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Preface Introduction to Oracle: SQL and PL/SQL Using Procedure Builderxiv Profile Before You Begin This Course Before you begin this course, you should be able to use a graphical user interface (GUI). Required prerequisites are familiarity with data processing concepts and techniques. How This Course Is Organized Introduction to Oracle: SQL and PL/SQL Using Procedure Builder is an instructor-led course featuring lecture and hands-on exercises. The concepts and skills introduced are reinforced by online demonstrations and written practice sessions. How This Book Is Organized Lesson Aim Lesson 1: Selecting Rows In order to extract data from the database you need to use the Structured Query Language (SQL) SELECT command. You will want to create SELECT statements that you can use time and time again. You will also see how to save your statements for later use. Lesson 2: Limiting Selected Rows This lesson will cover how to restrict the rows and columns that are displayed, as well as how to specify the order in which the rows are presented. Preface xv Profile continued Lesson Aim Lesson 3: Single Row Functions Functions make the basic query block more powerful and are used to manipulate data values. This is the first of two lessons that explore functions. You will focus on single row character, number, and date functions, as well as those functions that convert data from one type to another, for example, character data to numeric. Lesson 4: Displaying Data from Multiple Tables This lesson will cover how to obtain data from more than one table, using the many different methods available. Lesson 5: Group Functions This lesson further addresses functions. You will focus on obtaining summary information, such as averages, for groups of rows. You will discuss how to group rows in a table into smaller sets, and how to specify search criteria for groups of rows. Lesson 6: Subqueries This lesson covers more advanced features of the SELECT statement. You can write subqueries in the WHERE clause of another SQL statement to obtain values based on an unknown conditional value. Lesson 7: Specifying Variables at Runtime You can create a command file containing a WHERE clause to restrict the rows displayed. To change the condition each time the command file is run, you use substitution variables. Substitution variables can replace values in the WHERE clause, a text string, and even a column or a table name. Introduction to Oracle: SQL and PL/SQL Using Procedure Builderxvi Profile continued Lesson Aim Lesson 8: Overview of Data Modeling and Database Design Before you build your tables, you design your database. You examine the data modeling process and relational database concepts, and define normalization. You also translate an entity relationship model into a relational database design. Lesson 9: Creating Tables You will create tables. You will also build integrity constraints, which are rules governing what can and cannot be done with the data. Lesson 10: Oracle Data Dictionary The Oracle data dictionary is one of the most important components of the Oracle7 Server. It consists of a set of tables and views that provide a read-only reference to the database. Lesson 11: Manipulating Data Once your tables have been created, you will need to add new rows, make changes to rows in a table, or delete rows by using data manipulation commands. This lesson covers using SQL commands to make changes to data. A number of these data manipulation commands make up a transaction, which you may either save or delete using transaction controls. Lesson 12: Altering Tables and Constraints After you create your tables, you may need to change the table structures because you omitted a column, your column definition needs to be changed, or you want to enable or disable constraints. This lesson will demonstrate how you can amend table structures as well as add and remove constraints. Preface xvii Profile continued Lesson Aim Lesson 13: Creating Sequences Many applications require the use of unique numbers as primary key values. You can either build code into the application to handle this requirement or use a sequence to generate unique numbers. This lesson covers creating and using sequences that crate unique numbers. Lesson 14: Creating Views In this lesson, you will see how views can be used to present data to users in a variety of ways. In addition, you will see how integrity constraints can be enforced, if using a view to insert, update, or delete data. Lesson 15: Creating Indexes If you want to improve the performance of some queries, you should consider creating an index. You can also use indexes to enforce uniqueness on a column or a collection of columns. Lesson 16: Controlling User Access This lesson describes the Oracle7 Server decentralized security system. Using the commands covered in this lesson, you can control database access to specific objects and add new users with different levels of access privileges. You can provide alternative names for objects by using