A study of translating synonyms in the last leaf and the escape = nghiên cứu về cách dịch từ đồng nghĩa trong tác phẩm chiếc lá cuối cùng và chạy trốn

A study of translating synonyms in “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” Vinh university Foreign languages department =====  ===== Võ Lan Anh A study of translating synonyms in “The last Leaf and the escape (Nghiên cứu cách dịch từ đồng nghĩa tác phẩm Chiếc cuối Chạy trốn) Graduation thesis Field: applied linguistics Vinh, May 2008 Vâ Lan Anh – 44E1 - FLD iv A study of translating synonyms in “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” Acknowledgements After a long time to study, with great attempt, I have finished my paper I would like to express my thanks to all who helped me during studying the graduation thesis Firstly, I owe a special debt of gratitude to my supervisor, Le Thi Thuy Ha (M.A), who helped initiate the idea for my thesis, giving me much invaluable advices, undeniably useful guidance, corrections and encouragement for the completion of the study I am also indebted to all my teachers in the Foreign Languages Department for their helpful me overcome difficulties in the process of studying My deepest thanks also go to my beloved family for providing me with valuable support and encouragement Finally, I would like to express my warm thanks to all my friends for their love and assistance that helped me to finish this study Vinh, 2008 Vo Lan Anh Vâ Lan Anh – 44E1 - FLD iv A study of translating synonyms in “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” Table of content Acknowledgement i Table of content ii Part A: Introduction 1.Justification of the Study 2.Aims of the Study 3.Methods of the Study 4.Scope of the Study 5.Format of the Study Part B: Investigation Chapter I: Theoretical background 1.1Translation Theory 1.1.1Definitions of Translation 1.1.2 Translation Methods 1.1.2.1 Word-for-word translation 1.1.2.2 Literal translation 1.1.2.3 Faith translation 1.1.2.4 Semantic translation 1.1.2.5 Adaption 1.1.2.6 Free translation 1.1.2.7 Idiomatic translation 1.1.2.8 Communicative translation 1.1.3 Text Styles in Translation 1.1.4 Process of Translation 1.1.4.1 The textual level Vâ Lan Anh – 44E1 - FLD iv A study of translating synonyms in “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” 1.1.4.2 The referential level 1.1.4.3 The cohesive level 1.1.4.4 The level of Naturalness 1.2 Theory of discourse 10 1.2.1 Concept of Cohesion 10 1.2.2 Concept of Lexical Cohesion 11 1.2.3 Kinds of Lexical cohesion 12 1.2.3.1 Definitions and characteristic features of Synonyms 14 1.2.3.2 Criteria of synonyms in English 18 1.2.3.3 Types of synonyms 20 1.2.3.4 Sources of synonyms 23 Chapter II: English-Vietnamese synonyms in translation in “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” 25 2.1 The use componential analysis in translation of synonyms 25 2.2 An introduction to two short stories: “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” 30 2.2.1 O‟Henry and “The Last Leaf” 30 2.2.2 William Somerset Maugham and “The Escape” 31 2.3 Translation of synonyms in these works 32 2.3.1 Translation of absolute synonyms 32 2.3.2 Translation of semantic synonyms 35 2.3.3 Translation of stylistic synonyms 37 2.3.4 Translation of semantic-stylistic synonyms 38 2.3.5 Translation of euphemisms synonyms 41 Chapter III: Major findings in translating synonyms in the two short stories 43 3.1 Major findings 43 Vâ Lan Anh – 44E1 - FLD iv A study of translating synonyms in “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” 3.1.1 The Last Leaf 43 3.1.2 The Escape 43 3.2 Misuse of synonyms 46 3.3 Some suggestions for translation of synonyms 48 3.4 Some suggested exercises 49 Part C: Conclusion 51 Review of the study 51 Suggestions for further study 51 References 53 Appendix 55 Vâ Lan Anh – 44E1 - FLD iv A study of translating synonyms in “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” Part A: Introduction Justification of the Study What does human kind distinguish from the rest of the animal world? It is language! Language in general and English in specific, with its own vocabulary system, used for more than one purpose makes communication among human being possible Nowadays, English