Từ vựng anh văn chuyên ngành Luật

TỪ VỰNG ANH VĂN CHUYÊN NGÀNH LUẬT UNIT 1: SOURCE OF LAW Resource (N): Nguồn cung cấp thông tin A person or thing that give information + Legal resource: Nguồn thông tin pháp lý Ex: There are many legal resources, so it’s important to know how libraries organize them Primary materials (N): Nguồn văn pháp luật Texts which give information about the government’s laws Secondary materials (N): Nguồn tài liệu tham khảo luật Materials which give opinion on the law (analyze, editorialize, summarize, or comment) Laws (N): Quy định pháp luật lĩnh vực cụ thể Rules (which may be written or unwritten) by which a country is governed and activities of persons or organization are controlled Ex: Laws relevant to cases; Laws relevant to operation and establishment of Enterprise + Law: Văn luật cụ thể Ex: Law on Enterprise; Law on Investment + The law: Hệ thống pháp luật / pháp luật nói chung Ex: Secondary material give opinion on the law; Investor must carry out investment activities in accordance with the law of Vietnam  PRIMARY MATERIALS IN US Constitutions/Constitutional law: Hiến pháp/ Luật Hiến pháp Establish the form of government and enumerate its powers, as well as the rights and liberties of its citizens Statute/Act/Legislation: Luật/ Đạo luật/ Văn luật A law or set of laws that is passed by Parliament and put in force by a government Precedent: Án lệ A decided court case that constitute a basis for determining later cases involving similar fact or issues + Ratio: Lý lẽ/ Luận bắt buộc Legal reasons for deciding cases (The binding element of a precedent) + Orbiter dicta /persuasive precedent: Lý lẽ/ Luận tham khảo A precedent which does not have any binding effect, but is encouraged to use for reference purposes Administrative Law: Quy định pháp luật hành Decisions, rules and regulations made by administrative agencies of the executive branch Legal norms: Quy phạm pháp luật A mandatory rule of social behavior established by the state 10 Nomartive legal document: Văn quy phạm pháp luật + Law document: Văn luật  Constitution: Hiến pháp  Law: Luật  Code: Bộ luật  Section or Part: Mục / Phần  Article: Điều  Clause: Khoản  Point: Điểm 11 Surbodinate law document: Văn luật + Ordinance: Pháp lệnh + Resolution: Nghị + Order: Lệnh  Standing Committee of the National: UBTVQH Assembly + Decision: Quyết định + Decree: Nghị định  Government: Chính phủ + Decision: Quyết định  Prime Minister: Thủ thướng Chính phủ + (Joint-)Circular: Thơng tư  Minister: Bộ trưởng, Chief Justice of Supreme People’s court: CA TANDTC ; Chief of the Supreme People’s Prosecutor: VT VKSNDTC + Resolution: Nghị  People ‘ s Council: HĐND + Decision: Quyết định  Chairman of People ‘ s Committee: CT UBND 12 Legal encyclopedias (N): Bách khoa toàn thư pháp luật A book which gives brief information about a wide range of legal matters 13 Digest (N): Sách tóm tắt vụ án A book which summarize of cases, used for reference purposes by lawyer 14 Case annotation (N): Bài viết bình luận vụ án cụ thể (Bình luận án) Articles about individual cases 15 Form book (N): Sách tổng hợp văn mẫu liên quan đến vấn đề pháp lý Collection of required forms and documents for legal cases 16 Case (N): Vụ án / Vụ việc A question to be decided by court 17 Journal (N): Tạp chí khoa học Academic magazine which presents formal articles 18 Computerized database: Dữ liệu điện tử A collection of texts and information which is available on a computer 19 Constitutional (Adj): Hiến định/ Mang tính Hiến pháp Being connected with the way the state or country is governed, especially with regards to the rights of people in that place + Constitutional body: Cơ quan hiến định + Constitutional court: Tòa án hiến pháp + Constitutional right: Quyền hiến định  Right to life: Quyền sống  Right to privacy: Quyền bảo vệ bí mật đời tư  Freedom of movement and residence: Quyền tự lại cư trú  Freedom of religion: Quyền tự tín ngưỡng tơn giáo  Right of non-discrimination: Quyền bình đẳng  Freedom of expression: Quyền tự ngôn luận 20 Court rule (N) / Rules of Court: Quy định/Quy tắc án  National President: CTN Regulations that people must follow in court + Courtroom Rules: Nội quy phòng xử án + Civil Procedure: Tố tụng dân + Criminal Procedure: Tố tụng hình + Administrative Procedure: Tố tụng hành  RULES FOR TALKING TO THE JUDGE - Use polite language, acalm tone and avoid body language: Sử dụng ngôn ngữ lịch sự, giọng điệu bình tĩnh tránh sử dụng ngôn ngữ thể - Make eye contact: Giao tiếp mắt - Do not interrupt: Không ngắt lời - Stand whenever you address the court: Đứng lên nói Tịa - Address the judge as “Your Honor": Xưng hơ “Thưa q Tịa” - Asking to be heard by the court, not making a demand: Khi Tịa án xét xử khơng đưa yêu cầu 21 Legislation (N): Luật (ban