the CREATE SYNONYM command. Introduction to Oracle: SQL and PL/SQL Using Procedure Builderxviii Profile continued Lesson Aim Lesson 17: Summary of SQL and SQL*Plus (optional) This lesson reviews the basic commands covered in the course so far. Lesson 18: Overview of PL/SQL Overview lesson of how to create and use PL/SQL program units and subprograms using Oracle Procedure Builder. Lesson 19: Basics of Procedure Builder A key feature of procedural programming is the ability to create and debug code quickly and easily. Procedure Builder provides all of the functionality necessary for you to successfully develop and debug PL/SQL programs. This lesson enables you to manipulate PL/SQL code using Procedure Builder. Lesson 20: Modularizing Programming with Subprograms Modularity allows you to break your code into manageable, well-defined units. Each of these units in PL/SQL has two types of subprograms called procedures and functions. You will learn the structure of subprograms and how to invoke them. Lesson 21: Developing a Simple PL/SQL Block Create a simple PL/SQL block after learning the various elements that compose a block. Lesson 22: Interacting with Oracle Access the database and control transactions through SQL statements in PL/SQL. Preface xix Profile continued Lesson Aim Lesson 23: Using Control Structures Control the flow of your PL/SQL block by using conditional statements and loops. Lesson 24: Processing Queries with Explicit Cursors Use a multiple row SELECT statement within PL/SQL to process many rows. Declare and control explicit cursors, which are used in loops, including the cursor FOR loop. Lesson 25: Error Handling When you execute PL/SQL code, you may encounter errors. The error causes the PL/SQL block to halt with an exception. You can trap the exception and perform actions conditionally using exception handlers. Lesson 26: Summary of PL/SQL (optional) Review the topics covered in the course. Create a PL/SQL-based application for manipulating and maintaining information in your database. Introduction to Oracle: SQL and PL/SQL Using Procedure Builderxx Related Publications Oracle Publications Title Part Number Oracle7 Server SQL Reference, Release 7.3 A32538 SQL*Plus User’s Guide and Reference, Release 3.3 A42562–1 PL/SQL User’s Guide and Reference, Release 2.3 A32542 Oracle7 Server SQL Language Quick Reference 5421–70–1292 SQL*Plus Quick Reference, Release 3.3 A42561 Oracle Procedure Builder 1.5 Developer’s Guide A32485 Oracle7 Server Concepts Manual, Release 7.3 A32534 Oracle Press: Oracle Beginner’s Guide A31178–1 Oracle Press: Oracle Complete Reference A10197–1 Additional References D System Release Bulletins D Installation and User’s Guides D read.me Files D International Oracle User’s Group (IOUG) Articles D Oracle Magazine Preface xxi Typographic Conventions Typographic Conventions Within Text Convention Object or Term Example Uppercase Commands, functions, column names, table names, PL/SQL objects, schemas Use the SELECT command to view information stored in the LAST_NAME column of the S_EMP table. Lowercase, italic File names, syntax variables, usernames, passwords where: role is the name of the role to be created. Initial cap Triggers and button names Assign a When–Validate–Item trigger to the S_ORD block. Press the Cancel button. Italic Books, names of courses and manuals, and emphasized words or phrases For further information on the subject see: Oracle7 Server SQL Language Reference Manual Do not save changes to the database. Quotation marks Lesson module titles referenced within a course This subject is covered in Lesson 3, “Working with Objects.” Italic bold The first time a glossary word is referred to in a section The algorithm inserts the new key. Introduction to Oracle: SQL and PL/SQL Using Procedure Builderxxii Typographic Conventions continued Typographic Conventions Within Code Convention Object or Term Example Uppercase Commands, functions SQL> SELECT userid 2 FROM s_emp; Lowercase, italic Syntax variables SQL> CREATE ROLE role; Lowercase Column names, table names, file names, PL/SQL objects . . . OG_ACTIVATE_LAYER (OG_GET_LAYER (’prod_pie_layer’)) . . . SQL> SELECT last_name 2 FROM s_emp; SQLDBA> DROP USER scott 2> IDENTIFIED BY tiger; Bold Text that must be entered by a user. SQL> SELECT userid 2 FROM s_emp; Vertical bar Separates alternative syntax elements OFF | ON Brackets Optional items list in syntax [OFF | ON] Braces Mandatory items list in syntax {OFF | ON} Underlining Default value in syntax {OFF | ON} [...]... a warning relating to the subject matter An example warning might be “When deleting rows, word your WHERE clause carefully.” Used for a series of instructions that must be followed in sequential order Preface xxiii xxiv Introduction to Oracle: SQL and PL/SQL Using Procedure Builder . Preface Introduction to Oracle: SQL and PL/SQL Using Procedure Builderxiv Profile Before. displayed, as well as how to specify the order in which the rows are presented. Preface xv Profile continued Lesson Aim Lesson 3: Single Row Functions Functions