Luyen Thi Cap Toc Mon Lich Su P2

Chii trtrong ciia ta: thang 6/1950, Dang va Chinh phii quyet dinh ma chien dich Bien gidri nh&m tieu diet mot bo phan quan trong sinh Iqc dich; khai thong ducfng sang Trung Quoc va the g[r]

- Ngay 2/9/1945, k h i nhan dan Sai Gon - Chef Lorn to chiifc m i t t i n h chao mCmg "Ngdy doc lap", thiTc dan Phap xa sung vao dam dong, lam 47 ngifdi chet va lam nhieu ngUdi h i thiicfng - Ngay 23/9/1945, Phap chinh thuTc no sung, md dau cuoc chien tranh xam liioc niidc ta Ian thiJ hai * Nhan dan ta khdng chien cho'ng CO Phap: - N h a n dan Nam Bo danh t r a bon xam li/gtc bang moi h i n h thiJc va vu k h i sSn - Hang van nien hSng hai gia nhap vao cac doan quan "Nam tien" Nhan dan Bac Bo va Bac Trung Bo thifcfng xuyen to chufc quyen gop tien, gao, ao, quan, thuo'c men gijfi ling ho nhan dan Nam Bo va Nam Trung Bp khang chien D a u t r a n h vofi q u a n T r u n g H o a D a n q u o c v a b o n p h a n e a c h m a n g d mien B^c - Thiic hien sach lUdc hoa hoan vdi quan Trung Hoa Dan quoc + Nhifcfng cho tay sai ciia Trung Hoa Dan quoc 70 ghe' Quoc hoi khong bau ciif, ghe Bo trudrng Chinh phii lien hiep + N h a n nhiigfng cho Trung Hoa Dan quoc mot so quyen Icfi ve k i n h te, nhxi cung cap mot phan lifcfng thifc, thiTc pham, phifong tien giao thong van t a i , cho phep diing tien Trung Quoc tren t h i trifdng + Trong luc nhan nhi/dng, Dang Cong san Dong Duang tuyen bo' " t u giai tdn", nhi/ng thiic tam thcfi rut vao boat dong bi mat - Doi vdri to chufc phan each mang, kien quyet vach t r a n am miAj va hanh dong chia re, pha hoai cua chiing, ban hanh mot so sac lenh nham tran ap bon phan c^ch mang Nhitng bien phap, sdch lugc nhan nhiigng tren day lam that bgi dm mitu Idt chinh quyen each mang ciia ke thii H o a h o a n v d i P h a p n h a m day q u a n T r u n g Hoa D a n quoc r a khoi ni^ofc t a - Ngay 28/2/1946, Phap dieu d i n h vdri Chinh phu Trung Hoa Dan quoc, k i Hiep iTdrc Hoa - Phap, theo Phap diJcfc difa quan Bac thay quan Trung Hoa Dan quoc lam nhiem vu giai giap quan Nhat - Hiep lidrc Hoa - Phap da dat nhan dan ta trUdrc sii lira chon: hoac cam Sling chien dau cho'ng thuc dan Phap, khong cho chiing bo len mien Bac; hoac hoa hoan, nhan nhtfcrng Phap de t r a n h t i n h trang phai doi vdi mot liic v6i nhieu ke t h i i - Chieu 6/3/1946, t a i Ha Noi, Chii tich Ho Chi M i n h thay mat Chinh phii Viet Nam Dan chii cong hoa k i vdi G Xanhtoni - dai dien Chinh phu Phap ban Hiep dinh Sa bg 118 - Ngi dung cua Hiep dinh: + Chinh phO Phap cong nhan niidc Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hoa la mot quoc gia tU do, C O chinh phii rieng, nghi vien rieng, quan dpi rieng, tai chinh rieng + Chinh phii Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa thoa thuan cho 15000 quan Phap mien BSc lam nhiem vu giai giap quan Nhat va rut dan t h a i han nam + Hai ben ngi^ng moi cuoc xung dot a mien Nam de di den cuoc dam phan chinh thufc ban ve cac van de ngoai giao ciia Viet Nam - Y nghia cua viec ki Hiep dinh: + Ta t r a n h di/cfc cuoc chien dau bat Igi vi phai cho'ng lai nhieu ke thij Cling mot luc + Day diioc 20 van quan Trung Hoa Dan quoc cCing bon tay sai khoi niidc ta + Gianh them thcri gian hoa binh, ciing co chinh quyen each mang, chuan bi li/c liicfng cho moi mat cho cuoc khang chien lau dai chong thiic dan Phap ve sau + Buoc Phap phai cong nhan Viet Nam la mot quoc gia tii - Sau Hiep dinh So bo, cuoc dam phan chinh thufc giufa hai Chinh phii Viet Nam va Phap da diigfc to chufc t a i Phongtennablo that bai Ngay 14 - 9/1946, Ho Chi M i n h k i vdri Chinh phii Phap Tam lidc, tao them th6i gian hoa b i n h de chuan bi life li/ong il N H O N G NAM DAU CUA CUOC KHANG CHIEN TOAN C H O N G T H U C DAN Thi^c d a n P h a p bpi I ^ G T C P H A P (1946 - QUOC 1950) va t i e n cong nvCdc ta - Sau k h i k i Hiep dinh Sa bo 6/3/1946 va Tam irdc 14/9/1946, thiic dan Phap tang ciidng cac boat dong khieu khich, giet hai dan thi/cfng va xam liigc a nhieu nai: Nam Bo, Lang San, Hai Phong, Ha Noi - Ngay 18/12/1946, Phap gOfi toi hau ih\i doi chinh phu ta giai tan life lifang tif ve chien dau, de quan Phap lam nhiem vu giCf t r a t tif a Ha Noi Neu yeu cau khong difgc chap nhan t h i cham nhat la vao sang 20/12/1946, chiing se hanh dong Di^dng loi k h a n g c h i e n chong P h a p c u a D a n g - Di/dng Idi khang chien cua Dang dirge the hien cac van kien: + Chi t h i "Toan dan khang chien" ciia Ban Thifgng vu Trung ifang Dang, 12/12/1946 + Lai keu 19/12/1946 ggi toan quoc khang chien ciia Chu tieh Ho Chi M i n h , dem 119 + Tac p h a m Khdng chien nhdt dinh thdng Igi cua Tri/cfng C h i n h , t h a n g 9/1947 - N o i d u n g cua difcfng l o i k h a n g c h i e n : t o a n d a n , t o a n d i e n , l a u d a i v a i\i liic canh sinh * Khdng chien toan ddn: - X u a t p h a t tCf t r u y e n t h o n g cho'ng ngoai x a m ciia d a n toe t a , tU quan d i e m cdch m a n g l a sir n g h i e p cua q u d n c h u n g , tii tif t i f d n g c h i e n t r a n h n h a n d a n - C6 k h a n g c h i e n t o a n d a n mdri k h a n g c h i e n t o a n d i e n v a t i i liJc c a n h s i n h * Khdng chien toan dien: - Dich d ^ n h ta toan dien nen ta phai danh dich toan dien - K h a n g c h i e n t o a n d i e n l a d a n h d i c h t r e n t a t ca cac m a t t r a n , n h a m tao sufc m a n h t o n g hcfp - K h a n g c h i e n t o a n d i e n c u n g la vCfa k h a n g c h i e n vCra k i e n quoc * Khdng chien Idu dai: - So s a n h life lifcJng b a n dau giufa t a v a d i c h , t a y e u , d i c h m a n h - K h a n g c h i e n l a u d a i de c6 thcfi g i a n chuan b i life l i i o n g m o i m a t * Khdng chien tU liic cdnh sinh: V i f a coi t r o n g sU g i u p da ben ngoai n h i f n g p h a i b i e t dtfa vao sufc m i n h l a c h i n h C u Q C c h i e n d a u of c a c d o t h i p h i a B S c v i t u y e n - 16 Ha Noi: + K h o a n g 20 gicf n g a y 19/12/1946, cuoc c h i e n dau bat dau N h a n d a n H a N o i da d a t cac c h i i d n g n g a i v a t r a di/dng pho' de gay can t r d cho viec d i l a i ciia q u a n P h a p T r u n g d o a n T h u diioc t h a n h l a p v a t i e n d a n h nhufng t r a n quyet l i e t d B a c Bo p h i i , c h q D o n g X u a n , N h a B u u d i e n + D e n 17/2/1947, quan t a n i t k h o i v b n g vay cua dich, can cuf an toan - O cac t h i k h a c : nhiT B a c G i a n g , B a c N i n h , N a m D i n h , V i n h , H u e , Da N a n g q u a n t a bao v a y , t i e n cong t i e u d i e t n h i e u t e n d i c h - Y nghia: + T i e u hao m o t bo p h a n s i n h life d i c h , g i a m c h a n c h u n g t r o n g t h a n h pho' + C h a n dufng a m miAi d a n h n h a n h t h a n g n h a n h ciia d i c h , tao dieu k i e n cho ca niidrc d i vao cuoc k h a n g c h i e n l a u d a i C h i e n d i c h V i ^ t B a c t h u - d o n g n a m * Am miiu cua 1947 Phdp: - T h a n g 3/1947, C h i n h p h u P h a p cU Bolaec sang l a m Cao i i y P h a p a D o n g D i / o n g , t h a y D a c g i a n g l i o Bolaec v a c h r a l e hoach t i e n cong V i e t Bac n h k m k e t thuc n h a n h chien t r a n h - N g a y 7/10/1947, P h a p buy d o n g 12.000 q u a n v a h a u h e t m a y bay a D o n g D t f o n g t i e n cong V i e t B a c 120 * Chu triictng cua t h i "Phdi phd tan cuoc * Dien bien chien to: k h i P h a p viTa t i e n cong V i e t BSc, D a n g t a da c6 c h i tien cong miia dong cua giac Phap" dich: - O Bac K a n , quan t a chu dpng bao vay va t i e n cong dich a Cher M d i , Chef D o n , Cher Ra, buoc Ph^p p h a i n i t l u i k h o i C h g D o n , Cher Ra cuoi t h a n g 11/1947 - O m a t t r a n Yuidng d o n g , q u a n t a phuc k i c h c h a n d a n h d i c h t r e n Di/crng so 4, tieu bieu 1^ t r a n phuc k i c h d deo B o n g L a u (30/10/1947) - O m a t t r a n hi/drng t a y , q u a n t a chSn d a n h d i c h n h i e u t r a n t r e n s o n g L , noi bat l a t r a n D o a n H u n g , K h e L a u * Kit qua: - H a i g o n g k i m cua P h a p b i be gay N g a y 19/12/1947, q u a n P h a p n i t k h o i Viet Bac - T a da l o a i k h o i v o n g c h i e n dau hern 6000 d i c h , b a n r a i 16 m a y bay, b a n chim 11 t a u c h i e n , ca no - Ccf q u a n d a u nao k h a n g c h i e n difcrc bao ve, bo d o i c h i i life cua t a diiac trifdng t h a n h * Y nghia: - Dtfa cuoc k h a n g c h i e n cua t a c h u y e n sang g i a i doan mdfi - Buoc P h a p p h a i t h a y d o i c h i e n lifoc c h i e n t r a n h or D o n g Di/crng, tCf " d a n h nhanh, t h a n g n h a n h " s a n g " d a n h lau d a i " H o a n c a n h mdi c i i a cupc k h a n g c h i e n * Thuan - lofi: N g a y 01/10/1949, each m a n g T r u n g Quoc t h a n h cong, nLfdc Cong hoa Nhan dan T r u n g Hoa r a ddi - Dau n a m l , T r u n g H o a v a L i e n X I a n Itfot c o n g n h a n v a d a t q u a n he ngoai giao v d i t a * Kho khan: T h a n g 5/1949, v d i sii d o n g y cua M i , C h i n h p h u P h a p de r a k e hoach Refve, tang ciffmg he t h o n g p h o n g ngiT t r e n di/cfng so 4, t h i e t lap "Hcmh long Dong - Toy": H a i P h b n g - H a B i n h - Scm L a , c h u a n b i t i e n c o n g V i e t Bac I a n thuf h a i C h i e n d i c h B i e n gioTi t h u - dong n a m 1950 * Mjjtc dich md chien dich cua tcu - T i e u d i e t m o t bo p h a n quan t r o n g s i n h life d i c h - M d di/cfng l i e n lac v d i T r u n g Quoc v a t h e g i d i d a n c h u - M d r o n g v a c i i n g co' can cuf d i a V i e t Bac, d o n g t h d i tao nhijfng t h u a n Igfi mdi t h i i c day cuoc k h a n g c h i e n t i e n l e n 121 * Dien bien cua chien dich: - Ngay 16/9/1950, cac dcfn v i bo doi ta no sung danh vao v i t r i Dong Khe va den 18/9, da gianh thSng Igi Mat Dong Khe, quan dich a That Khe bi uy hiep, Cao Bang bi c6 lap - Quan Phap buoc phai rut khoi Cao Bang theo diidng so Quan ta chii dong mai phuc, chan danh dich nhieu ncfi tren difcfng so' 4, buoc Phap phai rut khoi hang loat v i t r i That Khe, Na Sam difdng so' di/crc giai phong 22/10/1950 * Ket qua: - Loai khoi vong chien dau hcfn 8000 dich - Giai phong tuye'n bien gidri Viet - Trung tCr Cao Bang den Dinh Lap dai 750 k m vdri 35 van dan; choc thiing "hanh lang Dong - Tdy" ciia Phap Ke hoach Rcfve bi pha san * Y nghicu - Khai thong duorng noi nadrc ta vdi cac nifdc xa hoi chii nghla - Bo doi ta da tri/crng - Ta gianh dtrcrc the' chii dong tren tnrdng chinh B^c Bo - M d biidfc phat t r i e n mdri cua cupc khang chien Bade DAU PHAT TRIEN CUA CUQC KHANG CHIEN TOAN QUOC CHONG THlJC DAN PHAP (1951 - 1953) 1, M l c a n t h i ^ p s a u vao cupc c h i e n t r a n h x a m Iv^ofc Dong Difofng - TCr thang 5/1949, M i tifng hxidc can thiep sau vao cuoc chien tranh xam lifcfc Dong Di/cfng - Ngay 23/12/1950, M l k i vcri Phap Hiep dinh phong thii chung'Bong Dilang - Thang 9/1951, M i k l vdri Bao Dai Hiep iiac hap tdc kinh te Viet - Ml nham trifc tiep rang buoc Chinh phu Bao Dai vao M l K e h o a c h Dc/ L a t drf T a t x i n h i - Ngay 6/12/1950, Phap de ke hoach Ba Lat dcf T a t x i n h i nhkm ket thiic nhanh chien t r a n h - Noi dung cua ke hoach Dcr Lat T a t x i n h i gom diem chinh: + Xay diftig mot life lifOng ccf dong chien liicfc manh, dong thc;i siJc phat t r i e n nguy quan de xay di/ng "quan doi quo'c gia" + Xay diing phong tuyen cong siJ bang xi mang cot sat, lap "vanh dai t r a n g " bao quanh t r u n g du va dong bang Bac Bo + Tien hanh "chien t r a n h tong liic", binh dinh, Ian chiem, vo vet stifc ngLfcfi sure ciia ciia nhan dan ta de tang ctfdng life liiong ciia chiing + Danh pha hau phiicfng ciia ta 122 - K e hoach Bb L a t dcf T a t x i n h i day cuoc c h i e n t r a n h D o n g Di/ong l e n m o t quy mo \dn, cuoc k h a n g c h i e n cua t a d v u n g sau l i f n g d i c h t r d n e n k h o k h S n , phufc t a p D a i hOi d a i b i e u toan quoc I a n thu' I I (thang 2/1951) a Hoan cdnh TU 11 d e n 19/2/1951, D a i h o i d a i b i e u t o a n quoc I a n thijf I I ciia D a n g Cong san D o n g D i f o n g h o p a V i n h Q u a n g - C h i e m H o a (Tuyen b Ngi dung Dgi Quang) hgi - D a i h o i t h o n g qua Bdo cdo chinh tri C h i i t i c h H o C h i M i n h t r i n h bay da t d n g k e t k i n h n g h i e m ciia D a n g qua cac c h a n g ducjng l i c h sir da qua - T h o n g qua bao cao "Ban ue each mqng Viet T o n g B i t h i f Tri/dng Nam" C h i n h t r i n h bay, neu ro n h i e m v u each m a n g d a n tgc, d a n c h i i a nifdc t a - D a i h o i q u y e t d i n h doi t e n D a n g t h a n h Dang Lao dgng Viet Nam va dUa D a n g r a b o a t d o n g cong k h a i - D a i h g i t h o n g qua Tuyen ban bao Nhdn dan, ngon, Chinh cuang, Dieu le mai; Quye't d i n h x u a t ca q u a n n g o n l u a n cua T r u n g irong D a n g - D a i h o i bau r a B a n C h a p h a n h T r u n g ifong, d o n g c h i H o C h i M i n h difgc bau giOr chufc v u C h u t i c h D a n g , d o n g c h i Trtfcfng C h i n h dugc bau l a m T o n g B i t h i i cua D a n g c Y nghia: - D a i h g i I a n thijf I I l a mo'c d a n h dau btrdrc p h a t t r i e n m d i t r o n g qua t r i n h l a n h dao va trLfong t h a n h ciia D a n g t a , t a n g CLfdng sir l a n h dao ciia D a n g d o i vdfi k h a n g c h i e n - Day la " D a i h g i k h a n g chien thSng Igi" X a y di^ng h a u phvfcfng k h a n g c h i e n a Ve chinh tri - Tii n g a y d e n 7/3/1951, D a i h g i t o a n quoc t h o n g n h a t M a t t r a n V i e t M i n h v a H g i L i e n V i e t t h a n h m o t m a t t r a n n h a t , l a y t e n l a Mat hap quoc dan Viet Nam tran Lien (Mat t r a n Lien Viet) - N g a y 11/3/1951, t h a n h l a p Lien minh nhdn dan Viet - Mien ~ Lao nhSm t a n g CLfcfng h o n nOra t i n h doan k e t giufa n h a n d a n b a mrdrc D o n g Di/ong - N g a y 1/5/1952, D a i h g i a n h h u n g v a c h i e n s i t h i dua t o a n quoc I a n thOf n h a t da t o n g k e t , b i e u dtfong t h a n h t i c h ciia p h o n g t r a o t h i dua a i quoc b Ve kinh te - N a m 1952, C h i n h p h u de r a cuoc v a n d g n g san x u a t va t h i i c h a n h t i e t k i e m Cuoc v a n d g n g da l o i cuo'n m g i n g a n h , m g i gidi t h a m gia - San x u a t t h i i cong n g h i e p v a cong n g h i e p ve ca b a n d a p t i n g n h u cau ve cong cu san x u a t nhufng m a t h a n g t h i e t yeu ciia dcfi song - D i doi vcri day m a n h san xuat, C h i n h phu de nhCfng c h i n h sach n h a m chaui c h i n h che thue khoa, xay diftig n e n t a i c h i n h , ngan h a n g , thifcfng nghiep 123 - De b o i d i r e n g sure d a n , n h a t l a n o n g d a n , dau n S m 1953 D a n g va C h i n h p h u q u y e t d i n h p h a t d o n g q u a n c h u n g t r i e t de g i a m to va cai each r u o n g d a t - TCf t h a n g 4/1953 d e n t h a n g 7/1954, t a thife h i e n d o t g i a m to va m o t d o t cai each r u p n g d a t c Ve van hod, gido due, y te - T a t i e p tuc cuoc cai each giao due (tCr n S m 1950) t h i i c h i e n t h e o ba phtrong c h a m : phuc vu khdng chien, phuc vu dan sinh, phuc vu sdn xuat, g&n n h a t r t r d n g vdri dcri s o n g x a h o i - V a n n g h e si h a n g h a i t h a m n h a p m p i m a t eiia d d i song, c h i e n dau va san x u a t , h t r d n g ufng Icfi d a y ciia H o CJii M i n h hod khdng - "Khdng chien hod van hod, van.hod chien " C o n g t a c v a n d o n g ve s i n h p h o n g b e n h , thue h i e n d d i song m d i , b a i t r i r me t i n d i d o a n n g a y c a n g eo t i n h c h a t q u a n c h i i n g r o n g Idm - C o n g tac c h a m lo sue k h o e eho n h a n d a n difgc eoi t r o n g B e n h v i e n , b e n h xa, p h o n g y t e , t r a m cuTu t h u o n g difoe x a y d i i n g k h a p n o i CUOC KHANG CHIEN TOAN QUOC L CHONG THlJC DAN PHAP K E T THUC (1953 - 1954) H o a n c a n h r a dcfi c i i a k e h o a c h N a v a - T r a i qua n a m k h a n g c h i e n v a k i e n quoc, liic Itfcrng k h a n g c h i e n ciia n h a n dan t a I d n m a n h d a n g ke - P h a p b i t h i e t h a i n g a y c a n g Idtn, q u a n P h a p t r e n c h i e n trifcfng cang d i vao t h e p h o n g ngiT, b i d o n g - N g a y 7/5/1953, C h i n h p h u P h a p cuf t i / d n g N a v a l a m T o n g c h i h u y quan dpi thiic v o n g t r o n g 18 t h a n g g i a n h l a y m o t t h a n g I g i q u y e t d i n h de "ket ILTOC v i e n c h i n h cua P h a p cf tranh danh D o n g Di/cfng N a v a de r a ke hoach c h i e n vdri h i chien dit" N p i d u n g k e ' h o a c h N a v a K e h o a c h N a v a dirge e h i a t h a n h h a i bi/de: - Budc thii nhdt, thu - d o n g n a m 1953 v a x u a n n a m 1954, giuT t h e p h o n g ngif c h i e n liigc d Bae B p , t i e n eong c h i e n li/cfc de b i n h d i n h m i e n T r u n g va N a m Dong Diiong thii hai, tii t h u - d o n g n a m 1954, c h u y e n liic l i i g n g r a c h i e n trifcfng - Buac Bac B o , thiTc h i e n t i e n c o n g c h i e n lagc, eo g i a n h t h a n g Icfi q u a n sir quyet d i n h , buoe t a p h a i d a m p h a n t h e o nhfirng d i e u k i e n c6 l o i eho e h i i n g - TCf t h u - d o n g 1953, N a v a t a p t r u n g q u a n eO d o n g a d o n g b a n g Bae Bo l e n d e n 4 t i e u d o a n , t i e n h a n h nhiJng cuoc can quet b i n h d i n h v u n g c h i e m dong, mdr cuoc t a n c o n g Idrn vao N i n h B i n h , T h a n h H o a 124 C u c T i e n c o n g c h i e n IvCdc D o n g - X u a n 1953 a Chu tritcfng, ke hoQch cua 1954 ta: - Tap t r u n g liic li/cfng md nhuTng cugc t i e n c o n g vko nhOfng htfdng q u a n t r o n g ve chien lifcrc ma dich ti/crng do'i yeu, nhSm t i e u diet mot bo phan sinh Ixic dich, giai phong dat dai - Chu dong phan tan liic lifofng dich, tao dieu kien thuan Igi de ta tieu diet them titag bo phan sinh life ciia chiing b Cdc cuoc tien cong chien li£ac cua ta: - Ngay 10/12/1953, mot bo phan chu ItJc ta tien cong t h i xa Lai Chau, giai phong toan bo Lai Chau (trtf Dien Bien Phii) Nava phai tang ciicfng Igc liigng len Dien Bien Phu Ta bien Dien Bien Phii t h a n h ncfi tap t r u n g quan thuf hai ciia dich - Dau thang 12/1953, lien quan Lao - Viet md cuoc tien cong dich of Trung Lao giai phong mot phan t h i xa Tha Khet; bao v a y u y hiep cSn ciif Xeno Xeno trof nai tap t r u n g quan thiif ba ciia dich - Cuoi thang 1/1945, hen quan Lao - Viet tien cong dich d Thiiong Lao, giai phong lUU viic song Nam Hu, toan t i n h Phongxali Bien Luong PhabSng va Mi/cfng Sai ncfi tap t r u n g quan thiJ ttf cua dich - Dau t h ^ n g 2/1954, quan t a tien cong dich or BSc Tay Nguyen; bao vay, uy hiep Playku Playku t r d t h a n h ncfi tap trung quan thuf nam ciia dich C h i e n d i c h l i c h suf D i $ n B i e n P h i i (1954) a Chu triicfng ciia ta: - Dau thang 12/1953, Bo Chinh t r i Trung i/ong Dang hop thong qua ke hoach tac chien ciia Bo Tong tif lenh va quyet d i n h mcf chien dich Dien Bien Phu Muc tieu c u a chien dich l a tieu diet dich of d a y , g i a i phong vCing Tay BSc, tao dieu kien cho Lao giai phong Bac Lao - Dau thang 3/1954, cong tac chuan hi m p i mat da hoan tat Ngay 13/3/1954, quan ta no siing tan cong tap doan cuf diem Dien Bien Phii Dien bien cua chien dich: Diidc chia lam ba deft: - Bat 1, tit 13 den 17/3/1954; quan ta tien cong tieu diet cum cuf diem H i m Lam va toan bo phan khu BSc - Bat 2, tic 30/3 den 26/4/ 1954: quan ta dong loat tien cong cac CUT diem phia dong khu Trung tam Mi/cfng Thanh nhif E], D i , C i , Aj bao vay, chia cat, kho'ng che dich - Bat 3, tic 1/5 den 7/5/1954: quan ta dong loat t i e n cong phan khu Trung tam Mifcfng Thanh va phan khu Nam, Ian lugt tieu diet cac diem de k h a n g lai cua dich Chieu 7/5, tLfdrng Dcf Caxtcfri c u n g t o a n bo Ban tham miAi bi bat 125 d Kit qua: Ta da loai khoi vong chien dau 16.200 dich, c6 thieu tiicfng, ban rcfi va pha huy 62 may bay cac loai, thu toan bo vu k h i , phiiong tien chien tranh e Y nghia: - Da dap tan hoan toan ke hoach Nava - Giang don quyet dinh vao y chi xam lifoc cua thiTc dan Phap, lam xoay chuyen cue dien chien t r a n h - Tao dieu kien thuan Igi cho cuoc dau tranh ngoai giao ciia ta gianh thang Igi H i ^ p d i n h Giofnevcf a Noi dung Hiep dinh: - Cac nudrc tham dii Hoi nghi cam ket ton cac quyen dan tgc co ban ciia ba nxidc Viet N a m , Lao, Campuchia - Cac ben t h a m chien thtfc hien ngiTng ban, lap lai hoa binh tren toan Dong Difcfng - O Viet Nam quan dpi nhan dan Viet Nam va quan doi vien chinh Phap tap ket d hai mien Bac - N a m , lay v i tuyen 17 la gidri tuye'n quan sir tam thdi - Cam viec difa quan dpi, nhan vien quan sir, vu k h i niidc ngoai vao cac niXdc Dong Difpng va cac n\l6c Dong DifPng khong dtfoc tham gia bat cur khoi lien m i n h quan sii nao - Viet Nam tien tori thong nha't bang cupc tong tuyen cijf tiT ca midc, se dirge to ehiJe vao thang 7/1956 b Y nghia: - La van ban phap l i quoe te ghi nhan cac quyen dan tgc ccf ban ciia nhan dan cac n\Jdc Dong DiTong - Danh dau thang Igi cugc khang chien cho'ng Phap - Phap huge phai cham diift chien tranh xam lugc, rut het quan dgi ve niJdc; M l that bai am m\Ju keo dai, ma rpng chien t r a n h xam luge Dong DiiPng N g u y e n n h a n t h ^ n g Igfi ciia cupc k h a n g c h i e n chong P h a p - Nhcf lanh dao sang suo't ciia Dang, dufng dau la Chii tieh Ho Chi M i n h , vdri diTotng loi khang chien dung dan, sang tao - N h d he thong chinh quyen dan chu nhan dan ca ni/drc, c6 Mat tran dan tgc thong nha't, c6 life li/gng vu trang vdi ba thuf quan, c6 hau phifong rgng Idrn, vOmg manh - Nhcr t i n h than doan ket cua nhan dan ba nvldc Dong Difcfng chong ke thij chung - Nhcf CO sir dong t i n h , l i n g hg va giiip dd ciia Trung Quo'c, Lien X6 va cua cac nLfdre dan chii nhan dan khac Y n g h i a l i c h svC c u a cuoc k h a n g c h i e n chong P h a p - Cha'm duft cugc chien tranh xam lifge, dong thcfi cha'm duft ach thong t r i cua thuc dan Phap gan mot the k i tren dat niTdfc ta; mien Bac nirdfc ta dagc giai