has become very popular and widely used all over the world It is also the most popular foreign language to Vietnamese people The vocabulary system is the most remarkable tool, and reflects all what happens in our society, that including customs, traditions and cultures Nevertheless, its abundance, in fact, makes learners, even university students to be embarrassed when using or communicating They also often make mistakes with words' usage and formation And synonyms make a great contribution to its variety and difficulties Synonym is a popular phenomenon in all languages The people who use languages as a mean of communication take care of synonyms because of its practical value In one language, synonyms have it own characteristics, depending on inner structure of that one Yet, it is not likely to be paid enough attention by linguists, especially in translation Translators only focus on grammatical structures and word stocks but not to the lexical cohesion, concluding synonyms, when translating In addition, English is obviously different from Vietnamese This paper investigates how synonyms are transferred from English into Vietnamese in the two literature works: “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” We hope this study can help the learners improve their vocabulary and use synonyms in translation effectively Vâ Lan Anh – 44E1 - FLD iv A study of translating synonyms in “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” Aims of the study With the above reasons, our targets of this thesis, firstly, is to examine theoretical approaches to discourse and translation to set the base for the investigation Most importantly, the study attempts to find out, classify types of synonyms and analyze the use of them in the two works we chosen and to discover the way the translator transfer them into Vietnamese Thirdly, the research tries to give out some misuse and suggestions for translators when using synonyms in translation Finally, it is aimed at providing some exercises for practicing Methods of the study This study investigates translation of synonyms, employing several methods as follows: The first method applied in this investigation is the review of published theories The next is the analysis the use of synonyms in the two works Contrastive analysis and comparative methods have been applied Additionally, both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed in the thesis Scope of the study As mentioned above, in this paper we only pay attention to the translation of synonyms in “the Last Leaf” and “The Escape” Format of study This paper consists of three main parts: Part A: Introduction We present the rationale of choosing the topic, the aims, the methods to be applied, the scope and the design of the thesis as well Vâ Lan Anh – 44E1 - FLD iv A study of translating synonyms in “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” Part B: Investigation In this part, there are three chapters: Chapters I: Theoretical Background The Theoretical Background supplies fundamental and theoretical concepts that are relevant to the purpose of the study Chapter II: English-Vietnamese translation of synonyms in “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” This main chapter finds out types of synonyms used in the two literature works and then analyzes the translation of used synonyms in the two literature works Chapter III: Major findings in translating synonyms in the two short stories In this chapter, a survey about types of synonyms in the two works is carried out The mistakes of use synonyms are provided There also supplies some suggested exercises for translators practice Part C: Conclusion The last part offers the review of the research Suggestions for further study are also presented in this section Vâ Lan Anh – 44E1 - FLD iv A study of translating synonyms in “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” Part B: Investigation Chapter I: Theoretical background 1.1 Translation Theory Translation theory, in a narrow sense, is concerned with the translation method appropriately used for a certain type of text, and it is therefore dependent on a functional theory of language However, in a wider sense, translation theory is the body of knowledge that