hành Quốc hội) A law or set of laws suggested by a government, enacted by the legislature (by a parliament) and is put in force by the Government + The Legislature (N): Cơ quan lập pháp + The Executive (N): Cơ quan hành pháp + The Judiciary (N): Cơ quan tư pháp 22 Statute (N) / Statutory law (N) / Legislation (N): Đạo luật / Luật thành văn A law that has been formally approved and written down + Common law / Case law: Thông luật/ Luật án lệ + Customary law: Luật tập quán Ex: Rules of the king give way to customary law: Phép vua thua lệ làng 23 Pertain to (v): Liên quan đến Being connected to Ex: It may not pertain to our case; The law pertaining to adoption 24 Relevant (Adj): Có liên quan Being connected with what is happening Ex: Still, the plaintiff may sue under a relevant constitutional law 25 Policy (N): Chính xác Principle which the law encourages Ex: Recent national legislation requires a lot of safety testing GCI did not follow that policy 26 State laws: Pháp luật bang / tiểu bang Set of rules which applies one area of a country 27 Federal law: Pháp luật liên bang The body of law created by the federal government of a country 28 Procedure (N): Quy trình / Thủ tục A set of steps you must follow in order to something correctly + Administrative Procedure: Thủ tục hành + Administrative Procedure Reform: Cải cách thủ tục hành Ex: That procedure takes weeks 29 Enactment process (N): Quy trình ban hành luật Nghị viện The process of passing laws by parliament + Enact (v): Ban hành + Promulgate (v) / Promulgation (N): Ban hành Ex: Law on Promulgation of normative legal document UNIT 2: LEGAL CAREER 30 Legal system (N): Hệ thống pháp luật The method (procedure or process) of interpreting laws and putting them into the effect USA VN Constitution Statute Regulation Precedent Constitution Legislative Executive Judiciary Law/ Code Parliament Government Court National Assembly: Quốc hội Subordinate Law Document 31 Legal (Adj) Being connected to the law; OR allowed or have to by law + Liên quan đến pháp luật, pháp lý:  Legal advice / opinion: Ý kiến/ tư vấn pháp lý  Legal career: Nghề liên quan đến pháp luật  Legal rights/obligations: Quyền/ Nghĩa vụ pháp lý  Legal requirements: Yêu cầu pháp lý  Legal issues: Vấn đề pháp lý phát sinh đời sống + Phù hợp với quy định pháp luật Dog walking in this park is legal / lawful Drinking alcohol when driving is illegal / unlawful 32 Case (N): Vụ việc / Vụ kiện / Vụ án A question to be decided in a court 33 Civil (Adj): Dân Occuring between citizens + Civil Dispute: Tranh chấp dân 34 Criminal (Adj / N): Hình sự/ Người phạm tội Connected with or involving crime 35 Wrongdoing (N): Hành động sai trái / vi phạm pháp luật illegal or dishonest behavior Crime (N) Offence (N) 36 Accuse (v): Cáo buộc To say that somebody has done something wrong or is guilty of something Accuse [somebody] of [something]: Cáo buộc việc  CIVIL CASE Tội phạm 37 Plaintiff: Nguyên đơn A person or company who brings a case to court against another person because they want to recover compesantion for loss or injury 38 Defendant: Bị đơn A person who has been accused of wrong doing in the legal system 39 Person with related rights or obligation: Người có quyền nghĩa vụ liên quan  CRIMINAL CASE 40 Prosecutor/ Procurator: Công tố viên/ Kiểm sát viên A public official who charges somebody officially with a crime 41 People ‘ s Procurary: Viện kiểm sát Nhân dân 42 Suspect: Nghi can / Bị can A person who is suspected of a crime 43 Defendant: Bị cáo A person who isc accused of a crime 44 Offender/ Perpettrator: Hung thủ A person who commits a crime 45 Victim: Nạn nhân A person who has been injured or killed as results of crime  TRIAL PANEL: Hội đồng xét xử 46 Judge: Thẩm phán Who is in charge of and decides cases in a court + Judgment (N): Bản án 47 Jury: Bồi thẩm đoàn Group of people who listen to evidence and decide whether someone is guilty or innocent + Juror: Hội thẩm  Verdict (N): Phán (Bồi thẩm đoàn)  INITIATE A LAWSUIT: Bắt đầu vụ kiện / vụ án 48 Complaint (N)/ Petition (N): Đơn khởi kiện Accusation in a civil court; OR A written document stating reason for legal actionn File a complaint / Logde a petition against [Someone] with [Court] for [reason]: Kiện tịa lý Ex: A file a complaint against B with Thu Duc People’s Court for breach of contract 49 Denounce (v): Tố cáo To tell the police, the authorities about somebody’s illegal activities 50 Attorney/ Lawyer/ Attorney at law (N): Luật sư A person who works in law and give legal advice; OR A person who is trained and qualified to advise people about the law and to represent them in court, and to write legal documents 51 Defender of lawful rights and interests: Người bảo vệ quyền lợi ích hợp pháp 52 Barrister (N) / Advocate: Luật sư tranh tụng (Tố tụng) A lawyer whose main job is to provide representation in courts, to draft documents associated with court procedure 53 Solicitor: Luật sư tư vấn A lawyer whose main jobs is to give legal advice and prepares documents; e.g when people are buying a house; not appear in court 54 Hectic (Adj): Rất bận rộn (rất nhiều việc)/(nhiều hoạt động) Very busy or full of activity Ex: You need to realize that law firms are hectic 55 Malpractice (N): Sơ suất, bất cẩn, sai phạm nghề nghiệp Careless, wrong or illegal behavior while in a professional job + Surgical malpractice: Phẫu thuật sai Ex: A missed deadline can lead to a malpractice case 56 Individual planner: Sổ tay /Lịch làm việc cá nhân (ghi lịch làm việc, họp hành…) A book, chart, computer program, etc that contains dates and is personally used for recording information, arranging meetings Ex: You need an individual planner to make a note of your appointment 57 Pocket planner (N): Sổ tay /Lịch làm việc bỏ túi A small planner that is easy to carry around with you 58 Wall Calendar: Lịch làm việc treo tường A list of dates where you can write your appointments You keep it on the wall of your office 59 Computer – based calendar: Lịch làm việc máy tính A type of calendar which exists on a computer not on paper 60 Track (v): Theo dõi To keep a note of where they are or what they are doing Ex: Track employment’s movement and appointment 61 Master Calendar (N): Lịch làm việc chung A type of calendar which may be used by employer to track the movements and appointments of employees 62 Update (v/N): Cập nhật To add all the most recent information to (something) Update [somebody] on [something] Ex: B update A on progress of the criminal case B is handling 63 Tickler file: Bộ hồ sơ gồm tài liệu xếp theo ngày đến hạn A folder arranged by date that reminds you about upcoming deadlines 64 Remind (v): Nhắc nhở To tell them something which they may have forgotten Remind [somebody] about/of [something]: Nhắc nhở việc Ex: You should also keep a tickler file to remind staff about upcoming deadlines 65 Upcoming (Adj): Sắp đến Will happen soon Ex: Upcoming deadlines UNIT 3: COURT The Supreme People‘s Court Tòa án Nhân dân tối cao Judicial review and supervision Giám đốc thẩm New trial/Trial de novo Tái thẩm Appeallate hearing Xét xử phúc thẩm The High People‘s Court Tòa án Nhân dân cấp cao The Provincial People‘s Court TAND tỉnh, thành phố thuộc TW Judicial review and supervision Giám đốc thẩm First-instance hearing Xét xử sơ thẩm The District People‘s Court TAND huyện, quận, TX, TP thuộc tỉnh Appeallate hearing Xét xử phúc thẩm First-instance hearing Xét xử sơ thẩm Military Court Tòa án quân Chief Justice Chánh án Deputy Chief Justice Phó Chánh án Judge Thẩm phán The Supreme People ‘ s Court Tòa án Nhân dân tối cao Justice Council Hội đồng thẩm phán The High People ‘ s Court Tòa án Nhân dân cấp cao Judge Committees Ủy ban Thẩm phán The Provincial People ‘ s Court TAND tỉnh, thành phố thuộc TW Judge Committees Ủy ban Thẩm phán The District People ‘ s Court TAND huyện, quận, TX, TP thuộc tỉnh 66 Translator: Phiên dịch 67 Witness: Nhân chứng 68 State Court (N): Toà án bang A court which investigates cases that are concerned with state laws, not national laws + Disputes pertain to state laws: Tranh chấp liên bang đến luật bang + Almost all criminal cases: Hầu tất vụ án hình + Trial Court: Tịa sơ thẩm bang A court where cases start + Appeallate Court / Court of Appeal: Tòa phúc thẩm bang A court hearing and reviewing appeals of trial court + Highest State Court: Tòa án tối cao bang A court hearing and reviewing appeals of the court of appeal 69 Federal Court (N): Tòa án liên bang Court that applies the law of a central government + Disputes pertain to federal laws: Tranh chấp liên quan đến luật liên bang + Disputes involving treaties: Tranh chấp hiệp ước New trial/Trial de novo Tái thẩm + Disputes involving US Constitution: Tranh chấp liên quan đến Hiến pháp Hoa Kì + Disputes where the U.S is a party: Tranh chấp mà Hoa Kì bên + Disputes between citizen of different states with the value of more than USD70,000: Tranh chấp công dân bang khác mà giá trị tranh chấp USD70,000 + District Court (N): Toà sơ thẩm Toà án liên bang A general trial court of federal court system + Appellate / Appeal Court (N): Toà phúc thẩm Toà án liên bang A court which is hearing and reviewing appeals of federal court 70 U.S Supreme Court: Tịa án tối cao Hoa Kì The highest ranking judicial body in the United States + Disputes between U.S and State: Tranh chấp Hoa Kì bang + Dispute between or more states: Tranh chấp nhiều bang trở lên + Dispute involving ambassador: Tranh chấp liên quan đến đại sứ quán 71 Discretionary (Adj): Tuỳ ý/ Có quyền tự If a case is discretionary, a court can choose