phong, chuyen sang giai doan each mang xa hoi chii nghia 126 - Giang don nang ne vao tham vpng xam \\Jac, am miAi no dich ciia chii nghia de quoc sau Chien t r a n h the' gicri thuf hai, gop phan lam tan he thong thupc dia cua chiing, c6 vu manh me t i n h than giai phong dan toe tren the gidi, tri^dfc het la cac n\idc chau A, chau P h i , M i L a t i n h CAU H6I ON TAP L I C H Stf V I E T NAM Tlf NAM 1945 D E N NAM 1954 • C a u S a u C a c h mang thang T a m nam 1945, nvtdc ta gap phai nhijfng kho k h a n ve doi ngoai nhvt the nao? Dang va C h i n h phu de nhufng chu tmfofng v a bi$n phap gi de giai quyet kho k h a n ve doi ngoai? * Kho khan ve doi ngoai: Quan dpi cac nifdrc Dong m i n h , dirdri danh nghIa giai giap quan Nhat, da lu Itfat keo vao nLfdrc ta - TU v i tuyen 16 t r d BSc, c6 20 van quan Trung Hoa Dan quo'e dong a Ha Npi va hau het cac t i n h Chung keo theo bon tay chan tif cac to chufc phan dong nhi/ Viet Nam Quoc dan dang (Viet Quoc), Viet Nam Cach mang dong m i n h hoi (Viet each) - TCr VI tuyen 16 t r d vao Nam, quan dpi Anh tao dieu kien cho quan Phap quay trcr lai xam luprc ni/dc ta Lpi dung t i n h h i n h bon phan dong ngoc dau day lam tay sai cho Phap, cho'ng pha each mang * Chii triicfng cua Dang va Chinh phii: - Trifofc 6/3/1946, c h i i truang hoa vdri Trung Hoa Dan quoc de tap trung lire lifpng danh Phap d Nam Bp + Nhan nhi/png cho bpn tay sai ciia Trung Hoa Dan quoc 70 ghe Quoc hoi va ghe Chinh phii + Cung cap li/ong thi/c, thuc pham cho 20 van quan Trung Hoa Dan quoc + DCmg tien Trung Quoc mat gia - TCr 6/3/1945, hoa vdi Phap de duoi quan T r u n g Hoa D a n quoc k h o i mien BSc + K i vofi Phap Hiep dinh So bp 6/3/1946 + K i v6i Phap Tam Lfdrc 14/9/1946 • C a u Nhufng b i $ n p h a p c u a D a n g v a C h i n h p h u n h ^ m giai quyet kho k h a n ve doi npi s a u C a c h m a n g thang T a m n a m 1945 Y nghia cua nhflng k e t qua dat dvLdc v i ^ c thijfc h i ^ n cac b i ^ n p h a p * NhUng bi§n phap: - Ve chinh tri - quan sif: 127 + C h i n h p h u each m a n g l a m thc(i cong bo l e n h l o n g t u y e n ciif t r o n g ca niidc (ngay 8/9/1945) + N g a y 6/1/1946, bau ciJr Quo'c h o i t r o n g ca nirdc + N g a y 2/3/1946, Quoc h o i h o p p h i e n h o p dau t h o n g qua d a n h sach C h i n h p h u l i e n h i e p k h a n g c h i e n C h i j t i c h H o C h i M i n h dufng dau v a l a p r a B a n dif thao H i e n phap + N g a y 9/11/1946, H i e n p h a p dau t i e n cua nifdrc V i e t N a m D a n chii Cong hoa dirge Quoc h o i t h o n g qua + Life l u g n g v u t r a n g dLfgc x a y d i f n g de bao ve c h i n h quyen each m a n g - Ve kinh te: + B i e n p h a p tri/dc m a t : C h u t i c h H o C h i M i n h k e u goi n h a n d a n ca midc "Nhifcfng ccfm se ao" N g h e I d i C h u t i c h H o C h i M i n h , t r e n k h a p ea ni/dfe, n h a n d a n t a lap " H u gao cufu d o i " to chufc " N g a y d o n g t a m " , k h o n g d u n g gao, ngo, k h o a i , san n a u rifgu + B i e n p h a p l a u d a i : t a n g g i a san x u a t l a b i e n p h a p h a n g dau va c6 t i n h c h a t l a u d a i C h u t i c h H o C h i M i n h k e u goi " T a n g gia san x u a t ! T a n g san xuat n g a y ! T a n g san x u a t niifa!" - Ve tdi chinh: + C h i n h p h u k e u goi t i n h t h a n t i i n g u y e n d o n g gop ciia n h a n d a n ca ni/orc Hi/ang ufng cuoe v a n d o n g xay diJng "Quy doc l a p " , p h o n g t r a o " T u a n le v a n g " C h i n h p h u p h a t d o n g , n h a n d a n t a h S n g h a i d o n g gop t i e n , ciia, v a n g , bac u n g ho n e n doc l a p eua To quo'c + N g a y 23/1/1946, C h i n h p h u r a sac l e n h p h a t h a n h t i e n V i e t N a m va de'n n g a y 23/11/1946, Quoc h o i quyet d i n h cho liJu h a n h t i e n V i e t N a m t r o n g ca ruSdc t h a y cho t i e n D o n g DiJang cua P h a p trifdrc day - Ve van hod-gido due: + N g a y 8/9/1945, C h i i t i c h H o C h i M i n h k i sdc l e n h t h a n h l a p N h a b i n h d a n hoc v u + TCr n g a y 8/9/1945 d e n n g a y 8/9/1946, t r e n t o a n quoc da to chuTc gan 76.000 Idrp h o c , xoa m u chCif c h o hctn 2,5 t r i e u ngiTcfi + Trtfcfng hoc cac cap p h o t h o n g va d a i hoc s d m diioc k h a i g i a n g n h a m dao t a o nhOfng cong d a n v a can bp t r u n g t h a n h , c6 n a n g life p h u n g s i i To quo'c + N o i d u n g v a phi/ong p h a p giao due biidrc dau diTcfc doi mdri theo t i n h t h a n d a n toe - d a n c h u * Y nghia: - T h e h i e n t i n h t h a n yeu n\i6c ciia d a n toe t a - T h e h i e n t i n h lAi v i e t ciia nLfdrc V i e t N a m D a n chii C o n g hoa - Tao r a sufe m a n h t o n g h o p de dau t r a n h c h o n g ke t h u - L a m cho n h a n d a n t i n t i i d n g vao c h i n h quyen mcfi ciia each m a n g 128 • Cau T r i n h bay c h u tri;fofng "mem deo ve s a c h IvCdc v a cijfng r S n ve nguyen t^c" ciia D a n g v a C h i n h p h u ta doi voTi T r u n g H o a d a n quo'c va tay sai tit s a u C a c h m a n g thang T a m n a m 1945 d e n trt^ofc 6/3/1946 * Mem deo ve saeh lUcfc: - Nhtfcfng cho cac dang Viet Quo'c, Viet Cach tay sai cua Trung Hoa dan quoc 70 ghe Quoc hoi khong bau cijf, ghe Bg trifcrng Chinh phu lien hiep chinh thufc - Nhan nhLfgng cho Trung Hoa dan quo'c mot so' quyen Igi ve k i n h te, nha cung cap mot phan liiong thuc, thyc pham, phiiang tien giao thong van t a i , cho phep dung tien Trung Quoc tren t h i trircfng * Cthig ran ve nguyen too: - Nhan nhifgng cho Trung Hoa dan quo'c nhimg phai dam bao nguyen tSc: + Doc lap chu quyen cua dan toe phai diicfc giuT vufng + Dang lanh dao chinh quyen Ho Chi M i n h la ngLfdi dufng dau Dang va Chinh phu - Chinh quyen each mang difa vao quan chiing, kien quyet vach t r a n am miiU va hanh dong chia re, pha hoai cua chiing + Nhufng ke pha hoai c6 du bkng chuTng t h i bi trCfng t r i theo phap luat + Chinh phij ban hanh mot so sac lenh nhkm tran ap bon phan each mang • C a u V a i tro c i i a q u a n c h u n g n h a n d a n duTgfc the h i f n nhv^ the nao v i f c giai quyet nhuTng kho k h a n ve doi npi s a u C a c h m a n g thang T a m , - Tham gia tong tuyen cuf bau Quo'c hoi vao 6/1/1946, vdi hon 90% cuf t r i ca nifdc; tham gia bau ciJf Hoi dong nhan dan cac cap theo the le thong dau phieu - Tham gia giai quyet nan doi bkng viec thiic hien "hu gao tiet kiem", "ngay dong tam"; dac biet tham gia lao dong san xuat, thiic hien khau hieu: "Khong mot tac da't bo hoang!" "Tac dat tac vangi" - Tham gia ung ho Chinh phu giai quyet kho khan ve tai chinh vdri khau hieu "Tuan 11 vang", "Quy doc lap" - Tham gia xoa nan mii chCif bang phong trao binh dan hoc vu • C a u V i cuqc k h a n g c h i e n chong thi^c d a n P h a p x a m Iv^grc trvtdc t i e n no r a tai N a m B Q ? NhuTng net c h i n h ve cupc k h a n g c h i e n chong P h a p of N a m B Q * Vi - Ngay 2/9/1945, Phap da xa sung ban vao nhan dan Sai Gon - Chg Lorn - Dac biet, dem 22 rang 23/9/1945, di/gc sir giup sufc ciia A n h , thiic dan Phap danh up t r u sd Uy Ban nhan dan Nam Bo va ca quan tiT ve Sai Gon, mcf dau cuoc chien tranh xam lifcrc nirdrc ta Ian thuf hai 129 - NhOrng h a n h d o n g cua t h i i c d a n P h a p da t r a n g t r g n cha dap l e n doc lap, chu q u y e n cua d a n toe t a m a trtforc h e t l a d u n g d e n dong bao N a m Bo N h a n d a n N a m Bo da k i e n quyet dufng l e n cho'ng t r a nhOfng h a n h d o n g x a m \Mc cua thiTc d a n P h a p Yi vay, cuoc k h a n g chien cho'ng thiic d a n Ph^p xay r a tnrdc t i e n cr N a m Bo * NhOng net chinh: - N g a y tCr dau cua cuoc k h a n g c h i e n , q u a n d a n Sai G o n - C h o Ldfn cung \6'i q u a n d a n N a m Bo da n h a t t e diJng l e n c h i e n dau c h o n g x a m lifgc Cac c h i e n si lire Itfcfng v u t r a n g cua t a d o t n h a p san bay T a n Son N h a t , dot chay t a u P h a p , danh kho tang, pha nha giam - P h o i h o p v d i liic Itrgfng v u t r a n g d a n h d i c h , n h a n d a n Sai G o n - C h g L d n dau t r a n h t r i e t p h a n g u o n t i e p te cua d i c h , t\i c h d i h o p tac vdri c h i i n g , diTng chLfdng n g a i v a t v a c h i e n l u y t r e n dtfcfng Q u a n P h a p t r o n g t h a n h b i bao vay v a l u o n b i t i e n cong - T r u n g i/ong D a n g , C h i n h p h u v a C h u t i c h H o C h i M i n h buy d o n g liic li/gng ca midc c h i v i e n cho N a m Bo va N a m T r u n g Bo k h a n g c h i e n H a n g v a n t h a n h n i e n h a n g h a i g i a n h a p q u a n d o i , sung vao cac "doan q u a n N a m t i e n " sat c a n h c u n g vdri n h a n d a n N a m Bp va N a m T r u n g Bo c h i e n dau NhiJng can bo c h i e n s i h a n g h a i , c6 i t n h i e u k i n h n g h i e m c h i e n dau, nhCfng vu k h i , t r a n g b i cua t a t o t n h a t liic deu d ^ n h cho bo d o i N a m t i e n N h a n d a n B&c Bo va Bac T r u n g Bo thtfcrng x u y e n to chufc quyen gop t i e n , gao, ao, quan, thuoc men gijfi u n g ho n h a n d a n N a m Bo v a N a m T r u n g Bo k h ^ n g c h i e n • C a u V i P h a p v a T r u n g H o a d a n quoc k i H i ^ p vL6c Hoa - P h a p 28/2/1946 D a n g v a C h i n h phii t a da c6 nhfing c h u trv^oTng g i trvLitc h a n h dpng c u a chung? * Tg^i vi: - Sau k h i c h i e m d o n g cac t h i or N a m Bo va cifc N a m T r u n g Bo, thuc dan P h a p c h u a n b i t i e n q u a n r a BSc de t h o n t i n h ca midc t a De thiTc h i e n muc dich do, chac c h a n P h a p se v a p p h a i liic Itfcrng k h a n g c h i e n eiia quan d a n va ca s\S CO m a t cua q u a n T r u n g H o a d a n quoc m i e n Bac V i t h e , P h a p d u n g t h i i doan dieu d i n h vdri c h i n h p h i j T r u n g H o a d a n quoc de r a Bac t h a y t h e quan T r u n g H o a d a n quoc g i a i g i a p q u a n N h a t T r o n g k h i do, T r u n g H o a d a n quoc t h a y can p h a i r u t ve mfdc, t a p t r u n g d o i vdri p h o n g t r a o each m a n g D a n g Cong s a n T r u n g Quoc l a n h dao - T r u n g H o a D a n quoc v a P h a p da t h o a h i e p vdri n h a u , k i k e t b a n H i e p tfdrc H o a - P h a p n g a y 28/2/1946 Theo do, P h a p di/gc difa q u a n r a Bdc t h a y the q u a n T r u n g H o a D a n quoc l a m n h i e m v u g i a i g i a p q u a n N h a t D o i l a i , T r u n g H o a D a n quoc dtfgc P h a p t r a l a i m o t so q u y e n I g i t r e n d a t T r u n g Quoc, Axiac v a n c h u y e n h a n g h o a qua c a n g H a i P h o n g vao H o a N a m k h o n g p h a i d o n g thue 130 * Chu triictng cua Dang - Hiep Lfdrc Hoa - va Chinh phu: P h a p buoc n h a n d a n t a p h a i c h o n m o t t r o n g h a i di/crng: hoac l a c a m v u k h i cho'ng l a i thiTc d a n P h a p k h i c h i i n g r a m i e n Bac; hoac la hoa h o a n vdri P h a p de n h a n h c h o n g gat 20 v a n q u a n T r u n g H o a dan quoc r a k h o i m i e n BSc, t r a n h t h u t h d i g i a n hoa h o a n , x a y d i i n g d a t nifdrc, c h u a n bi life liJ(?ng