we have about translating, extending from general principles to guidelines, suggestions and hints Many books on linguistic and translation theories have been established However, there are many different and even opposite points of views on translation theory In this chapter, the author would like to review the most expressive and relating translation position that shapes the theoretical background for the study 1.1.1 Definitions of Translation The term “translation” has been defined in different ways In Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary of Oxford University Press (2000, p.1382), translation is defined that a text or work has been changed from one language into another This seemed too simple, because translation is not only the change of language but also the change of form, and having intention of writer, of translator, culture, etc Another definition pointed out translation “is rendering a written text into author intended the text” (Roger T.Bell, cited in Bui Tien Bao, 1999: 4) Roger T Bell (1991) claimed, “Translation is the expression in another language (target language) of what has been expressed in one language (source language), preserving semantic Vâ Lan Anh – 44E1 - FLD and stylistic iv A study of translating synonyms in “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” equivalencies” (Nguyen Van Tuan, 2004:6) Translation is transference of form of a language The form of the source language is replaced by the form of the target one Although different theorists have their own definition of translation it is generally referred to as “the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language” (Roger T Bell, 1999:6) 1.1.2 Translation Methods Translation methods are the procedures used in translation for possible range of text or text types They provide a background of fundamental and restricted rules and suggestions for translating the text, commenting translation Peter Newmark (1988: 45) put it in the form of a flattened V diagram of translation methods: SL emphasis TL emphasis Word-for-word translation Adaptation Literal translation Free translation Faithful translation Semantic translation Idiomatic translation Communicative translation _ _ 1.1.2.1 Word-for-word translation Word-for-word translation is often understood as interlinear translation, with the target language immediately follow the source language words Translators have to keep the same ideas and forms The source language word order is persevered and the words are translated simply by their most common meanings This method is used to understand the mechanics of the source language and to construe a difficult text as a pre-translation process Vâ Lan Anh – 44E1 - FLD iv A study of translating synonyms in “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” However, in two last sentences, there is a difference between them The word “unyielding” has also meaning “kiên cường, bất khuất” in Vietnamese while “stubborn” does not have this sense This word fails to evoke the features of positive meaning which praises the Vietnamese people for their heroism and to express the speaker‟s admiration In contrast, “stubborn” conveys the speaker‟s anger and discontent The third example, yet, is incorrect The couple synonym “house” and “home” is considered in another example “Home” and “house” are synomyous in their denotional meaningthe places we live in here, which is “nhà” in Vietnamese However, in term of the connotational meaning, they are quite different “House” refers to the building or structure while “home” refers to the atmosphere or feeling found in the house The government plans to build thousands of homes for homeless people => Chính phủ có kế hoạch xây hàng ngàn ngơi nhà cho người vô gia cư This sentence is not right It should be corrected with substituting “homes” by “houses” There is no place like home => Chẳng có nơi đâu nhà Home is where the heart is => Nhà nơi tim trú ngụ From we have mentioned above, we are trying to give out some suggestions when translating synonyms 3.3 Some suggestions for translation of synonyms As a linguist said good theory is based on information gained from practice Good practice is based on carefully worked-out theory The two are interdependent