whether or not to investigate it + Discretionary power: Quyền tự Ex: The Supreme Court is another appeals court, but it is the only court that operates under discretionary review 72 Jurisdiction (N): Thẩm quyền Power to judge legal matters + Territorial jurisdiction: Thẩm quyền theo lãnh thổ + Subject-matter jurisdiction: Thẩm quyền theo vụ việc + Personal jurisdiction: Thẩm quyền theo chủ thể 73 Adjudicate / Hear / Judge (v): Xét xử Hear, decide a case or make relevant orders Ex: This Court has jurisdiction to adjudicate dispute between employer and employees 74 Review (v): Rà soát/Xem xét lại To read and consider carefully Ex: The U.S Court of Appeal has jurisdiction to review judgments or decisions of the lower court 75 Specialized: Riêng biệt, thuộc lĩnh vực cụ thể + Specialized Court: Toà chuyên trách  Bankruptcy court: Tòa giải vụ án phá sản  Tax court Private: Tòa giải vụ kiện thuế  Private land court: Tòa giải tranh chấp đất đai + General Court: Tồ có thẩm quyền chung 76 Protocol: Nghi thức / Nghi lễ One of a system of rules about how to behave for formal occasions + Court Protocol: Quy tắc án Ex: The judicial system is full of traditions and protocol If you appear in court, it’s good to know the basics 77 All rise / All stand: Tất đứng dậy When the clerk say “All rise”, everyone should stand up Ex: Before the judge enters the room, the clerk say “All rise” 78 Address (v): Xưng hơ mang tính trang trọng To speak to someone using a formal word or phrase 79 Your Honor: Thưa Quý Toà A correct way to address the judge Ex: Always address the judge as “Your Honor” 80 Interrupt: Ngắt lời Speak when the other person has not finished speaking Ex: Speak to the judge clearly and don’t interrupt 81 Swear (v): Xin thề To make a serious promise to something 82 Be sworn in: Tun thệ nói thật tồ To promise to tell the truth in court Ex: You are sworn in by the clerk 83 Oath: Lời tuyên thệ A formal promise to something or a formal statement that something is true + Take the Oath: Tuyên thệ + Under Oath: Đã tuyên thệ Ex: Don’t lie when you are under oath 84 Perjury: Tội khai man Crime of lying while giving evidence in court Ex: Don’t lie when you are under oath The result is being charged with perjury 85 Bench: Vị trí chỗ ngồi quan tòa / Bục xét xử The desk where the judge sit in a courtroom 86 Well / Side bar: Nơi luật sư trao đổi riêng với quan tòa A position where counsel can talking with the judge beyond the jury's earshot 87 Jury box: Khu vực ngồi Bồi thẩm đoàn Area where the jury sit 88 Approach: Đến gần To go nearer to it Ex: You cannot approach the bench Only lawyers are allowed to enter “the well” 89 Off the record: Riêng tư If someone speak off the record they not want it to be reported in public Ex: They talk to the judge off the record UNIT 4: CRIMINAL LAW 90 Crime / Offence: Tội phạm An action which is against the laws + illegal act + Wrongdoing act Hành vi trái pháp luật 91 Criminal (adj) / Criminal (N): Thuộc lĩnh vực hình / Người thực tội phạm + Criminal law: Luật hình + Criminal code: Bộ luật hình + Criminal court: Tịa hình 92 Assault (N): Hành To attack another person 93 Battery (N): Gây thương tích To hurt another person + Assault and battery (N): Hành gây thương tích 94 Murder (V/N): Giết người The crime of killing another person + Murderer: Kẻ giết người 95 Trespass (V): Xâm phạm gia cư bất hợp pháp To go onto private land without permission from the owner + Trespassing (N) 96 Pickpocketing: Móc túi 97 Shoplifting: Trộm cắp (ở cửa hàng) 98 Burglary: Ăn trộm 99 Mugging: Cướp giật 100 Robbery: Cướp tài sản 101 Fraud: Lừa đảo 102 Kidnapping: Bắt cóc 103 Gambling: Đánh bạc 104 Smuggling: Buôn lậu 105 Drug dealing: Buôn bán ma túy 106 Rape: Hiếp dâm 107 Driving under the influence: Lái xe say  CRIMINAL PROCEEDING 108 Commit (v): Thực (Hành vi trái pháp luật) To something wrong or illegal + Commit crime: Thực tội phạm EX: He commit pickpocketing + Offend (v): Thực tội phạm EX: He start offending at the age of 16 109 Accuse (v): Cáo buộc To say that somebody has done something wrong or is guilty of something Accuse [somebody] of [something]: Cáo buộc việc EX: Police accused him of smuggling 110 Warrant (N): Lệnh (khám xét/ bắt giữ) An official document, which give the police permission to search someone’s home or arrest someone + Arrest Warrant (N): Lệnh bắt giữ + Search Warrant (N): Lệnh khám xét Ex: A warrant for an arrest went out on our client 111 Bail (N): Tiền bảo lãnh để ngoại An amout of money that the suspect pay to avoid being held in custody before their case goes to trial + Grant bail (V): Cho phép nộp tiền bảo lãnh + Withhold bail (V): Từ chối nhận tiền bảo lãnh Ex: He’s a known criminal and has a habit of not showing up for court appearances As a result, he was not