de do'i p h o v d i cuoc c h i e n t r a n h cua P h a p ve sau - Triidc t i n h t h e m a H i e p iTdrc d a t r a , D a n g va C h i n h p h u t a da thiTc h i e n sach liroc h o a v d i P h a p H o C h u t i c h da k i vcri X a n h t a n i ( S a i n t e n y ) , dai dien chinh p h u P h a p b a n H i e p d i n h Scf bo n g a y 6/3/1946 - Theo do, c h i n h phij P h a p cong n h a n niidrc V i ^ t N a m D a n chii C o n g hoa la mot quoc gia t y do, c6 c h i n h p h u , n g h i v i e n , q u a n d o i va t a i c h i n h r i e n g n k m k h o i L i e n h i e p P h a p ; C h i n h p h u V i e t N a m t h o a t h u a n cho 15.000 q u a n Phap r a m i e n Bac t h a y q u a n T r u n g H o a d a n quoc l a m n h i e m v u g i a i g i a p q u a n Nhat, so' q u a n n a y se r u t d a n t r o n g thcfi h a n n a m ; h a i b e n t h u c h i e n ngi^ng ban, tao k h o n g k h i t h u a n \a'\o viec m d cugc d a m p h a n c h i n h thufc - H i e p d i n h So bo 6/3/1946, c6 y n g h i a r a t \6n N o da dap t a n a m miAi cau ket giCTa P h a p v a T r u n g H o a d a n quoc, l o a i bo dirge m o t ke t h u nguy h i e m l a Trung H o a d a n quoc va t a y sai; t r a n h diigc m o t cugc c h i e n t r a n h cho'ng n h i e u ke t h i i k h i life \\igng cua t a yeu; t r a n h thij thcri g i a n h o a h o a n de c h u a n b i life li/gng cho cugc c h i e n dau sau - Sau H i e p d i n h So bg, t a t i e p tuc dau t r a n h n g o a i giao, d a m p h a n c h i n h thufc vdri P h a p t a i Phongtenncfblo, n h i f n g P h a p n g o a n co, cudi cijng h g i n g h i that bai De t i e p t u c t h d i g i a n hoa h o a n C h u t i c h H o C h i M i n h da k i v d i d a i dien c h i n h p h u P h a p b a n T a m ifdc 14/9/1946, n h a n nhiTOng t h e m cho P h a p m o t so quyen I g i k i n h te - v a n h o a d V i e t N a m - T r a n h t h u thori g i a n h o a h o a n , c h u n g t a da c u n g co' va x a y difng \\ic lifong ve mgi m a t (ve c h i n h t r i , k i n h te, q u a n sif ) P h a p co'y g a y c h i e n t r a n h ( k h i e u khich, t a n g q u a n , d a n h c h i e m L a n g Son, H a i P h o n g , g a y x u n g dot or H a Ngi), gijfi tdfi h a u thiT n g a y 18/12/1946 doi c h i n h p h i j t a g i a i t a n \\ic lifgng tiT ve c h i e n dau va giao quyen k i e m soat thii H a N g i c h o c h i i n g , thiTc c h a t l a P h a p b a t t a dau hang T a k h o n g t h e n h a n n h i r g n g difgc niJa, k h a n g c h i e n t o a n quoc b a t dau (19/12/1946) • Cau S a c h Irfofc c i i a D a n g v a C h i n h p h u doi vdri P h a p v a T r u n g Hoa dan quoc h a i thdi k i trtToTc v a s a u 6/3/1946 co gi k h a c n h a u ? Tai l a i co s i i k h a c n h a u nhv^ v a y ? * Khac nhau: - Dufng trifdc t i n h t h e m o t liic p h a i do'i vdfi n h i e u ke t h i j , D a n g v a C h i n h phu t a da suf d u n g sach lifgc m e m deo de p h a n h o a ke t h i j Sach li/gc t h e hien sif k h a c n h a u , l a : 131 + Trtfofc n g a y 6/3/1946, hoa vdi t r u n g lire l i i q n g d a n h P h a p a N a m T r u n g Hoa d a n quoc or m i e n BAc, tap Bo + Sau n g a y 6/3/1946, hoa v d i P h a p de duoi T r u n g H o a d a n quoc r a k h o i m i e n BSLC * Sd di CO si£ khdc vi: - Tn/crc 6/3/1946, t a n h a n n h q g n g vcri T r u n g Hoa dan quoc de t r a n h cung m o t luc p h a i doi v d i n h i e u ke t h u t r o n g luc liic ItJcfng ciia t a non yeu + Sau k h i t a n h a n n h i i o n g vdri T r u n g H o a d a n quoc de d a n h P h a p a N a m B o t h i P h a p v a T r u n g H o a d a n quoc k i H i e p vdri n h a u H i e p \Jdc H o a - P h a p vao 28/2/1946, t h e o P h a p n h i f g n g cho T r u n g H o a d a n quoc m o t so quyen Igri cr T r u n g Quo'c v a chap n h a n cho T r u n g H o a d a n quoc v a n chuyen h a n g hoa iii H a i P h o n g s a n g H o a N a m , k h o n g p h a i d o n g t h u e ; T r u n g H o a d a n quoc chap n h a n cho P h a p diia q u a n r a Bdc de cung v d i T r u n g H o a d a n quoc g i a i giap phat xit Nhat + T i n h h i n h do, d a t n h a n d a n t a trtfdc h a i d i i d n g p h a i lifa chon: Hoac c u n g m o t luc d a n h ca P h a p i S n T r u n g H o a d a n quo'c; hoac hoa v d i m o t ke t h u de d a n h m o t k e t h i j T a da l i i a c h o n dtJdng hoa v d i P h a p de d u n g b a n t a y cua P h a p d u o i T r u n g H o a d a n quo'c r a k h o i m i e n BSc • Cau V i Chinh phu t a k i vdri P h a p Hi^p dinh Sd bp 6/3/1946? N h u - n g t h ^ n g lofi d a t du-cfc q u a v i e c k i k e t H i ? p d i n h Sd bp v a n g u y e n n h a n c u a n h u ! n g t h d n g Itfi d o * Tai vi: - K h i t a n h a n n h i i g n g v d i T r u n g H o a d a n quo'c de d a n h P h a p d N a m n h t f n g sau P h a p v a T r u n g H o a d a n quo'c k i H i e p qdc H o a - Bo, P h a p 28/2/1946 de x i c h l a i g a n n h a u , cau k e t v d i n h a u - T i n h t h e d a t n h a n d a n t a t r u d c h a i s i i l i i a c h o n : Hoac l a cung m o t luc d a n h ca P h a p i S n T r u n g H o a d a n quo'c hoac la hoa v d i m o t ke t h u , t a p t r u n g d a n h m o t k e t h u V d i q u a n T r u n g H o a d a n quoc t a da n h a n n h i f g n g r o i , k h o n g t h e n h a n nhqcrng nOfa T a da c h o n g i a i p h a p c6 I q i n h a t cho each m a n g , la h o a v d i P h a p b a n g each k i H i e p d i n h So bo (ngay 6/3/1946) * NhUng thdng lai: - P h a p p h a i c o n g n h a n V i e t N a m l a m o t quoc g i a t i i do, cd c h i n h p h i i , n g h i vien, quan doi va t a i c h i n h rieng - P h a p chap n h a n ngCfng b a n d N a m Bo, tao d i e u k i e n t h u a n Icfi de t a c6 thcfi g i a n h o a b i n h c u n g c6' l a i life liTcfng - T a d i i n g b a n t a y P h a p gat 20 v a n quan T r u n g H o a dan quoc r a k h o i m i e n Bac - N g a n c h a n ducfc cupc chien t r a n h c6 nguy ccf b i m g no t r e n p h a m v i ca nadc * Nguyen nhan cua thdng do: - T o a n d a n t a d o a n k e t m o t l o n g , quyet t a m giOf vufng t h a n h qua ciia Cach m a n g t h a n g T a m 1945 132 - Nhcr sir l a n h dao cua D a n g , C h i n h p h u dufng dau l a C h u t i c h H o C h i M i n h vdi diTorng lo'i each m a n g v6 cung s a n g suo't: cufng r S n ve n g u y e n tSc, m e m deo ve saeh Itige, p h a n hoa c6 l a p ke t h u , da dua niidc n h a viTcft qua t h d i khSc nguy hiem, cung eo bao ve e h i n h quyen each m a n g , tao dieu k i e n de ehuan b i t o a n quoc k h a n g c h i e n • Cau Y nghia thang Icfi va bai hoc k i n h nghi^m c u a CUQC d a u t r a n h bao c h i n h quyen thcri k i ti^ thang 9/1945 den thang 12/1946? * Y nghia: - T r e n l i n h vifc xay d u n g d a t ni/dc, nhi]fng k e t qua t r o n g n a m dau ciia che dan chu cong hoa ve k i n h te, t a i c h i n h , v a n hoa, gop p h a n t a n g t h e m sufc m a n h cho N h a ni/de t a t r o n g cuoc dau t r a n h n h k m d a n h b a i a m m J u cua q u a n T r u n g Hoa d a n quo'e, ehi v i e n t i c h cifc cho N a m Bo d a n h t h u c d a n P h a p va c h u a n b i the luc cho n h a n d a n t a hxidc vao cuoc k h a n g c h i e n t o a n quoc - T r e n l l n h viic bao ve c h i n h quyen each m a n g giiJ vufng n e n doc lap d a n toe, nhufng t h a n g Icfi cua t o a n D a n g , t o a n d a n t a l a i cang c6 y n g h i a Ian lao Vdi t h a n g Icfi n a y n h a n d a n t a da v u g t qua nhijfng k h o k h a n thuf t h a c h h i e m ngheo n h a t T h a n g I g i n a y ehijfng to r a n g n h a n d a n t a diidri s i i l a n h dao cua Dang du k h a n a n g giuf vijfng c h i n h q u y e n each m a n g - T h a n g Igi n a y c6 y n g h i a quoc te sau sac, gop p h a n t a n g t h e m siJc m a n h cua cac \\ic l i r g n g each m a n g t h e g i d i t r o n g svt n g h i e p dau t r a n h eho'ng chu nghia thac d a n , de quoc * Nhitng bai hoc kinh nghiem: - B a i hgc ve viec b i e t dtJa va sufc m a n h cua q u a n c h u n g n h a n d a n , b i e t p h a t huy cao siJfc m a n h s a n g tao cua q u a n c h u n g n h a n d a n - B a i hgc ve b i e t I g i d u n g va k h a i t h a c t r i e t de m a u t h u a n t r o n g h a n g ngu ke t h i i , xac d i n h d u n g ke t h i j chu yeu, triidfc m a t , c6 l a p va t a p t r u n g life lifgng danh d u n g ke t h i i - B a i hgc ve b i e t t r a n h t h u k h a n a n g hoa b i n h va p h i j g n g p h a p d a m p h a n thuong li/gng de giijf vCfng va p h a t t r i e n li/c lifgng each m a n g , d o n g t h d i p h a i luon ehuan b i sSn s a n g ufng vdfi k h a n a n g c h i e n t r a n h Ian r g n g , quyet l i e t va keo d a i - B a i hgc ve viec k e t h o p giufa n h i e m vu k h a n g c h i e n va k i e n quoc, xay ditog d i doi vdri bao ve To quoc • C a u 10 V i D a n g v a C h i n h p h u ta phat dong cuoc k h a n g c h i e n toan quoc vao 19/12/1946? Dvfofng loi k h a n g c h i e n chong thi^c dan P h a p dvCdc the h i e n cac v a n k i ^ n nao c i i a D a n g ta? * Tai vi: •Sau k h i k i H i e p d i n h So bg 6/3/1946 v a T a r n vide 14/9/1946 vdfi V i e t Nam, C h i n h p h u P h a p da b g i iTdfc: 133 - d Nam Bo va Nam Trung Bo, thifc dan Phap tien danh cac vung t i i cua ta - d Bac Bo va Bac Trung Bo, tuan thang 1 - 1946, thiic dan Phap khieu khich tien cong t a d H a i Phong va Lang Son Thang 12/1946, chung chiem d6ng t r a i phep a Da NSng, H a i Diiang, diTa them vien binh den Hai Phong - O H a N o i , cac 15 va 16/12, quan Phap bSn sung, nem luu dan d nhieu noi: dot nha Thong t i n d pho' Trang Tien, chiem dong ca quan Bo Tai Chinh va Bo Giao thong cong chinh Chung cho xe pha cac cong sii cua ta a phd L6 Due, gay r a nhuTng vu t a n sat d i m mau a phd Hang Bun, phd Yen N i n h , dau cau Long Bien, k h u CuTa Dong TrSng t r g n hcfn, cac 18 va 19/12/1946, txidng Mooclie gufi tdi hau thtf doi ta pha bo moi cong sir va chi/dng ngai t r e n cac difcfng pho', giai t a n luc liJOng t i i ve chien dau, de quan Phap lam nhiem vu giiJ t r a t t i i a Ha Noi Neu yeu cau khong diiac chap nhan t h i cham nhat \k vao sang 20/12/1946, quan Phap se chuyen sang hanh dongi - Triidfc hanh dong cua thiJc dan Phap, nhan dan ta khong con diJcfng nao khac phai dufng len cam vu k h i chdng thiTc dan Phap * Diicfng loi khdng chien the hien cdc van Men: - Lai keu ggi toan quoc khdng chien cua Chu tich Ho Chi M i n h vao dem 19/12/1946 - Chi thi Toan dan khdng chien cua Ban thtfdng vu Trung ifcfng Dang 12/12/1946 - Tac pham Khdng chien nhat dinh thdng Igi ciia Triicfng Chinh thang 9/1947 Lai ken ggi toan quoc khdng chien, chi t h i Toan dan khdng chien va tac pham Khdng chien nhat dinh thdng Igi la nhCfng van kien lich suf quan ve difdng Idi khang chien, neu ro t l n h chat, muc dich, noi dung va phifang cham cua khang chien chdng Phap, la: toan dan, toan dien, tn/cfng k i , t i i liTc canh sinh va t r a n h thu sii ung ho qud^c te • C a u 11 P h a n t i c h n o i d u n g v a y nghia c u a Lofi k e u goi toan quoc k h a n g c h i e n c