Therefore, basing on what we have presented, we are going to give some suggestions to have a good translation The ideal translation will be accurate as to meaning and natural as to the receptor language forms used An intended audience who is unfamiliar with the source text will readily Vâ Lan Anh – 44E1 - FLD iv A study of translating synonyms in “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” understand it The success of a translation is measured by how closely it measures up to these ideals The ideal translation should be accurate, natural, and communicative However, we not have intention to point out all aspects that make a good translation We want to bring some suggestions for translating synonyms effectively and obtaining these above in a translation work First, you have to determine exactly the role of context in translating The context itself determines the meaning of the words Catching the context of work that you are going to render is the first step helps you define couple of synonyms correctly Second, make a list of pairs of synonyms that suit for context‟s requirement Note that, couples of synonyms not share all their meaning, or in other words, they are not identical in senses They often share in several meanings, even only one sense This demands you have deep knowledge about types of synonyms, their denotation, connotation and combinability In addition, synonyms sometimes are coupled in a few of set phrases If it is an artistic intention of emphasis of the writer, you have to translate it into parallel set phrases Making consideration and choosing until you find synonyms suitably with the context, the writer‟s purpose The suggestions we would like to provide with our hope can help you translating synonyms exactly and effectively 3.4 Suggested exercises After giving out some useful suggestions for translation of synonyms, we would like to supply some exercises consisting some pairs of synonyms for the readers practice Naturally, my father questioned me about the packet of tobacco and I think I must have looked a bit guilty at the time So, my quick solution was to Vâ Lan Anh – 44E1 - FLD iv A study of translating synonyms in “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” blame Tommy and the waterdogs Dad didn‟t seem to believe that one, but I told him that “those damn dogs love a smoke and were always getting in the truck for a nap” Some days later when Tommy happened to wander into the house to ask for me, Dad quickly seized on the chance to ask about the tobacco (Waterdogs- Jimmy Everett) Two young American girls sat at the next table, neat and clean in the heat, scooping up ice-cream (Part III, chapter II, The Quiet American, Graham Greene) “…My father never liked me to come near him, especially when he stood by the window… Everyone admired him… My father loved him greatly… I preferred to sit at the water‟s edge, on the sand or on the rocks at the foot of the cliff,…My little brother loved to swim He loved to dive and splash and laugh in the water all day….”I love ferries,” I told him….” (The Hottest Night of the Century, 1979, Glenda Adams) (…) Never have I seen such a strong fish nor one who acted so strangely Perhaps he is too wise to jump He could ruin me by jumping or by a wild rush…But, thank God, they are not as intelligent as we who kill them, although they are more noble and more able… …Each man carried a rifle… He began to sake as with an argue fit, till the gun fell from his hand with a plash This served to rouse him He fought with his fear and pulled himself together, groping in the water and recoving the weapon… (Love of Life (1990), Jack London) Vâ Lan Anh – 44E1 - FLD iv A study of translating synonyms in “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” Part C: Conclusion Review of the study This paper has attempted to give out the common definition of synonyms and some their related terms, classify them basing on their connotational and denotational meanings, the ability of combination and interchange of pairs of synonyms We also have tried to study, analyze and count types of synonyms, which based on the theoretical background given in the first chapter, in the two literary works: “The Last Leaf” of O‟Henry and “The