granted bail 112 Charge (v/ N): Buộc tội To accuse somebody formally of a crime so that there can be a trial in court Charge [somebody] with [something]: Buộc tội việc EX: The prosecutor charge him with driving under the influence 113 Plead (v): Nhận tội To state in court you are guilty or not guilty of a crime + Plead guilty: Nhận tội + of (crime) + Plead not guilty: Không nhận tội Ex: He plead guilty of robbery 114 Arraignment: Phiên luận tội A meeting with a judge where a person is formally charged with committing a crime Ex: He pleaded not guilty to all of the charges at the arraignment 115 Plea bargain / Plea agreement: Thỏa thuận điều đình (Nhận tội) An arrangement in court [between prosecutor and defendant] by which a person admits to being guilty of a smaller crime in the hope of receiving less severe punishment for a more serious crime 116 Convict: Kết tội To decide and state officially in court that somebody is guilty of a crime Convict [somebody] of [something]: Kết tội việc EX: The judge convicted him of fraud 117 Acquit: Tuyên vô tội To decide and state officially in court that somebody is not guilty of a crime Acquit [somebody] of [something] Ex: The judge acquitted him of assault and battery 118 Punish (V) / Sentence (V): Trừng phạt / Áp dụng hình phạt Punish / Sentence [Someone] for [ Something] + Punishment (N) / Sentence (N): Hình phạt + Serve punishment for: Chấp hành hình phạt  Light Punishment (N): Hình phạt nhẹ  Heavy Punishment (N): Hình phạt nặng 119 Capital punishment / Death sentence / Death penalty: Hình phạt tử hình + Electrocution: Ngồi ghế điện + Lethal injection: Tiêm thuốc độc + Firing squad: Xử bắn 120 Custodial punishment: Hình phạt tù + Life imprisonment: Chung thân Ex: He is sentenced to life imprisonment for murder + Termed imprisonment: Hình phạt tù có thời hạn Ex: He is sentenced to years of imprisonment + Suspended sentence: Án treo Ex: Judge impose a suspended sentence of him 121 Probation: Thời gian thử thách / Án treo Period of time in which a criminal must behave well, otherwise he will go to jail + Being put on probation: Áp dụng thời gian thử thách + Grant probation: Cho hưởng án treo 122 Non custodial punishment: Hình phạt khơng giam giữ + Fine/Monetary punishment: Hình phạt tiền + Poor box punishment: Đóng tiền từ thiện + Community service: Lao động cơng ích + Binding – over: Cam kết xử tốt khoản tiền bảo đảm thay ngồi tù + Curfew: Giới nghiêm thời gian 123 Juvenile / Minor / Youth (N):Người chưa thành niên Young people who has not reached the statutory age of majority (the age at which one should be treated as adult) + Juvenile (Adj): Liên quan đến người chưa thành niên + Juvenile crime: Tội phạm người chưa thành niên thực + Juvenile court: Toà án xét xử người chưa thành niên phạm tội + Family and juvenile court: Tồ gia đình người chưa thành niên 124 Liable (Adj): Chịu trách nhiệm Being/being held responsible for something Ex: If you commit a crime when you are youger than 7, your parent will be liable + Liability (N): Trách nhiệm Assume liability for [something] Ex: When you lose a court case, you have to assume liability for court fee 125 Stand trial (V): Bị đưa xét xử (hầu / toà) To be tried in a court Ex: If a juvenile commit a crime, their parents have to stand trial or pay a fine, instead of him or her 126 Waive (v): Chuyển sang quan có thẩm quyền giải To pass it on to another authority Ex: If a juvenile crime commit a serious crime, the judge can waive him or her to adult court 127 Criminal Record (N): Lý lịch tư pháp / Án tích A document in which all the crimes that someone has committed are listed Ex: the person who commit a crime may not get a criminal record if he or she is under 18 128 Expunge (v): Xố bỏ (thơng tin) To remove information from a piece of writing + Expunge criminal record: Xố án tích Ex: Juvenile records may be expunged on his eighteen birthday if he proved his behavior has improved 129 Detain (v): Tạm giữ / Tạm giam To keep someone in custody for a period of time Ex: If juvenile commit a crime, the police never anything They just detain them and call their parents then they go home 130 Correctional facility: Cơ sở giáo dưỡng / Nhà tù cho người chưa thành niên A place where young people are detained, to deter them from re-offending in the future Ex: if a juvenile commit a crime, they may have to stay in a juvenile correctional facility 131 Lecture (N): Bài thuyết giảng A long speech sometimes with the goal of telling the listener how to behave correctly Ex: the judge usually give juvenile a lecture off the record 132 Counseling (N): Tư vấn tâm lý (tham vấn) A process in which someone talks to an expert about their problems and receives an advice Ex: the judge may insist the juvenile go to counselling UNIT 5: CIVIL