u a C h i i t i c h Ho C h i M i n h (ngay 19/12/1946) * Noi dung: - Neu t h i e n chi cua t a va am mi/u xam luoc ciia thiic dan Phap: "Chung ta mudn hoa b i n h , chung t a phai nhan nhifong Chung ta cang nhan nhugng, thUc dan Ph^p cang Ian t d i v i chung quyet tam ciidp ni/dc ta mot Ian nOfa" - N o i len sif quyet t a m ciia quan dan ta cuoc khang chien cho'ng Phap: "Khong! Chung ta t h a h i sinh t a t ca, chuf nhat d i n h khong chiu mat ni/dfc, nhat d i n h khdng chiu lam no le" - The hien cuoc khang chien cua t a la cuoc khang chien toan dan: " H i la ngvfdi Viet N a m t h i phai dufng len danh thiic dan Phap de cufu To qudc" * Y nghia: Day l a Icfi hieu trieu, la ngon cd d i n dat toan quan, toan dan ta thuc hien cuoc khang chien cho'ng Phap xam \\iqc 134 • Chu 12 T a i C U Q C k h a n g c h i e n chong thijfc d a n P h a p x a m li^oTc d i e n r a triidc t i e n of c a c thi? T a c d u n g ciia c a c cupc c h i e n d a u c a c thi? * T^i vi: - Sau k h i Hiep d i n h Scf bo (6/3) va Tain Udc (14/9) di/cfc k i ket, thiic dan Phap ngang nhien xe bo Hiep dinh va Tarn lidc thiic hien am miftj "danh nhanh thang nhanh" De thiic hien am mUli do, Phap da md cac cuoc t a n cong triTdrc tien vao cac t h i nh&m danh up co quan dau nao khang chien cua ta tai Ha Noi, tieu diet life liiong vu trang cua ta a t h i - Ta thiTc hien cuoc chien dau d cac t h i de tieu hao sinh liic dich, giam chan dich pho', dam bao cho ca quan dau nao khang chien cua Dang va Chinh phu rut ve can cuf each mang an toan - Do t h i la trung tarn k i n h te va chinh t r i , ta chien dau cf cac t h i chu yeu la giam chan dich, thifc hien "vUcfn khong nha trong" * Tdc dung: - K i m chan dich l a i , khong cho chung md rong dia ban chiem dong - Chan dtifng am miJU danh nhanh, thfing nhanh ciia Phap - Tao dieu k i e n cho ca nifdc chuyen vao thdi k i khang chien lau dai • C a u 13 CuQC c h i e n d a u c u a q u a n v a d a n ta of t h i d i e n r a n h i i the nao? K e t q u a c i i a cupc c h i e n d a u do? * Dien Men: - Cuoc chien dau d thii Ha Noi: + Khoang 20 gicf 19/12/1946, cong nhan nha may dien Yen Phu (Ha Noi) pha may, ca t a t dien, cuoc chien dau b a t dau Ve quoc quan, cong an xung phong, t\i ve chien dau dong loat tien cong cac v i t r i quan Phap + TCr 19/12 den 29/12/1946, nhufng cuoc chien dau ac liet da dien a noi thanh, hai ben gianh tCfng khu nha, goc nhu a BSc Bo phu, BiAi dien Be? Ho, dau cau Long Bien, san bay Bach M a i , ga Hang Co, cf cac Kham Thien, Hang Dau, Hang Bong, Hang Da, Hang Trong + TCr 30/2/1946 den 17/2/1947, dich phan cong ta phai thu hep pham v i chien dau, chuyen lac liiOng ve Lien khu I Trong qua t r i n h chien dau, Trung doan thii chinh thufc lap - Cuoc chien dau d cac t h i khac: + t h a n h Nam D i n h , quan dan ta bao vay dich tCr 19/12/1946 den 12/3/1947, loai khoi vong chien dau hcfn 400 ten + (J pho' V i n h , tfr dau cuoc chien dau, quan dan ta da buoc dich dau hang + O pho' Hue, 50 dem quan dan ta bao vay, c6 lap san bay danh liii nhieu cuoc chien t r a n h pha vay cua dich 135 + U pho' Da Nang, quan ta tien cong bao vay, c6 lap san bay va danh lui nhieu dgt tien cong pha vay ciia dich * Ket qua ciia cugc chien dau cdc thi: - Da danh bai am m\Ju va ke hoach "danh up" c a quan dau nao ciia ta tai Ha N o i va tieu diet life iLfgrng vu trang cua ta d t h i - Ta da tieu hao mot bo phan sinh life dich, giOf chan dich va chan dOfng am mUU danh nhanh thSng nhanh cua Phap, tao dieu kien cho ca nifcfc vao cuoc chien dau lau dai • C a u 13 A m mi^u va h a n h dong ciia P h a p k h i mof cuoc tan cong len c a n cvi d i a V i e t B a c ? C h u n g da bi q u a n d a n ta d a n h tra va da that b a i nhv^ the nao? * Am miiu va hanh dong: - Thang 4/1947, C h i n h phu Phap cuT Bolaec sang lam Cao liy Phap Dong Difong, thay Dacgianglio Bolaec vach ke hoach tien cong Viet BSc nhSm: + Danh pha can chu life ciia ta cijf dia, tieu diet ccf quan dau nao khang chien va quan + Triet difcfng lien lac quoc te ciia ta + Gianh thSng Igi quan sif, tien tori lap chinh phii bii nhin, nhanh chong ket thuc chien t r a n h - Thiic dan Phap huy dong 12000 quan va hau het may bay d Dong Duong tien cong Viet Bac t\i 7/10/1947 * Quan dan ta danh trd: K l i i vCra tien cong Viet Bac, Dang ta da c6 chi t h i "Phai pha tan cuoc tien cong mua dong ciia giac Phap" Tren khdp cac mat t r a n , quan dan ta da anh diing chien dau, tiTng bifdc day ICii cuoc tien cong ciia dich - O Bac K a n , quan ta chu dong bao vay va tien cong dich a Chg Mdfi, Chg Don, Chg Ra, Ngan San, Bach Thong bugc Phap phai rut lui khoi Chg Don, Chg Ra cudi thang 11/1947 - O mat t r a n hudng dong, quan ta phuc kich chan danh dich tren DiTcfng so 4, tieu bieu la t r a n phuc kich cf deo Bong Lau (30/10/1947) - O mat t r a n hi/dng tay, quan ta chan danh dich nhieu t r a n tren song L6 Mot doan tau chien dich gom chiec, c6 may bay yem t r g , di t\i Tuyen Quang den Doan H i i n g t h i roi vao t r a n dia phuc kich Ngay 10/11/1947, doan tau ti^ Chiem Hoa ve Tuyen Quang lai bi quan ta phuc kich Khe Lau (nga ba song Gam - song L6) Nhir vay, hai gong k i m Dong va Tay ciia dich da bi be gay, khong khep k i n lai difgc 136 - Cuoc chien dau han hai thang giCfa ta va dich da ket thuc bang cupc riit chay cua dai dpi quan Phap khoi Viet Bac 19/12/1947 Ca quan dau nao khang chien di/gc bao toan Bo doi chQ li/c cua ta da trLfang Quan dan ta da loai khoi vong chig'n dau han 6000 dich, ban rcfi 16 may bay, ban chim 11 tau chien, ca no, pha huy nhieu phtfong tien chien t r a n h Phap vSn chiem dong mot so' v i tri tren difcrng so' 3, so 4; nhifng khong thuTc hien ducfc y "danh nhanh, thang nhanh" Vdri chien thang Viet Bac, cuoc khang chien toan quoc cho'ng thiic dan Phap xam laac chuyen sang giai doan mdri • C a u 14 NhuTng t h ^ n g Itfi t r e n cac mat t r a n c h i n h tri, q u a n si^, k i n h te, v a n hoa, giao due eua ta nhijfng n a m 1949 - 1950 nhi^ the nao? T a c d u n g ciia no doi vdfi C U Q C k h a n g c h i e n c h o n g P h a p * Nhitng thang led: - Tren mat tran chinh t r i : Dang va Chinh phii ta chu tnicfng tang ciicrng stfc manh va hieu li/c cua chinh quyen dan chu nhan dan tii trung uang den ccr sd, tang ciTcfng life li/cfng vu trang nhan dan, day manh cupc khang chien kien quoc Dau nam 1949, Chinh phu quyet dinh to chufc bau cilf H o i dong nhan dan va Uy ban k h a n g chien hanh chinh cac cap Thang 6/1949, M a t t r a n Viet M i n h va H p i Lien Viet quyet dinh tien tori thong nha't hai to chufc - Tren mat t r a n quan sii: Dang va Chinh phu chu triTOng dong vien nhan dan thifc hien vu trang toan dan, phat trien chien t r a n h du kich, tien hanh du kich chien la chinh, van dong chien la phu, roi tii du kich den tien dan len van dong chien - Tren mat t r a n k i n h te: Chinh phii cae sdc lenh giam 16 25%, giam tuTc, hoan no, xoa no, chia lai rupng da't cong, tam cap rupng dat vdng chii, rupng dat cap tii tay de quoc, bpn phan dong Cong nghiep va thu cong nghiep phat trien theo quy mo nho va phan tan, chii cong nghiep dia phircrng va cong nghiep quo'c phong, dap ufng nhu cau thie't yeu ciia dai song va chien dau - Tren mat t r a n van hoa, giao due: Nam 1948, tai Hpi nghi van hoa toan quoc, Tong Bi thii Trtfcrng Chinh doc bao cao Chii nghia Mac va van de van hoa Viet Nam, neu ro nen van hoa mdi each mang Viet N a m dtfac xay difng theo phiYang cham: Dan tpc - Khoa hpc - Dai chung Phong trao "Binh dan hpc vu" va giao due thong cae cap di/ae tri va phat t r i e n * Tdc dung: - Bp may chinh quyen ciia ta d cac cap dtfac ciing c6' va xay difng gop phan to lorn viec to chufc, lanh dao khang chien thang lai va lam pha san he thong chinh quySn hii n h i n tay s a i cua dich 137 - C h i n h sach k i n h te da gop p h a n cai t h i e n d d i song n h a n d a n , bao d a m n h u cau cho k h a n g c h i e n l a u d a i - Cac c h i n h sach v a n hoa, gi^o due, y te c6 tac d u n g xay d i i n g ccf sof vSn hoa cua che d a n c h u n h a n d a n - T a t ca cac t h a n h tiAi c6 tac d u n g cung c6' va t a n g ctfofng h a u phiicfng k h a n g c h i e n , l a n h a n to' quyet d i n h thqcfng x u y e n doi vdri t h S n g Icfi cua cuoc k h a n g chien • C a u 15 T a i s a o l a i k h a n g d i n h tijf c h i e n t h S n g V i ? t B S c t h u - d o n g 1947, d e n c h i e n t h S n g B i e n gidfi t h u - d o n g 1950 l a m o t bu^dfc p h a t trien ciia cupc khang chien? - Trirdrc h e t , c h i e n d i c h V i e t Bac t h u - d o n g 1947 la c h i e n d i c h m a : + D i c h chij d o n g t a n cong l e n V i e t Bac de t i e u d i e t ca quan dau nao k h a n g chie'n ciia t a , t i e u d i e t bo dpi chu lUc ciia t a n h a m g i a n h t h a n g Icfi quyet d i n h ve q u a n siJ d i d e n k e t thuc n h a n h chie'n t r a n h Con t a chii dong p h a n cong d i c h de " p h a t a n cuoc t a n cong vao m u a d o n g ciia giac P h a p l e n V i e t Bac" + T r o n g chie'n d i c h n a y t a t h i i c h i e n k i e u c h i e n t r a n h du k i c h n g a n ngay, bao vay c6 l a p va c h a n d a n h cac cuoc h a n h quan ciia d i c h + Qua c h i e n d i c h V i e t Bac, t a da d a n h b a i chie'n Iqac " d a n h n h a n h , t h a n g n h a n h " ciia d i c h , buoc c h u n g p h a i c h u y e n sang d a n h l a u d a i vdfi t a - T i e p d e n , chie'n d i c h B i e n g i d i t h u - d o n g 1950, l a chie'n d i c h : + T a c h i i d o n g t a n cong d i c h n h a m t i e u d i e t s i n h life d i c h k h a i t h o n g b i e n gidfi, Cling co v a met r o n g can cuT d i a V i e t Bac, tao da t h u a n Igi m d i thuc day k h a n g chie'n tie'n l e n + T r o n g chie'n d i c h B i e n g i d i , t a t h i i c h i e n each d a n h cong k i e n k e t hgp vdri v a n d o n g d a i + Qua chie'n d i c h B i e n g i d i t a g i a n h dqqc q u y e n c h i i d o n g ve chien lifgc t r e n chie'n t r i f d n g c h i n h (Bac Bo), d i c h b i day vao t h e b i d o n g d o i Ti^ CO t h e k h a n g d i n h t i ^ c h i e n t h a n g V i e t Bac (1947) den c h i e n t h a n g B i e n g i d i (1950) l a m o t bifdc p h a t t r i e n ciia cuoc k h a n g c h i e n • C a u 16 T r o n g Icfi k e u g o i t o a n q u o c k h a n g c h i e n c i i a C h u t i c h H o Chi Minh c6 doan viet: "Chung ta m u o n h o a binh, chiing ta n h a n nhufcfng N h i i n g c h u n g t a c a n g n h a n nhvfofng, thi^c d a n phai Phap c a n g I a n t d i , v i c h i i n g q u y e t t a r n cifdfp ni:^ofc t a m p t I a n ni^a" H a y n e u n h i ^ n g sijf k i e n l i c h su" t h e h i ^ n t h i e n c h i c u a t a v a d a t a m xam Ivtdc c u a thu'c d a n P h a p trifdfc n g a y 19/12/1946 * Thien chi ciia ta Id muon hoa binh : - C h i n h p h i i t a k i v d i d a i d i e n C h i n h p h i i P h a p b a n H i e p d i n h Scf bo 6/3/1946 - C h u t i c h H o C h i M i n h k i v d i C h i n h p h i i P h a p T a m i/dc 14/9/1946 138 * Dd tarn