Escape” of William Sumerset Maugham Further, we provided the use of componential analysis in translation of synonyms, and then we analyze and point out how translator applied componential analysis in the two translations works and his/her purpose when doing like that Finally, we would like to supply some suggestions that we had after studying this theme Although synonyms play a little role in a literary works, it appears no much, using it incorrectly makes funny for the readers Further, we also provide some exercises for practicing translation Yet, what we try to bring out in this study is to help the learners and the translators understand clearly and avoid misuse of synonyms for translation It also helps you enrich knowledge of vocabulary, because you have to learn word in a group of meaning and then you can use flexible in certain context Suggestions for further study Synonym study is a difficult field And it has been concerned by too few people The present paper is an attempt to bring out English-Vietnamese translation of synonyms However, due to the limited time and resources, this Vâ Lan Anh – 44E1 - FLD iv A study of translating synonyms in “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” paper only considers synonyms in translation in two literary works: “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” Further research in this area could, it seems to us, profitably address itself to the following questions: - The differences between synonym term and synonymy term in translation - Vietnamese-English translation of synonyms - Synonyms in English and its equivalence and contrast in Vietnamese Vâ Lan Anh – 44E1 - FLD iv A study of translating synonyms in “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” References [1] Baker, M (1993), In other words, Routledge, London and New York [2] Bell, Roger T (1991), Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice Longman Group Limited [3] Bùi Tiến Bảo and Đặng Xuân Thu (1999), Lý thuyết dịch, Nhà xuất Giáo dục [4] Cook, G (1962), Discourse, Oxford University Press [5] Crystal, D (1972), Introducing linguistics, London, Penguin [6] Halliday, M.A.K and Hasan, R (1976), Cohesion in English, Longman Group Limited [7] Hoàng Tất Trường (1993) Basic English Lexicology Nhà xuất Đại Học Quốc gia Hà Nội [8] Hornby,A.S (2000) Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary Oxford University Press [9] Johnstone, B (2002), Discourse Analysis, Blackwell Publishing Ltd [10] McCarthy, M (1991), Introducing discourse Analysis for Language Teachers, Cambridge University Press [11] Munday, J (2001), Introducing Translation Theory, Routledge, London and New York [12] Newmark, P (1995), A Textbook of Translation, Phoenix [13] Nguyễn Hòa (2004), Understanding English semantics, Vietnam National University Publishing House [14] Nguyễn Mạnh Hùng and Lê Quốc Hạnh (2003) English Leixicology Nhà xuất Giáo dục [15] Nguyễn Minh and Ngọc Châu (2002) English Vietnamese Dictionary of Synonyms And Antonyms Nhà Xuất TP Hồ Chí Minh Vâ Lan Anh – 44E1 - FLD iv A study of translating synonyms in “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” [16] Nguyễn Xuân Thơm (1997) A History of English and American Literature Nhà xuất Thế Giới [17] Nguyễn Văn Tuấn (2004) Translation I Xuất Nhà in Chuyên Dùng- Thừa Thiên Huế [18] Nunan, D (1995), Discourse Analysis, Penguin English [19] Salkie, R (1993), Text and Discourse Analysis, Penguin English [20] Trịnh Lữ (2005), Australian Short Stories (Song ngữ Anh Việt) Nhà xuất Hội Nhà Văn Vâ Lan Anh – 44E1 - FLD iv A study of translating synonyms in “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” Appendix The Last Leaf tt English Vietnamese “…These “places” make strange angles Những “chung cư”này có hình thù gãy and curves One street crosses itself a time nếp, vịng kì lạ Chỉ đường phố or two An artist once discovered a valuable mà cát giáp vài lần possibility in this street Suppose a Một nghệ sĩ có lần phát tính collector with a bill for paint, papers and chất có giá trị đường phố Giả canvas should, in traversing this rout sử có nhân viên mang phiếu thu suddenly meets himself coming back, tiền mua màu vẽ, giấy vải bạt phải without a cent having been paid on qua phố này, nhận quay lại đường