LAW 133 Legal Memorandum (N) / Legal memo: Thư tư vấn pháp lý + Heading: Phần tiêu đề + Statements of facts: Nội dung vụ việc + Issues: Vấn đề pháp lý cần giải + Conclusion: Kết luận + Analysis: Phân tích 134 Tort (N): Hành vi trái pháp luật gây thiệt hại (ngoài hơp đồng) A wrong doing act are done by one party against another, causing harm to that party, which may lead to civil lawsuit + Intentional Tort: Cố ý gây thiệt hại + Negligent Tort: Vô ý gây thiệt hại + Strict liability Tort: Gây thiệt hại (khi khơng có lỗi) 135 Negligent (Adj) / Negligence (N): Sơ suất, bất cẩn (gây thiệt hại) Failing to give somebody/something enough care or attention, especially when this has serious results 136 Deliberate (Adj) / Intentional: Cố ý Done on purpose rather than by accident 137 Prudence / Prudent (N): Cẩn trọng Using caution and good judgment when taking any actions + Prudent Person (N) / Reasonable person: Người hành xử cẩn trọng A person who exercises the degree of attention, knowledge intelligence, and judgment that soceity requires of it members for protection of their own and of others’ interests 138 Duty of care (N): Nghĩa vụ cẩn trọng The responsibility or the legal obligation of a person or organization to avoid acts or omissions (which can be reasonably foreseen) to be likely to cause harm to others + Exercise duty of care (N): Thực nghĩa vụ cẩn trọng + Breach duty of care (N): Vi phạm nghĩa vụ cẩn trọng EX: The duty of care falls to the property owner in this case 139 Negligent tort (N): Vụ kiện yêu cầu bồi thường thiệt hại (ngoài hợp đồng) Cases request compensation for injuries caused by another party's failure to maintain a reasonable person standard 140 Harm (N) / Damages (N): Thiệt hại / Thiệt hại, tiền bồi thường Injury, loss, damage,… Ex: The court award damage to the plaintiff 141 Compensate (v): Bồi thường To pay somebody money because they have suffered some damage, loss, injury, etc Compensate [somebody] for [something] (V) Ex: A compensate B for mental injuries A caused to B + Compensation (N): Việc / Khoản Bồi thường EX: Ms Willus is seeking compensation for lost work and damages for physical and mental injuries 142 Cause (N / v): Nguyên nhân The person or thing that makes something happen + Cause for damage: Nguyên nhân gây thiệt hại  Actual cause: Nguyên nhân trực tiếp The event directly responsible for another event or injury  Proximate cause: Nguyên nhân thực tế Immediate reason for sth that result in harm to another person 143 Contract (N): Hợp đồng An official written agreement 144 Duty (N): Nghĩa vụ hợp đồng Legal or contractual obligation + Breach of duty: Vi phạm nghĩa vụ hợp đồng 145 Product (N): Sản phẩm A thing that is grown or produced, usually for sale + Goods / Commodity (N): Hàng hoá  Safety (N): An toàn The standard by which products are udged not to cause harm or loss  Defective (Adj): Khiếm khuyết Not working properly  Dangerous: Nguy hiểm Causing risk or harms 146 Product liability laws: Pháp luật trách nhiệm sản phẩm The area of law that hold those who make products available to consumers responsible for safety of the products + Consumer protection laws: Pháp luật bảo vệ người tiêu dung 147 Manufacturer (N): Nhà sản xuất A person or company that produces goods in large quantities + Manufacture (v): Sản xuất 148 Supplier (N): Nhà cung cấp Who makes good available for sale in large or small numbers + Supply (v): Cung cấp  Distributor: Bên phân phối A person or company that supplies goods to shops/stores  Retailer: Bên bán lẻ Sales outlet where items are available for consumers to purchase or a person selling products to the public  Consumer: Người tiêu dùng A person who buys goods o uses services 149 Accountable (Adj): Chịu trách nhiệm Responsible Ex: Depending on the case, all of the entities described above are accountable 150 Lawsuit (N) / Suit (N) / Action (N): Vụ kiện A claim or complaint against somebody that a person or an organization can make in court + Class action suit: Vụ kiện tập thể A legal action in which several or a group of plaintiffs facing similar issues file a joint suit against a person or company UNIT 6: COMMERCIAL LAW 151 Legal Contract (N): Hợp đồng pháp lý A voluntary arrangement between two or more parties that is enforceable at law as a binding legal agreement In other words, it creates obligations that are enforceable + Enter into / Conclude a contract (v): Giao kết hợp đồng + Sign / Execute a contract (v): Ký kết hợp đồng 152 Agreement of sales (N) / Sale contract (N): Thoả thuận / Hợp đồng mua bán A documents that details terms and conditions of a purchase + Terms and conditions (N): Điều khoản + Deliver goods (v): Giao hàng + Pay purchase price (v): Thanh toán tiền mua hàng 153 Distribution contract (N): Hợp đồng phân