xdm luac cua thUc dan Phdp ngang nhien xe bo Hiep dinh vd Tq,m lidc: - O Nam Bo va Nam Trung Bo, thifc dan Phap tien danh c^c vung t i / cua ta - d B s c Bo va Bac Trung Bo, tuan thang 11/1946, thiic dan Phdp khieu khich tien cong ta d Hai Phong va Lang Scfn Thang 12/1946, chung chiem d6ng t r ^ phep d Da NSng, Hai Ducfng, dtfa them vien binh den Hai Phong ~ O Hk Noi, cac 15 va 16/12, quan Phap b a n siing, nem lifu dan d nhieu ncfi: dot nha Thong t i n d Trang Tien, chiem dong ccf quan Bo Tai Chinh v a Bo Giao thong cong chinh Chung cho xe pha cac cong sil cua ta or pho' L6 Diic, gay nhOfng vu t a n sat dam mau d pho' Hang Bun, pho' Yen N i n h , dau cau Long Bien, khu Cijfa Dong Trang t r g n hon, cac 18 v a 19/12/1946, tLfdng Mooclie guri toi hau thtf doi ta pha bo moi cong sii va chLfdrng ngai tren cac du^ng pho', giai t a n life Itfcfng tii ve chien dau, de quan Phap lam nhiem vu giCr t r a t t i i cr Ha Noi Ne'u yeu cau khong difoc chap nhan t h i cham nha't la vao sang 20/12/1946, quan Phap se chuyen sang hanh dong! - Ngay 27/11/1946, quan Phap danh chiem H a i Phong • C a u 17 V i c h i e n d i c h B i e n giofi t h u - dong 1950 ta c h o n Dong K h e mof m a n cho c h i e n d i c h ? D i ^ n b i e n c i i a t r a n d a n h do? * Tai vi: - Dong Khe l a v i t r i chien lifcfc quan t r e n difdng so' - Danh Dong Khe nhSm cat dult he tho'ng phong ngiT cua dich l a m d6i * Dien bien ciia trdn ddnh: - Mcf sang 16/9/1950, quan ta no sung tan cong vao cur diem d Dong Khe, mor m a n cho chien dich - Sau 54 gid chien dau, sang 18/9, bo doi ta da tieu diet hoan toan cum ojf diem Dong Khe, da'y quan dich vao the nguy khdn: Tha't Khe bi uy hiep, t h i xa Cao Bang h i c6 lap; the phong thu difcrng so' bi lung lay - Den 20/10/1950, dich phai rut khoi cac v i t r i phong ngii t r e n diTcfng so • C a u 18 So s a n h c h i e n th^ng V i ^ t B a c t h u - dong 1947 v a c h i e n d i c h B i e n gidi t h u - dong 1950, theo c a c t i e u c h i s a u : Tieu chi so sdnh 1) Chu dong ta'n cong dich Chien dich Viet Bac Chien dich Bien gicti 2) Quan dich b i loai khoi v6ng chien 3) Giai ph6ng dat dai 4) Y nghia quan nha't cua thang Igi 139 T i e u c h i so s a n h Chien dich Vi^t Bac l e n V i e t BSc cua d i c h cong dich T a d a n h b a i cua t a n cong 1) Chu dgng tan 2) Q u a n d i c h b i l o a i 6.000 t e n d i c h C h i e n d i c h B i e n gioTi - T a chii dong t i e n cong dich - 8.300 d i c h a b i e n gidi Viet - Trung khoi vong chien - 0 dich t r o n g ca nifcrc 3) G i a i p h o n g dat dai T a bao ve dtfoc V i e t Bac G i a i p h o n g b i e n gidti V i e t - T r u n g dai 750km 4) Y nghia quan - Bao ve difgrc Viet Bac, can - Khai thong chien danh nhanh, thang nhanh - - t h a n g Iqi CLf dau nao ciia k h a n g chien nhat ciia Lam pha san am miAi bien G i a n h t h e c h i i dong lifoc tren C a u 19 K e h o a c h DoT L a t dcf T a t x i n h i c u a P h a p r a dofi t r o n g Dot Lat dcf giori Viet - Trung tnrcfng c h i n h cua d i c h • c a n h n a o ? N p i d u n g ccf b a n c u a k e h o a c h * Kef hoach ve chien hoan Tatxinhi: - Sau t h a t b a i n a n g ne a m a t t r a n B i e n gi6i t h u - dong 1950, thUc dan Phap l a m vao m o t t h e v6 cung k h o k h a n , l u n g t u n g V i vay, du m a u t h u a n v<Ji M i , P h a p v a n dqa vao M i , cau x i n v i e n trcf ciia M i de t i e p tuc c h i e n t r a n h x a m lucfc - Ve p h i a M l , t i c h cqc g i i i p P h a p n h a m r a n g buoc va tC/ng hiidc h a t cang P h a p de doc c h i e m D o n g DiJcrng l a m thuoc d i a k i e u m d i - sir g i u p dor cua M i , t h a n g 12/1950, C h i n h p h i i P h a p ciif D a i tiTofng D d Bnac L a t da T a t x i n h i s a n g l a m t o n g c h i h u y q u a n v i l n c h i n h k i e m chijfc Cao Uy P h a p or D o n g D u o n g , r o i de r a ke hoach D d L a t d a T a t x i n h i * Noi dung cua he hoach: - G a p r u t t a p t r u n g q u a n A u - P h i n h a m xay diTng m o t life l i i g n g ca dong c h i e n lifcrc m a n h , d o n g thcfi r a sufc p h a t t r i e n nguy quan de xay d i i n g "quan dpi qudc gia" - X a y d i f n g p h o n g t u y e n cong sU b a n g x i m a n g cot sat, t h a n h lap " v a n h dai t r a n g " bao q u a n h t r u n g du va d o n g b k n g Bac Bo n h a m n g a n c h a n quan chii li/c cua t a v a k i e m soat t a dua n h a n t a i , v a t life r a v i i n g t u - T i e n h a n h " c h i e n t r a n h t o n g life", b i n h d i n h v i i n g la'n c h i e m , va vet sufc ngtfcfi siifc cua cua n h a n d a n t a de t a n g ctfcfng \\ic Itfqng ciia c h i i n g - D a n h p h a h a u phi/ang ciia t a b a n g b i e t k i c h , t h o p h i , g i a n diep, k e t hap o a n h tac b a n g p h i p h a o vdfi c h i e n t r a n h tarn l i , c h i e n t r a n h k i n h te 140 • C a u 20 Ngi d u n g cd b a n v a y n g h l a l i c h s i i D a i h p i d a i b i e u D a n g toan quo'c I a n thuf I I N e u nhffng quyet d i n h mofi c i i a D a i h p i so vdi thofi k i trvfoTc * Noi dung cua Dai hgi: D a i h o i t h o n g qua h a i b a n bao cao q u a n t r o n g : - Bao cao c h i n h t r i C h u t i c h H o C h i M i n h t r i n h b^ y da t o n g k e t k i n h n g h i e m cua D a n g qua cac c h a n g difcrng l i c h sijf dau t r a n h o a n h l i e t tii n g a y r a ddi, k h l n g d i n h di/cfng lo'i k h a n g c h i e n cho'ng P h a p ciia D a n g - Bao cao b a n ve each m a n g V i e t N a m T o n g b i t h i i TrLfcfng C h i n h t r i n h bay - D a i h o i quyet d i n h t h a n h l a p D a n g Lao d o n g V i e t N a m v a difa D a n g r a heat d o n g cong k h a i , d a m n h i e m suf m e n h l i c h stf l a n h dao cuoc k h a n g chien cua V i e t N a m - D a i h o i t h o n g qua T u y e n n g o n , C h i n h ctfong, D i e u le mofi; Q u y e t d i n h x u a t ban bao N h a n d a n , ca q u a n n g o n l u a n ciia T r u n g Lfang D a n g - D a i hoi ban r a B a n Chap h a n h T r u n g ifong, dong chi H o C h i M i n h diioc bau giCf chijfc vu C h i i t i c h D a n g , dong chi Tnrcmg C h i n h diicJc l a m T o n g B i thLf cCia Dang * Y nghia: - D a i h o i I a n thuf 11 l a moc d a n h dau hiidc p h a t t r i e n mdri t r o n g qud t r i n h l a n h dao v a triiorng t h a n h ciia D a n g t a , l a " D a i h o i k h a n g c h i e n t h S n g Icri" - T a n g ciidng mo'i q u a n he giijfa D a n g vdri q u a n c h u n g , t a o n i e m t i n ciia q u ^ n chung do'i v d i D a n g - D a i h o i c6 tac d u n g t h u c day cuoc k h a n g c h i e n t i e n l e n g i a n h t h S n g Icfi m o t Idm h o n * Quyet dinh m&i ciia Dai hoi: " - D o i t e n D a n g t h a n h D a n g Lao d o n g V i e t N a m - Dtfa D a n g r a h e a t d o n g cong k h a i - M i ntfdc d D o n g Difcfng p h a i c6 m o t D a n g r i e n g cua m i n h • C a u 21 C o n g tac h a u phifofng k h a n g c h i e n cho'ng P h a p txi n a m 1951 d e n n a m 1953 dxidc q u a n t a m xay drfng nhi^ the nao? T a c dung c u a h a u phifdng do'i vdi * Cong tdc xdy ditng hau CUQC khang chien? philcfng: - Ve c h i n h t r i : + T h a n g 3/1951, t h o n g n h a t M a t t r a n V i e t M i n h va H o i L i e n V i e t t h a n h M a t t r a n L i e n h o p quoc d a n V i e t N a m ( M a t t r a n L i e n V i e t ) + N g a y 11/3/1951, t h a n h lap L i e n m i n h nhan dan Viet - n h k m t a n g ciicrng hcfn nufa t i n h d o a n k e t giufa n h a n d a n ba Mien - Lao midc + N g a y 1/5/1952, D a i h o i a n h h u n g v a c h i e n s i t h i dua t o a n quo'c I a n thuf nha't da t o n g k e t , b i e u difang t h a n h t i c h cua p h o n g t r a o t h i dua a i quo'c 141 - Ve k i n h te: + Nam 1952, Chinh phu de cuoc van dong san xuat va thiic hanh tiet kiem + San xuat t h u cong nghiep va cong nghiep ve co ban dap ufng nhu cau ve cong cu san xuat nhufng mat hang thiet yeu ciia ddi song + Dau nam 1953, Dang va Chinh phu quyet dinh phat dong quan chiing t r i e t de giam to va cai each rugng dat + Tir thang 4/1953 den thang 7/1954, ta thuc hien dgt giam to va mot deft cai each ruong da't d 53 xa thuoc vijng t y Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hoa - Ve van hoa, giao due, y te: + Tiep tuc cuoc cai each giao due v6i ba phifcfng cham: phuc vu khang chien, phuc vu dan sinh, phuc vu san xuat, gSn nha tri/cfng vdri ddi song xa hoi + Hiidng uTng Idi day ciia Ho Chi M i n h "Khang chien hoa van hoa va van hoa khang chien" + Cong tac van dong ve sinh phong benh, thiTc hien dcfi song mdri, bai trCr me t i n di doan cang c6 t i n h chat quan chiing rong lorn * Tdc dung cua hau phUcfng: - Cung cap day du, k i p thcji sijfc ngufcri va sijfc ciia de dam bao cho cuoc khang chien gianh thang Igi cuo'i ciing - Hau phtfong la nhan to thifdng xuyen quyet dinh den thang Icfi ciia chien tri/cfng triic tiep gop phan vao thang Igi tren mat t r a n quan sir nhifng nam 1951/1953; Chien cuoc Dong - Xuan 1953 - 1954 va chien dich lich sii Dien Bien Phu - Dap ijfng nhu cau buTc thiet ciia cuoc khang chien, day manh sir nghiep quoc phong, tao t i e n de (chinh quyen, co sd k i n h te, van hoa, xa hoi) de tien len chu nghia xa hgi sau • C a u 22 K e h o a c h q u a n si^ N a v a r a dofi h o a n c a n h nao? Muc d i c h v a npi d u n g c u a ke h o a c h do? * Hodn cdnh: - T r a i qua nam khang chien va kign quoc, liTc liTcfng khang chien ciia nhan dan ta Idn manh dang ke - Trong k h i d6, phia Phap bi thiet hai c^ng lorn, den nam 1953 bi loai khoi vong chien dau hon 39 van quan va tieu ton horn 2.000 t i phrang Vimg chiem dong bi t h u hep Quan Phap tren chien trtfdng cang di vao the phong ngif, bi dong - Ngay 7/5/1953, vdri sir thoa thuan cua M i , Chinh phii Phap ciJf tifdrng Nava lam Tong chi huy quan dgi vi§n chinh ciia Phap d Dong Dtfong Nava de ke hoach chien li/gc vdi h i vong 18 thang gianh lay mot thang Igi quyet dinh de "Ket thiic chien t r a n h danh du" 142 * M^c dich: t h ^ n g " * Ngi dung: C a P h a p v a M i deu n h k m thi/c hi§n k e h o a c h de " c h u y e n b a i K e hoach N a v a diigc chia t h a n h h a i bifdrc: - Bvtdc thijf n h a t , t r o n g t h u - dong n a m 1953 va xuan nSm 1954, giCf the phong ngi/ chien liigfc de b i n h d i n h m i e n T r u n g va N a m D o n g Di/cfng, g i a n h lay m o t nguon n h a n luc, v a t life; t i m each t h a n h toan L i e n k h u V, dong thcfi sure ma rong nguy quan, tap t r u n g b i n h luc xay diftig dpi quan ccf dong chien liipc m a n h - Birdc thOr h a i , tii t h u - d o n g n a m 1954, chuyen liTc liTpng r a c h i e n tri/dng mien B^c, thifc h i e n t i e n cong c h i e n lapc, c6' g i a n h t h S n g I p i q u a n sU quyet dinh, bupc t a p h a i d a m p h a n theo nhOfng dieu k i e n c6 I p i cho c h u n g va "ket thuc c h i e n t r a n h t r o n g d a n h diT" - De thiTc h i e n ke hoach N a v a , tCr t h u - d o n g 1953, N a v a t a p t r u n g q u a n co dong d d o n g b a n g B&c Bp l e n d e n 44 t i e