cũ, mà chưa thu account So, to quaint old Greenwich village the art xu cả(…) people soon came prowling, hunting for Dân nghệ sĩ lang thang thường lảng north windows and eighteenth century vảng đến làng Greenwich kì lạ cổ gables and Dutch attics and low rents…” xưa để săn ô cửa hướng bắc, hồi nhà kỉ mười tám, tầng mái kiểu Hà Lan giá thuê rẻ… In a little district West of Washington Ở góc nhỏ nằm phía tây quảng Square, the streets have run crazy and trường Washington, phố xá chạy vòng broken themselves into small strips called vo thu dần thành dải nhỏ gọi “places”….One street crosses itself a time “chung cư”… Chỉ đường phố or two An artist once discovered a valuable cắt giáp vài lần Một possibility in this street Suppose a nghệ sĩ có lần phát tính chất collector with a bill for paint, papers and có giá trị đường phố Giả sử có canvas should, in traversing this route nhân viên mang phiếu thu tiền suddenly meets himself coming back, mua màu vẽ, giấy vải bạt phải qua without a cent having been paid on phố này, nhận account….Over the East side this ravage quay lại đường cũ, mà chưa thu strode bodily, smiting his victims by xu cả… Khắp khu phía đơng, Vâ Lan Anh – 44E1 - FLD iv A study of translating synonyms in “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” scores, but his feet trod slowly through the tên yêu nghiệt bước ngang nhiên, đánh maze of the narrow and moss-grown gục nạn nhân lên số hàng chục, “places”… bị kìm chân qua ngõ hẻm đầy rêu khu chung cư… - … What have you old ivy leaves to “- Những cỗi dây leo with your getting well? And you used to hỏi có quan hệ đến sức khỏe love that vine, so you naughty girl Don‟t em? Em lại thích dây leo đó, em be goosey… hư đừng ngốc - “I‟ve been a bad girl, Sudie,” said Johnsy -“ Chị Sudie, em đứa gái “Something has made that last leaf stay tồi” nàng nói : “Có giữ there to show me how wicked I was It is a cuối cành để em thấy sin to want to die…” rõ em tồi Muốn chết tội lỗi.” – And that chance is for her to want to live - Và phần cịn tùy chỗ This way people have of lining up of the liệu có muốn sống hay khơng side of the undertaker makes the entire Khi người ta khơng muốn pharmacopocia look silly… sống có thuốc men … - What have you old ivy leaves to trò vớ vẩn… with your getting well? And you used to - Những già cỗi dây leo love that vine, so you naughty girl Don‟t hỏi có quan hệ đến sức khỏe em? Em lại thích dây leo đó, em hư be goosey… - “I‟d rather be here by you,” said Sue Thôi, đừng ngốc “Besides, I don‟t want you to keep looking - Chị thích đây, bên cạnh em Hơn at those silly ivy leaves.” nữa, chị không muốn em ngắm Old Behrman, with his red eyes plainty vớ vẩn streaming, shouted his contempt and …Ông già Behrman, nước mắt giàn giụa derision for such idiotic imaginings đôi mắt ông đỏ ngầu, - “Vasu!” he cried “Is there people in the khinh rẻ nhạo bang ý nghĩ vớ world meet the foolishness to die because vẩn leafs they drop off from a confounded - “Quái lạ!”, ông kêu lớn “Trên đời vine? I had no heard of such a thing No, I lại có người ngớ ngẩn chết Vâ Lan Anh – 44E1 - FLD iv A study of translating synonyms in “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” will not bose as model of your fool hermit rụng nhỉ? dunderhead Why you allow a dot silly Chuyện bác nghe lần đầu pusiness to come in the brain of her? ” Không! Bác không ngồi làm mẫu cho người ngớ ngẩn cháu đâu Tại cháu lại để ngu ngốc chui vào đầu bé ấy?”… 1.Your little lady has made up her mind Cơ bạn bé nhỏ tin that she‟s not going to get well sống But whenever my patient begins to count Nhưng bệnh nhân bắt đầu tính xem the carriages in her funeral procession I có cỗ xe dự đám tang subtract 50 percent from the curative power ấy, tơi phải trừ 50% cơng hiệu thuốc men of medicines When the last one falls, I must go, too… Khi cuối rụng em phải I want to see the last one falls before it gets đi… Em muốn nhìn thấy dark Then I‟ll go, too cuối lìa cành trước trời tơi Rồi em 4.She told him of Johnsy‟s fancy, and how Cô kể cho ông già Behrman ý tưởng she would, indeed, light and fragile as a Johnsy nỗi lo lắng nàng, leaf herself, float away, when she slight nàng sợ Johnsy, nhẹ nhàng lá, bồng bềnh trôi mất, hold upon the world grew weaker buông lỏng mối ràng buộc mong manh