Assessment (UKCA) mark will be used to indicate product conformity in the United Kingdom, while the CE mark will continue to be used throughout Europe Travelling to the EU There are new regulations for British citizens traveling to and from the EU for employment, vacation, or to see loved ones, thanks to the Covid-19 restrictions If you're planning a trip to Europe, make sure you have adequate travel insurance, double-check that your passport satisfies new validity requirements, and gather any paperwork you'll need to bring your car When you go to the EU, UK citizens continue to have access to emergency and required healthcare coverage This will work in the same way as the existing EHIC( European Health Insurance Card) programme Travel insurance that covers healthcare costs is still recommended, although reciprocal healthcare arrangements may not cover all healthcare expenditures when traveling When traveling to the EU, you may still use your EHIC EHICs are good until they reach their expiration date If eligible, those who apply for the first time or renew their existing coverage will get a Global Health Insurance Card (GHIC) from the UK government If you're coming the EU for working, you'll need to see if you need a visa, a work permit, or to fill out declarations for any products or cash you're bringing You'll also need to make sure your certificates are accepted in the country where you'll be working Because requirements differ amongst EU Member States, it's always a good idea to double-check the guidelines You cannot bring meat or dairy items into the EU with you (for example, a ham and cheese sandwich or coffee with milk) Phytosanitary certificates are required for almost all plants and plant products, including fruits, vegetables, flowers, and seeds Living , working or moving to the EU As long as you continue to fulfill eligibility conditions, you can continue to get some UK benefits while traveling, working, or residing in the EU, and vice versa Pensioners retiring in the EU will continue to receive an annual increase in their UK State Pension in line with UK rates According to the agreement, relevant periods of social security contributions made in the UK and EU (or, in some cases, periods of work or residence) will be taken into account when determining your eligibility for certain benefits, as well as when calculating the amount of benefit, depending on the state and benefit in question 10 Workers (and their employers, if they have one) will continue to pay into just one social security system at a time under the agreement In most cases, this will be in the nation where the job is performed, regardless of where the worker resides within the EU or the UK, or where their employer is located Civil servants, seafarers, airmen, people working in two or more states, and those temporarily working in the UK or an EU Member State are among those who will be exempt from the general rule If they move to the EU, eligible retirees, border employees, and other groups – as well as their family members – will continue to have their healthcare bills paid by the UK When pre-authorized, you will also be able to receive organized healthcare in the EU If you are a student in an EU country who typically resides in the UK and have a valid GHIC, a UK State Pensioner with a registered S1 document, or a frontier or detached worker with a registered S1 document, you may be entitled for UK funded healthcare if you relocate to the EU When migrating to the EU, all other UK nationals should register with the local healthcare system CHAPTER 3: CONCLUSION Brexit has been one of the most significant operations in European integration in recent years and will undoubtedly continue to have an impact on the development of both the UK and the EU in at least medium term In this essay, we have find out and understand the origin of Brexit and four main causes that I think have led to the Brexit Additionally , we discovered the new relationship between the EU and the UK, new different things such as in travelling policies, living in the EU, etc I think the problem of Brexit is a huge multidimensional problem that is hard to cover This essay just covers inconsiderable knowledge of mine about this topic However , I think studying Brexit is a vital work since it helps us better understand Brexit issues such 11 as What is Brexit, What its causes and consequences, etc Especially, being a student of Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam, it is essential for us to research international matters THE END - REFERENCES Brexit isn’t the most serious threat to the EU — the euro is https://www.vox.com/2016/6/29/12052494/brexit-eu-euro-disaster Brexit: Make hard choices but don't confuse sovereignty with autonomy https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2018/12/21/brexit-make-hard-choices-but- dont-confuse-sovereignty-with-autonomy/ The EU-UK trade and cooperation agreement https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/relations-non-eu-countries/relations-united- Brexit: the most important arguments for Britain to leave the EU - https://www.vox.com/2016/6/22/11992106/brexit-arguments 12 13