phối An agreement to distribute and sell manufactured items to a shop or store or other trader, who are not consumers + Supplier (N) Provide GOODS to (Distributor) + Distributor (N) Distribute GOODS to (Retailer) 154 Requirement contract (N): Hợp đồng mua bán theo nhu cầu bên mua; bên mua mua từ bên bán A contract exists between a supplier or manufacturer and a buyer: - Requires the seller to sell all the particular products that the buyer needs; - And the buyer agrees to purchase goods only from that suppliers 155 Adhesion contract (N) / Standard form contract (N): Hợp đồng định sẵn / Hợp đồng gia nhập / Hợp đồng theo mẫu A standard form contract which is set by one of parties with terms and condition unfairly favorable to the drafting party 156 Implied Contract (N): Hợp đồng ngụ ý / ngầm định A contract with terms that have not been exlicitly stated or written + ≠ Written Agreement: Hợp đồng văn + ≠ Verbal Agreement: Hợp đồng miệng 157 Severable Contract (N): Hợp đồng giao kết từ nhiều thoả thuận riêng lẻ A contract comprised of several separate contracts; concluded between the same parties, so that breaching one part of such a 'severable' contract does not breach the whole contract 158 Unilateral Contract (N): Hợp đồng đơn phương An agreement for one party to pay for another party's work 159 Bilateral Contract (N): Hợp đồng song phương A contract in which both parties exchange promises to perform certain things 160 Binding (Adj): Ràng buộc Imposing an obligation or duty 161 Enforceable (Adj): Đảm bảo thi hành Somebody in authority can make people obey 162 Valid Contract (N): Hợp đồng có hiệu lực A contract which is binding and enforceable on all parties 163 Offer (V / N): Đề nghị (giao kết hợp đồng) Detailed proposal by one party that can be accepted by another party lead to a contract Ex: He wants to assent to the other party’s offer He would like to meet with you before giving acceptance 164 Assent (v): Chấp nhận đề nghị To agree with what has been proposed 165 Acceptance (N): Đồng ý giao kết hợp đồng The agreement to follow the terms of the contract 166 Object (N): Đối tượng hợp đồng The purpose of the agreement 167 Exchange (v): Trao đổi The act of giving something to somebody or doing something for somebody and receiving something in return Ex: The object of the contract is an exchange of goods and services between two companies 168 Consideration (N): Khoản bồi hoàn (cho dịch vụ cung ứng hay sản phẩm bán ra) A reward or payment for a service Ex: He also wants to know if his company will be giving the right consideration in return for the other company’s service 169 Term (N): Thời hạn hợp đồng A period of time during which the contract is valid 170 Terms (N): Điều khoản hợp đồng The conditions that people offer, demand or accept when they make an agreement, an arrangement or a contract  ANWER THE QUESTIONS What are the levels of Vietnamese court? - The Supreme People’s Court: TAND tối cao - The High People’s Court: TAND cấp cao - The Provincial People’s Court: TAND cấp tỉnh, thành phố trực thuộc TW - The District People’s Court: TAND cấp huyện, thị xã trực thuộc tỉnh - Military Court: Tòa án quân What can you to make our city safer?  To have a safe city we should obey the law Propagating, educating and preventing social evils, not disturbing public order Healthy living, raising vigilance to avoid being dragged into illegal activities by bad subjects (Để có thành phố an tồn nên tn thủ luật pháp Tuyên truyền, giáo dục ngăn chặn tệ nạn xã hội, không gây rối trật tự công cộng Sống lành mạnh, nâng cao cảnh giác để tránh bị đối tượng xấu lôi kéo vào hoạt động trái pháp luật) Have you ever received a speeding fine? Do you think how much you have to pay for that stipulated by law in our country?  No, I have not ever received a speeding fine According to Decree 46/2016/ND-CP stipulating the level of sanction for the act of controlling motorbikes over speeding in traffic from 100,000 VND to 4,000,000 VND depending on the level of sanction of violations which will impose different penalties (Không, chưa bị phạt tốc độ Theo Nghị định 46/2016 / ND-CP quy định mức xử phạt hành vi điều khiển xe máy vượt tốc độ giao thông từ 100.000 đồng đến 4.000.000 đồng tùy theo mức xử phạt vi phạm áp dụng mức phạt khác nhau) Do you think there is a lot of crime in our city? Why or why not?  I think there is a lot of crime in our city Because the city is a crowded place, with many immigrants Besides high unemployment, low education are also causes of the city becoming more criminal Crime levels are higher in big cities than in other regions (Tôi nghĩ có nhiều tội phạm thành phố chúng tơi Thành phố nơi đơng đúc,có nhiều dân nhập cư Bên cạnh tỷ lệ thất nghiệp cao, trình độ học vấn thấp nguyên nhân khiến thành phố trở nên nhiều tội phạm Mức độ tội phạm cao thành phố lớn so với khu vực khác) Do you think that the violence shown on TV and in movies today increases the amount of violent crime in our society?  