cô với gian 5.Is there people in the world meet the Trên đời lại có người ngớ ngẩn foolishness to die because leafs they drop chết rụng nhỉ? off from a confounded vine? The lonesomest thing in all the world is a Khoảnh khắc cô đơn gian soul when it is making ready to go on its linh hồn sẵn sàng bước vào mysterious, far journey chuyến xa huyền bí There is no hope for him Khơng có hi vọng qua khỏi Mr Behrman died of pneumonia today Mr Behrman qua đời bệnh viện in the hospital viêm phổi Vâ Lan Anh – 44E1 - FLD iv A study of translating synonyms in “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” …- “What is it dear?” …Cái thế, em thân yêu, Sue hỏi - Five what, dear? Tell your Sudie? - Năm cơ, em? Kể cho Sudie nghe - “I have something to tell you, white mouse”, she said… - Chị có chuyện kể cho em nghe, Didn‟t you wonder why it never fluttered or cún chị moved when the wind blew? Ah, clothing … Em không thự hỏi were wet and icy cold They couldn‟t lại không rung rinh, hay lay độngkhi có imagine it‟s darling, Behrman‟s gió thổi khơng? Này, em chị, masterpiece – he painted it there the night kiệt tác bác Behrman: bác vẽ vào đêm cuối that the last leaft fell rơi In a little district west of Washington Ở góc nhỏ nằm phía tây quảng Square, the streets have run crazy and trường Washington, phố xá chạy vòng broken themselves into small strips called vo thu dần thành dải nhỏ gọi “places” “chung cư” The Escape tt English Vietnamese Roger begged her to have patience Roger cầu khẩn xin nàng kiên Somewhere, surely, existed the very house nhẫn, nơi đấy, hẳn, they were looking for, and it only needed a tồn nhà mà little perseverance and they would find họ tìm, cần kiên trì thêm it…“Don‟t say that”, he answers, “I chút thơi họ tìm ngơi beseech you to have patience”… nhà ấy… “Đừng nói thế”, anh đáp, “Anh năn nỉ xin em kiên nhẫn”… “I hope you‟ll be good friends.” He said, “…- Tôi hi vọng bạn thành “She‟s a little afraid of you, you know, she người bạn tốt”, anh nói, “Nàng thinks you are callous” ngại anh, anh biết đấy, nàng cho … - “She‟s had a rotten time, poor dear I anh chai sạn lắm” feel so dreadfully sorry for her” …- Nàng có thời chán chường, … I could not but think that I and not she tội nghiệp, cảm thấy ngại cho should have worn a pathetic expression nàng kinh khủng” Vâ Lan Anh – 44E1 - FLD iv A study of translating synonyms in “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” when next we met… Now that he was in …Tôi cịn biết nghĩ tơi possession of his senses he saw with nàng lẽ phải mặt clearness the sort of woman, he had to deal đáng thương lần gặp mặt tiếp with and he was aware that, if he asked her theo…Khi làm chủ cảm xúc to release him, she would (in her appealing mình,anh thấy rõ người đàn bà way) assess her wounded feelings at an chung sống loại anh ý thức immoderately high figure… yêu cầu nàng buông tha … “Poor dear, I was afraid you were anh nàng (theo cách looking rather tired… riêng) thổi phồng lên tình cảm bị tổn thương nàng lên đáng…” …- “Tội nghiệp cưng, anh ngại thấy em mệt mỏi”… …Roger begged her to have patience Roger cầu khẩn xin nàng kiên nhẫn, Somewhere, surely, existed the very house nơi đấy, hẳn, tồn they were looking for, and it only needed a nhà mà họ little perseverance and they would find it tìm, cần kiên trì thêm chút They looked at hundreds of house, they thơi họ tìm ngơi nhà climbed thousands of stares They Họ xem hàng trăm nhà, họ inspected innumerable kitchens… I sent trèo hàng ngàn cầu thang, họ you here with seven orders to view They ngắm nghía vơ số nhà bếp… Anh arrived by this morning‟s post and I am gửi kèm bảy đơn hàng để em xem quite sure you will find among them the Chúng đưa qua chuyến thư sang house that will exactly suit you anh em tìm số ngơi nhà thực phù hợp với em I have always been convinced that if a Tôi tin người phụ nữ woman once made her mind to marry a định bụng cưới người đàn ông man, nothing but an instant flight could đó, họa có cánh bay lên save him Not always that, for once a friend trời Phải đâu có cánh of mine, seeing the inevitable loom Tơi có người bạn, phát menacingly before him, took ship from a hiểm họa trước mặt, liền đào tẩu lên tàu certain port (with a toothbrush for all his từ bến cảng (với vỏn vẹn hành lí Vâ Lan