u doan ( t r o n g t o n g so' 84 t i e u doan t r e n to^n coi D o n g D u o n g ) , t i e n h a n h nhOfng cupc can quet b i n h d i n h v u n g c h i e m dong, m d r p n g b o a t d o n g t h o p h i , b i e t k i c h d v u n g r t o g n u i b i e n g i d i , m d r p n g cuoc t i e n cong lorn vao N i n h B i n h , T h a n h H o a ( t h a n g 10/1953) de p h a v ke hoach t i e n cong cua t a • C a u 23 D e p h a t a n k e h o a c h N a v a , D a n g t a d a d e r a n h i f n g chu trrfrfng g i t r o n g D o n g - X u a n 1953 - 1954? C h u triiofng d o dvfpTc thu-c h i ^ n nht^ t h e n a o ? * Chu trilctng: - Cuo'i t h a n g 9/1953, Bp C h i n h t r i B a n C h a p h a n h T r u n g i/ong D a n g h p p p Viet Bac de b a n ve ke h o a c h q u a n sir D o n g - X u a n 1953 - 1954 - N a m vijCng n h i e m vu t i e u diet dich l a c h i n h , phifpng thtfc chien liTpc ciia t a Dong - X u a n 1953 - 1954 l a "Tap t r u n g lire lifpng m a nhCfng cupc t i e n cong vko nhijfng hi/cfng quan t r o n g ve chien lifpc m a d i c h tifcfng doi yeu, n h k m tieu diet mot bp p h a n s i n h life d i c h , g i a i p h o n g dat dai, dong t h d i bupc c h u n g p h a i b i dong phan t a n liTc lifcfng doi v d i t a t r e n nhOfng dia b a n x u n g yeu m a chung k h o n g t h i bo, p h a i p h a n t a n liic lirpng m a tao r a cho t a nhijfng dieu k i e n t h u a n Ipi m d i de tieu diet t h e m tiftig bp p h a n s i n h li/c d i c h cua chung" * ThUc hifn chu triicfng: - Thifc h i e n quyet d i n h cda Bp C h i n h t r i , t r o n g D o n g - Xuan 1953 - 1954 quan ta m d m o t loat chien d i c h t i e n cong d i c h d hau k h a p chien tnrcmg D o n g Di/ong + N g a y 10/12/1953, m o t bp p h a n chu lire t a t i e n cong t h i xa L a i C h a u , t a loai k h o i v o n g c h i e n dau 24 d a i dpi d i c h , g i a i p h o n g t o a n bp L a i C h a u (trCr Dien B i e n Phu) + D^u t h a n g 12/1953, l i e n quan Lao - V i e t mcf cupc t i e n cong d i c h a T r u n g Lko giai p h o n g m o t p h a n t h i xa T h a K h e t ; bao vay uy h i e p can cuf Xeno 143 + Cuoi t h a n g 1/1954, l i e n q u a n Lao - V i e t t i e n cong d i c h cf ThtfOng Lao, g i a i p h o n ^ liAi wic song N a m H u , t o a n t i n h P h o n g x a l i , can cijf k h a n g chien ciia n h a n d a n L a o di/gc m d r o n g + D a u t h a n g 2/1954, q u a n t a t i e n cong d i c h d BSc T a y N g u y e n , loai k h o i v o n g c h i e n dau 2.000 d i c h , g i a i p h o n g t o a n t i n h K o n T u m , m o t v u n g r o n g Icfn v d i 20 v a n d a n ; bao vay, uy h i e p P l a y k u - Pho'i hap v d i m a t t r a n c h i n h k h i q u a n chu lUc d i c h b i g i a m c h a n va p h a n t a n n h i e u ncfi, t a i cac v u n g sau l i A i g d i c h , p h o n g t r a o c h i e n t r a n h du k i c h p h a t trien manh T h a n g I g i t r o n g D o n g - X u a n 1953 - 1954 da l a m cho ke hoach N a v a biidrc dau b i p h a s a n • C a u 24 A m mufu c i i a P h a p - M l v i e c c h i e m dong, xay di^ng tap d o a n ciaf d i e m D i e n B i e n P h i i T a i ta c h o n D i $ n B i e n P h u l a m d i e m " q u y e t c h i e n c h i e n IvCdc" vdfi d i c h ? * Am mitu ciia Phdp - Mi: - N g a y 20/11/1953, t h i i c d a n P h a p cho q u a n n h a y dii x u o n g D i e n B i e n Phu, k h i d e n D i e n B i e n P h u ca^c ti/dng t a P h a p - M l t h a y r a n g , D i e n B i e n Phu la m o t d i a b a n r a t q u a n t r o n g n a m giCfa c a n h d o n g Mi/dng T h a n h , x u n g quanh c6 n u i bao bqc * - V d i v i t r i d i a l i ciia D i e n B i e n P h i i , ve lau d a i c h i i n g muo'n b i e n ncfi day t h a n h m o t can cuf luc q u a n v a k h o n g q u a n c6 tac d u n g I q i h a i t r o n g a m miAi x a m luge D o n g N a m A - De thgc h i e n y do, Phap cho xay dung D i e n B i e n Phii t h a n h tap doan cU d i e m m a n h g o m 49 cum cU d i e m dugc chia t h a n h p h a n k h u : P h a n k h u phia Bac, p h a n k h u T r u n g tami M u d n g T h a n h va p h a n k h u H o n g Cum is p h i a N a m - V d i each bo p h o n g n h u vay, cac tUcfng t a cua P h a p - M i deu chu quan cho r a n g D i e n B i e n P h i i l a m o t "phao d a i k h o n g t h e cong p h a " , m o t "vecdoong" ciia t h e k i X X , m o t "con n h i m k h o n g 16" ciia n i i i r i f t i g T a y Bdc v a tCr c h i i n g ngao m a n t u y e n bo' r k n g : N e u bo doi t a d a n h l e n D i e n B i e n P h i i se k h o n g t r a n h khoi bi nghien nat * Tai vi: - TrUdc sU p h a san budrc dau t r o n g ke hoach q u a n s i i N a v a , d i c h quyet d i n h x a y d u n g t a p d o a n cU d i e m m a n h cf D i e n B i e n P h i i , b i e n D i e n B i e n P h i i t h a n h m o t "phao d a i k h o n g t h e cong p h a " , m o t "vecdoong" cua t h e k i X X , m o t "con n h i m k h o n g 16" cua r U n g n u i T a y Bac V a b i e n D i e n B i e n P h i i t h a n h t r u n g t a m d i e m cua ke h o a c h N a v a V i vay, muo'n k e t t h i i c c h i e n t r a n h p h a i t i e u d i e t t a p doan cU d i e m D i e n B i e n P h u - V a o n g a y 6/12/1953, T r u n g Ucfng D a n g da h o p va n h a n d i n h : D i e n B i e n P h u l a t a p d o a n cuf d i e m m a n h n h U n g t h e yeu ciia d i c h cf D i e n B i e n P h i i de b i 144 CO lap, c h i t i e p te dirge b a n g diTcfng k h o n g , neu t a cat diift diicfng h a n g khong, dich se r o i vao t h e "tiJr 16" - Quan d o i t a da t r i / d n g t h a n h va c6 k i n h n g h i e m c6 t h e d a n h d i c h d t a p doan cuf d i e m - H a u p h t f a n g ciia t a da vCfng m a n h , c6 t h e k h a c phuc nhomg k h o k h S n d a m bao chi v i e n cho c h i e n triictng T r e n co sd p h a n t i c h t i n h h i n h , T r u n g uang D a n g da quyet d i n h m a c h i e n dich D i e n B i e n P h u , b i e n D i e n B i e n P h u t h a n h d i e m "quyet c h i e n c h i e n lugc giOfa t a v a d i c h " • C a u 25 K e h o a c h N a v a b i p h a s a n h o a n t o a n nhxi t h e n a o ? - NhOfng t h a n g I g i cua t a t r o n g D o n g - X u a n 1953 hoach N a v a bLfdc 1954 da l a m cho ke dau b i p h a san, tufc l a N a v a k h o n g t h e t a p t r u n g Igc Itfgng a dong b a n g Bac Bp m a p h a i p h a n t a n life l i i g n g de do'i v d i t a d nhijfng v i t r i xung yeu - Sau do, N a v a cho t a p t r u n g luc l i i g n g d D i e n B i e n P h u , x a y d g n g Bien Phu t h a n h he t h o n g p h o n g Dien n g g k i e n cd, v a c h i n h N a v a cung nhiT cac tifdng t a cua P h a p , M i deu c h i i q u a n cho r a n g , D i e n B i e n P h i i la " m o t phao dai khong k h o n g t h e cong p h a " - Triidc t i n h h i n h do, D a n g t a chu triTOng: p h a i d a n h d i c h d D i e n B i e n P h i i Dau t h a n g 12/1953, Bo C h i n h t r i T r u n g tfcfng D a n g hop t h o n g qua k e hoach tac chien cua Bo T o n g t i f l e n h v a q u y e t d i n h m d c h i e n d i c h D i e n B i e n P h i i - Dau t h a n g 3/1954, cong tac chuan b i moi m a t da hoan t a t N g a y 13/3/1954, quan t a no sung t a n cong t a p doan cuf d i e m D i e n B i e n P h i i - Cuoc t a n cong D i e n B i e n P h u ciia q u a n t a t r a i qua ba d g t : + D g t 1, t i ^ n g a y 13 d e n n g a y 17/3/1954; q u a n t a t i e n c o n g t i e u d i e t cac cuf diem H i m L a m v a t o a n bo p h a n k h u Bac K e t qua, t a loai k h o i v o n g c h i e n dau gan 2.000 d i c h + D g t 2, t i r n g a y 30/3 d e n n g a y 26/4/ 1954: q u a n t a d o n g l o a t tie'n cong cac cuf diem p h l a d o n g k h u T r u n g t a m MiTdng T h a n h n h i f E i , D i , d A , T a c h i e m phan I d n cac cuf d i e m cua d i c h tao t h e m dieu k i o n de bao v a y , c h i a cat, k h o n g che d i c h Sau dgt n a y M i k h a n cap v i e n t r g cho P h a p v a de doa n e m bom nguyen t d x u o n g D i e n B i e n P h u ; t a k i p t h d i k h a c phuc k h o k h a n ve t i e p t e , nang cao quyet t a m g i a n h t h a n g I g i + D g t 3, tii n g a y 1/5 d e n n g a y 7/5/1954: q u a n t a d o n g l o a t t i e n cong p h a n khu T r u n g t a m M i r d n g T h a n h v a p h a n k h u N a m , I a n lirgt t i e u d i e t cac d i e m de khang l a i ciia d i c h C h i e u 7/5, q u a n t a d a n h vao sd c h i h u y d i c h 17 g i d 30 7/5/1954, t i f d n g D d C a x t o r i cung t o a n bo B a n t h a m mifu b i b a t L a cd "Quyet c h i e n quyet t h a n g " ciia q u a n dgi t u n g bay p h a p p h d i t r e n ndc ham tirdng D d C a x t o r i T a p d o a n cuf d i e m d D i e n B i e n P h i i b i t i e u d i e t 145 - Cac c h i e n trifcrng t o a n quoc da p h o i h o p c h a t che n h k m p h a n t a n , t i e u hao, k i m c h a n d i c h , tao d i e u k i e n cho D i e n B i e n P h u g i a n h t h a n g l o i - T h a n g I g i cua cuoc t i e n cong c h i e n liicfc D o n g - X u a n 1953 - c h i e n d i c h l i c h suf D i e n B i e n 1954 va P h u da dap t a n h o a n t o a n ke h o a c h N a v a • C a u 26 Tuf H p i nghi Giofnevcf d e n H i e p d i n h Giofnevof n a m 1954, nhffng v a n b a n p h a p l i difofc k i k e t chufa di^ng nhCfng npi dung ccf b a n nao? Y n g h i a c i i a nhffng v a n b a n a y ? * TU Hoi - Thang nghi: 1/1954, h o i nghi n g o a i trtforng b o n nUdc L i e n X , M l , A n h , P h a p h o p t a i BecUn d a t h o a t h u a n ve viec t r i e u t a p m o t h o i de g i a i q u y e t v a n de T r i e u T i e n v a l a p l a i hoa binh nghi cf D o n g quoc t e cr Gicmevo Daong - Ngay 8/5/1954, m o t n g a y sau k h i c h i e n d i c h D i e n B i e n P h u k e t t h u c H o i n g h i Gionevcf b a t dau t h a o l u a n ve v a n de l a p l a i hoa b i n h cr D o n g Dacfng P h a i doan c h i n h p h u t a P h o T h i i ti/orng P h a m V a n D o n g l a m Tri/crng doan c h i n h thijfc difcfc m d i h o p - C a n cuf vao dieu k i e n cu t h e cua cuoc k h a n g c h i e n cung nhtf so s a n h life li/ong giOfa t a vcri P h a p v a x u t h e c h u n g ciia t h e gicri l a giai quyet cac v a n de t r a n h chap b a n g thi/cfng li/cfng V i e t N a m da ki Hiep dinh Giomevo 21/7/1954 - N o i d u n g ciia cac v a n b a n : + Cac niidfc t h a m d i i H o i nghi c a m k e t t o n t r o n g cac quyen d a n toe cor ban l a doe l a p , chu q u y e n v a t o a n v e n l a n h t h o ciia ba nUdc V i e t Nam, Lao, C a m p u c h i a ; c a m k e t k h o n g can t h i e p vao cong viec n o i bo ciia b a ntfofc + Cac b e n t h a m c h i e n t h t i c h i e n n g i f n g ban, l a p l a i h o a b i n h t r e n toan Dong Duong + Cac b e n t h a m c h i e n t h i f c h i e n cuoc t a p k e t c h u y e n q u a n , chuyen giao k h u vxic + H i e p d i n h c a m viec di/a q u a n d p i , n h a n v i e n q u a n sif, v u k h i nifdc ngoai v a o cac nifdte D o n g D i i o n g v a cac niidtc D o n g DiJOng k h o n g difpe t h a m g i a b a t k i k h o i l i e n m i n h q u a n siT nao