I think that the violence shown on TV and movies to day increases the amount of violent crime in our society Because the violent images provided by movies contribute to the violence that greatly affects the thinking of children and adolescents age They are unaware of and lack the care, control of the family, so they may turn the violence in the movie into a danger for society (Tôi nghĩ bạo lực chiếu TV phim ảnh ngày làm tăng số lượng tội phạm bạo lực xã hội Bởi hình ảnh bạo lực cung cấp phim góp phần vào bạo lực ảnh hưởng lớn đến suy nghĩ trẻ em thiếu niên Họ không nhận thức thiếu chăm sóc, kiểm sốt gia đình, họ biến bạo lực phim thành mối nguy hiểm cho xã hội) Under laws of Vietnam, which documents are categorized as source of law?  Under laws of Vietnam, documents categorized as source of law are Constitution, legal documents, international treaties, international practices, precedent (Theo luật pháp Việt Nam, tài liệu phân loại nguồn luật Hiến pháp, văn quy phạm pháp luật, điều ước quốc tế, tập quán quốc tế, án lệ) In a first – instance trial, who must be present in the court room Draw a diagram indicating position of their seat  In a first – instance trial, who must be present in the court room are trial panel (Judge, People’s juror), Court Clerk, Prosecutor, Attorney, Witness, Defendant, Victim, Plaintiff, Judicial police, Translator … (Trong phiên tòa sơ thẩm, người phải có mặt phịng xử án hội đồng xét xử (Thẩm phán, Thẩm phán nhân dân), Thư ký Tòa án, Kiểm sát viên, Luật sư, Nhân chứng, Bị cáo, Nạn nhân, Nguyên đơn, Cảnh sát Tư pháp, Phiên dịch) Do you think plead agreement should be allowed under Vietnamese law?  I think plead agreement should not be allowed under Vietnamese law Because in Vietnam, the proof that someone is guilty is the responsibility of the prosecution agency (procurator, or investigating agency), and the accused does not need to prove his innocence! Or assume guilty, the court can’t base on the plea that guilty that guilty (to avoid pleading guilty on behalf of others) (Tôi nghĩ khơng nên cho phép thỏa thuận điều đình theo luật pháp Việt Nam Bởi Việt Nam, chứng cho thấy có tội trách nhiệm quan công tố (kiểm sát viên, quan điều tra), bị cáo không cần phải chứng minh vơ tội! Hoặc nhận tội, tịa án dựa lời biện hộ có tội (để tránh nhận tội thay cho người khác) Give an example of a tort causing harm to a person; then point out which is proximate cause and which is actual cause leading to the harm?  The actual cause of the fall and the harm to Ms Willus was the broken heel on her shoe The proximate cause was the unmarked, uneven ground inside the shopping center (Nguyên nhân trực tiếp dẫn đến việc bà Wiluss té bị thương tổn đế giày bị gãy bà ta Nguyên nhân gần sàn nhà phẳng cảnh báo trung tâm thương mại) 10 Give an example of implied contract under Vietnamese law  A is traveling on an airplane when he suffers a heart attack B, a doctor, is seated close to A and observes A clutching his chest and falling to the floor B rushes over with his medical bag and manages to stabilize A until the plane can perform an emergency landing B later sends a bill to A for medical services rendered A is, in fact, legally responsible for paying that bill, even though he never intended to enter into a “contract” with B This is because otherwise, A would have been unjustly enriched by B’s services to save his life Here, the law would likely find for the existence of an implied-in-law contract, and would order A to pay B for the services he received (A máy bay bị đau tim B, bác sĩ, ngồi sát A quan sát A ôm ngực ngã xuống sàn B vội vã mang theo túi y tế cố gắng ổn định A máy bay hạ cánh khẩn cấp B sau gửi hóa đơn cho A cho dịch vụ y tế cung cấp Trên thực tế, A chịu trách nhiệm mặt pháp lý việc tốn hóa đơn đó, chưa có ý định ký kết hợp đồng với B Điều khơng, A làm giàu cách bất công dịch vụ Bơi để cứu mạng Ở đây, luật pháp tìm thấy tồn hợp đồng ngụ ý yêu cầu A trả tiền cho B cho dịch vụ mà nhận được.) ... (N) / Legislation (N): Đạo luật / Luật thành văn A law that has been formally approved and written down + Common law / Case law: Thông luật/ Luật án lệ + Customary law: Luật tập quán Ex: Rules of... federal laws: Tranh chấp liên quan đến luật liên bang + Disputes involving treaties: Tranh chấp hiệp ước New trial/Trial de novo Tái thẩm + Disputes involving US Constitution: Tranh chấp liên quan... international treaties, international practices, precedent (Theo luật pháp Việt Nam, tài liệu phân loại nguồn luật Hiến pháp, văn quy phạm pháp luật, điều ước quốc tế, tập quán quốc tế, án lệ) In a first