Anh – 44E1 - FLD iv A study of translating synonyms in “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” luggage, so conscious was he of his danger bàn chải đánh răng, ý thức and the necessity for immediate action) and nguy thiết phải hành động spent a year traveling round the world But gấp), sống năm ngao du khắp when thinking himself safe (woman are giới, để nghĩ an tồn, (đàn fickle), he said, and twelve months she will bà sớm nắng chiều mưa, nói, sau have forgotten all about me He landed at 12 tháng, nàng hẳn quên đứt tôi), anh the selfsame port the first person he saw lại bến cảng từ anh người gaily waving to him from the quay was the anh thấy vui vẻ vẩy chào little lady from whom he had fled… anh bến lại người đàn bà nhỏ bé mà anh tìm cách chạy trốn He was no longer young when he felt in Anh khơng cịn trẻ đem long yêu love with Ruth Barlow and he had had Ruth Barlow, anh thừa sufficient experience to make him careful kinh nghiệm để cẩn thận …I don‟t feel well enough to look at any … Em khơng cảm thấy cịn đủ sức để xem nhà more houses just yet This was the gift of pathos Mrs Barlow, Ấy tài khêu gợi thương cảm for she was twice a widow, had splendid Barlow, người hai lần góa, có đơi dark eyes and they were the most moving I mắt đen tuyệt vời, thấy đôi mắt ever saw…I must stand between the lúc long lanh…Ta phải đứng hazards of life and this helpless little thing, bao bất công đời sinh oh, how wonderful it would be to take the ling bé nhỏ không che chở kia, ôi, sadness out of those big and lovely eyes! tuyệt vời trút hết nỗi buồn khỏi đôi mắt to đáng yêu He remained attentive to all her wishes, he Anh quan tâm đến took her to dine at restaurants, they went to mong muốn nàng, anh đưa nàng play together, he sent her flowers, he was ăn vữa tối nhà hàng, họ sympathetic and charming… He was as xem biểu diễn, anh gửi hoa tặng ever assiduous and gallant nàng, thiện cảm duyên dáng…Chàng chu đáo hào hoa phong nhã It is not an uncommon situation and it is Đây tình Vâ Lan Anh – 44E1 - FLD iv A study of translating synonyms in “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” not surprising if he was a triflemore pleased khơng bình thường khơng phải with himself than was altogether điều đáng ngạc nhiên sau becoming… There was an unaccustomed anh cần tự hài lịng với thêm hardness in her voice, but it did not affect chút nữa…Có vẻ đanh thép the gentleness of his reply khác lạ giọng nói nàng, song khơng ảnh hưởng đến vẻ dịu dàng câu trả lời Key for suggested exercises Tất nhiên bố tra hỏi hẳn mặt mũi lúc đắc tội Thế giải pháp tức thời đổ tội cho Tommy bọn chó nước Bố khơng tin tơi bảo với ơng “Bọn chó khốn kiếp thích hút thuốc chúng chui vào xe để ngủ trưa”.Vài ngày sau, Tommy tình cờ dẫn xác vào nhà hỏi thăm tôi, bố vớ lấy hội để hỏi chỗ thuốc Hai thiếu nữ Mỹ ngồi bàn bên, xúc kem, trông gọn ghẽ xứ nhiệt đới Cha tơi khơng thích tơi đến gần ông, lúc ông đứng bên cửa sổ…Ai mê hết…Cha tơi u mực…Tơi thích ngồi bên mép nước, cát đá dước chân vực…Em trai tơi mê bơi Nó mê ngụp lặn nhào lộn cười đùa nước suốt ngày… “con thích phà lắm, tơi bảo ơng… Chưa thấy cá vừa khỏe vừa chống cự lạ lung Có lẽ khơng nên khơng nhảy cần nhảy hay phóng mạnh tơi thua…Nhưng ơn Chúa, lồi cá khơng có thông minh người săn bắt chúng cao thượng mạnh hơn… Mỗi người mang súng trường…Anh run rẩy lên sốt rét, súng tuột khỏi tay, rơi xuống nước bắn té lên khiến anh tỉnh lại Anh đấu tranh nén sợ hãi xuống trấn tĩnh được, anh lần mị dịng nước, tìm lại vũ khí Vâ Lan Anh – 44E1 - FLD iv A study of translating synonyms in “The Last Leaf” and “The Escape” Vâ Lan Anh – 44E1 - FLD iv ... Vâ Lan Anh – 44E1 - FLD iv A study of translating synonyms in ? ?The Last Leaf? ?? and ? ?The Escape? ?? Chapter II: English-Vietnamese translation of synonyms in ? ?The Last Leaf? ?? and ? ?The Escape? ?? 2.1 The. .. translating synonyms in ? ?The Last Leaf? ?? and ? ?The Escape? ?? level, the cohesive level and the level of naturalness There are two approaches to translating The first approach to translating is to start translating. .. analyze them in translation text Vâ Lan Anh – 44E1 - FLD iv A study of translating synonyms in ? ?The Last Leaf? ?? and ? ?The Escape? ?? Chapter III: Major findings in translating synonyms in the two short