v a k h o n g de cho niforc k h a c d u n g l a n h thd cua m i n h vao viec gay c h i e n t r a n h hoac phue v u muc d i c h x a m liTOc + V i e t N a m t i e n tdi t h o n g n h a t b a n g cuoc t o n g t u y e n cijf t\i t r o n g ca niidrc, se difgrc t o chufc v a o t h a n g 7/1956 di/dri siJ k i e m sodt v a g i a m sat va k i e m soat ciia m o t Uy b a n q u o c t e ( t r o n g A n Do l a m chu t i c h , c u n g h a i ni/dc Ba L a n v a Canada) + T r a c h n h i e m t h i h a n h H i e p d i n h thuoe v e nhiifng ngUcfi k i h i e p d i n h Gionevcf v a nhOfng ngifcfi k e tuc h o * y - nghia: H i e p d i n h Gicfnevof 1954 ve D o n g D i f o n g l a v S n b a n p h a p l i quoc te ghi n h a n c a c q u y e n d a n toe co b a n ciia n h a n d a n c a c ntfdrc D o n g Dtfong v a diTcfc cac quoc c u n g c a c CLfdng nLfdrc t h a m dif H o i n g h i c a m k e t t o n t r o n g 146 - N d ^ n h dau t h a n g Icfi cuoc k h a n g c h i e n c h o n g P h a p , song chi/a t r o n v e n vi mdri g i a i p h o n g dugc m i e n Bac Cuoc dau t r a n h each m a n g v S n p h a i t i e p tuc nham g i a i p h o n g m i e n N a m , t h o n g n h a t d a t mrdrc - Vdri H i e p d i n h Gianevcf, P h a p buoc p h a i c h a m dijft c h i e n t r a n h x a m lucre, nit het q u a n dpi ve nirdrc; de quoe M i t h a t b a i t r o n g a m miAi keo d a i , m a r o n g , quoc te" hoa c h i e n t r a n h x a m Itfcrc D o n g DiTcrng • C a u 27 T r i n h bay n g u y e n n h a n thSng lofi c i i a cupc k h a n g c h i e n chong thi^c d a n P h a p x a m Ivtdc P h a n tieh mpt n g u y e n n h a n c6 t i n h chat quyet d i n h nhat * Trinh bay: - Nhcr l a n h dao s a n g suot cua D a n g , dufng dau l a C h u t i c h H o C h i M i n h , v d i dudng l o i k h a n g c h i e n d u n g d a n , s a n g tao T o a n d a n , t o a n q u a n doan k e t , d u n g cam t r o n g c h i e n dau, t r o n g lao d o n g san x u a t - Nhcf he t h o n g c h i n h quyen d a n chii n h a n dan t r o n g ca niidc, c6 m a t t r a n dan toe t h o n g n h a t diiac ciing co va m rong, c6 liic lifcmg vu t r a n g scfm diigc xay dutig va k h o n g ngiftig 1cm m a n h , co h a u phifcmg r o n g Icfn, vijfng chac ve m o i m a t - Nhor t i n h t h a n doan k e t ciia n h a n d a n ba niidfc D o n g D i f o n g c h o n g ke thu ehung - Nhcf CO s\i d o n g t i n h , i i n g ho va giup dd cua T r u n g Quoc, L i e n X6 va cua cac nifdrc d a n chu n h a n d a n k h a c , cua n h a n d a n P h a p va l o a i ngUcri t i e n * Phdn bo tich: T r o n g cac n g u y e n n h a n neu t r e n t h i n g u y e n n h a n ve sif l a n h dao ciia D a n g , dufng dau l a C h u t i c h H o C h i M i n h l a n g u y e n n h a n q u y e t d i n h n h a t T r o n g cuoc k h a n g c h i e n c h o n g thiTc d a n P h a p t r d l a i x a m Itrcfc ntforc t a , D a n g ta va C h u t i c h H o C h i M i n h da de r a dtfcfng l o i k h a n g c h i e n t o a n d a n , t o a n dien, l a u d a i v a t i i life c a n h s i n h Dtfcfng l o i dtfcfc ap d u n g t r o n g suot t i e n t r i n h each m a n g tii n a m 1946 d e n n a m 1954 Nhcr co dtfcfng l o i D a n g t a da doan k e t diicfc m o t life lUpng each m a n g ciia d o n g dao q u a n c h i i n g de thi/c h i e n cuoc k h a n g c h i e n t o a n d a n v a da t i e n h a n h k h a n g c h i e n t r e n cac m a t t r a n k i n h te, c h i n h t r i , v a n hoa, q u a n sii C u n g nhcf co dtfcrng l o i m a D a n g t a l a n h dao n h a n d a n t a c h i e n dau l a u d a i , b e n b i , I a n li/crt d a n h b a i tCftig a m miAi ciia d i c h de t i e n l e n d a n h b a i h o a n t o a n cuoc c h i e n t r a n h x a m luac ciia thi/c dan P h a p co s i i g i u p suTc ciia M l S i i l a n h dao cua D a n g , dufng dau l a C h u t i c h H o C h i M i n h vdri di/crng loi each m a n g d u n g d a n da g i u p cho t o a n D a n g , t o a n q u a n va t o a n d a n t a d o a n k e t m o t long, c h i e n dau v i m u c t i e u doe l a p d a n toe v a chu n g h i a x a h o i T o a n Dang, 147 t o a n q u a n v a t o a n d a n t a c h i e n dau vcri t i n h t h d n " T h a h i s i n h t a t ca chiir n h a t d i n h k h o n g c h i u m a t nxidc, n h a t d i n h k h o n g c h i u l a m no le" Wdi t i n h t h a n ay, cuoc c h i e n dau du l a u d a i , diia vao siJc m i n h l a c h i n h n h t i n g c h u n g t a da g i a n h dirge t h S n g Icri cuoi cung, buoc t h i i c d a n P h a p p h a i cong n h a n doc lap chii q u y e n , t h o n g n h a t v a t o a n v e n i a n h t h o cua ba niidc D o n g Dtfcfng • C a u 29, N e u d i e m k h a c n h a u cd b a n giiXa H i ^ p d i n h Sd b o (6/3/1946) voTi H i ^ p d i n h Giofnevcf (21/7/1954) d e t h a y hvidc t i e n ciia ta d a u t r a n h ngoai giao? - D i e m k h a c n h a u ccf b a n : H i e p d i n h Scf bo (6/3/1946), c h i n h p h u P h a p cong n h a n nifdrc t a l a m o t quoc g i a tiT do, n k m t r o n g K h o i l i e n h i e p P h a p va t r o n g L i e n b a n g D o n g Dtfang Con t r o n g H i e p d i n h Gicfnevcf (21/7/1954 ), P h a p va cac niidc t h a m d\i h o i n g h i cam ke't t o n t r o n g doc lap chu q u y e n , t h o n g n h a t va t o a n v e n l a n h t h d ba nxJdc D o n g DtTcfng - T r o n g luc k i H i e p d i n h So bo t a yeu h o n d i c h n e n t a p h a i chap n h a n dieu k h o a n D a y l a sach liigc m e m deo de p h a n boa ke t h u Con t r o n g k h i k i H i e p d i n h GionevO t a da g i a n h dirge t h S n g I g i quyet d i n h cf D i e n B i e n P h u , quyet d i n h sir t h a t b a i cQa t h g c d a n P h a p cf D o n g DiTong - So vdri H i e p d i n h So bp, H i e p d i n h GionevO l a m o t biTdc t i e n virgt bac t r o n g dau t r a n h n g o a i giao ciia t a • C a u 30 H a y n e u v a n t a t c h i e n c o n g c i i a a n h h u n g T o V i n h D i e n v a P h a n D i n h Giot chien dich D i ^ n B i e n Phii? - T a r n girpng h i s i n h ciia a n h h i m g To V i n h D i e n : " K h i q u a n t a keo phao vao t r a n d i a , phao d a n g keo l e n doc, b o n g n h i e n day cap duft, k l i a u phao d a n g t r e n da I a n xuong vgc, l a m the nao de ngan khau phao lai? T r o n g p h u t nguy n a n aiy, To V i n h D i o n da lao m i n h vao b a n h phao " - T a m giTOng h i s i n h cua a n h h u n g P h a n D i n h G i o t : " N g a y 13/3, quan t a t a n cong H i m L a m Sau m o t dgt phao b a n y e m hp, bp b i n h t a t i e n len chiem cac cif d i e m D a i dpi bpc p h a cija a n h h i m g P h a n D i n h G i o t difgc l e n h t i e n l e n trifdc D i c h b ^ rao r i e t , t u y b i t h i r o n g v o n g n h i e u n h i r n g cac c h i e n si bpc p h a vdn t i e n v a p h a dirge h a n g rao, m ot m a n g 16 cot s6' A n h G i t da b i t h i f o n g song 16 cot v a n p h u t lufa nhiT mtfa, n g a n bircfc t i e n ciia d o n g dpi A n h quyet d i n h bo len diTcri I a n miTa d a n , den t a n chan t i f d n g 16 c6t 3, r o i n h o m l e n ap chat liTng vao 16 chau m a i H o a lire ciia d i c h t a t h a n , x u n g k i c h ciia t a ao a t x o n g l e n Ntfa gicJ sau l a ccf c h i e n t h a n g ciia t a p h a t cao t r e n cuf d i e m H i m L a m 148 V I E T N A M T t ; N A M 1954 D E N N A M X A Y D l / N G C H U NGHTA X A HOI I CHONG DE QUdc 1975 MIEN BAG, DAU MT V A C H I N H Q U Y E N S A I MIEN NAM TRANH GON (1954-1975) T i n h h i n h nifdfc ta s a u H i ? p d i n h Gicfnevof: - Ngay 16/5/1955, toan l i n h Phap cuoi cung r u t khoi dao Cat Ba, mien BSc ho^n toan giai phong Thang 5/1956, Phap rut quan khoi mien N a m k h i chi/a thifc hien cuoc hiep thtfong tong tuyen cijf thong nhat hai mien Nam - BSc - O mien N a m , M l thay chan Phap diia Ngo D i n h Diem len n&m chinh quy§n, am mUU chia cSt lau dai ntfdfc ta lam hai mien, bien mien N a m t h a n h thuoc dia kieu mdi va can cuT quan sii ciia M l a Dong Nam A N h i ^ m v u ciia nt^oTc ta s a u H i ^ p d i n h Giofnevof: - vera han gSn vet thaong chien t r a n h , khoi phuc k i n h te a mien Bac, difa mien Bdc tien len chu nghia xa hoi, vCfa tiep tuc cuoc each mang dan toe dan chij nhan dan ot mien Nam, thiTc hien h6a b i n h thong nha't niidc nha - Moi quan he cua each mang hai mien: mien BSc la hau phUcfng c6 vai tro quyet dinh nhat, mien Nam la tien tuyen c6 vai tro true tiep viee thue liien nhiem vu chung, trUdrc het la d^nh bai de quoe M l , giai phong mien Nam - Caeh mang hai mien c6 moi quan he g^n bo v6i nhau, tao dieu k i e n cho phat trien Do la quan he giiifa hau phifcfng va t i e n tuyen P h o n g trao "Dong khofi" or m i e n N a m (1959 - 1960) * Nguyen nhan bung no: - NhOfng nam 1957/1959, M i - Diem tSng ciidng khiing bo phong tr^o dau tranh cua quan chung: de Luat 10/59 (thang 5/1959), dat cong san ngoai vong phap luat - Thang 1/1959, I l o i nghi Ian thuT 15 Ban Chap hanh Trung uong quyet dinh de nhan dan mien Nam sijf dung bao liTc each mang danh chinh quyen Mi - Diem * Dien bien: - Ngay 17/1/1960, cuoc "Dong khcfi" no cf ba xa diem la D i n h Thuy, B i n h Khanh va Phiidc Hiep thuoc huyen Mo Cay roi nhanh chong Ian toan huyen Mo Cay - Hoa nhip vdi cuoc "Dong khcfi" cf Ben Tre, den giiJa nam 1960 trcf di, phong trao "Dong khcfi" Ian cac t i n h Nam B6, Tay Nguyen va Trung Trung Bo 149 * Ket qua: - Ta da l a m chu dirge 600 xa d Nam Bg, 900 thon or Trung Trung Bo, 3.200 thon d Tay Nguyen - T M n g Igi cua phong trao "Dong khcti" dan den siJ dcfi cua Mat tran dan toe giai phong mien N a m Viet Nam 20/12/1960 * Y nghia: - Giang mot don nang ne vao chinh sach thifc dan mdri cua M i , lam lung lay tan goc chinh quyen tay sai Ngo D i n h Diem - Danh dau bticfc phat t r i e n cua each mang mien Nam, chuyen each mang tii the giuf gin lUc liigng sang the tien cong D a i h p i d a i b i e u toan quoc I a n ihvC I I I ciia D a n g (thang 9/1960) * Hoan cdnh: GiOfa luc each mang or hai mien Nam - Bac c6 nhuTng birde tien quan trong, Dang Lao dong Viet Nam to chufc Dai hoi dai bieu toan quoc Ian thijf I I I Dai hoi hop t\i den 10/9/1960 d Ha Noi * Noi dung Dai hoi: - Dai hoi de nhiem vu chie'n liioc ciia each mang ca nu'drc va nhiem vu ciia each mang tCrng mien; chi ro v i t r i , vai tro cua each mang tiTng mien, mo'i quan he giOra each mang hai mien + Cach mang xa hoi chu nghia mien BSc c6 vai tro quyet dinh nhat dol v6i sif phat t r i e n cua each mang ca nifdrc + Cach mang mien N a m c6 vai tro quyet dinh triic tiep dol vdi s\i nghiep giai phong mien Nam + Cach mang hai mien c6 mo'i quan he khSng k h i t vdri - Dai hoi thong qua Bao cao chinh t r i , Bao eao sijfa doi Dieu le Dang va thong qua Ke hoach Nha niicrc nam thuf nhat (1961 - 1965) va bau Ban Chap hanh Trung i/ong mdi cua Dang * Y nghia: La nguon anh sang cho toan Dang, toan dan xay dtfng thSng loi xa hoi chu nghia cf mien B&c va dau t r a n h thuc hien hoa binh thong nhat ntfcfc nha M i e n B a c thxic h i ^ n K e h o a c h N h a nude n a m (1961 - 1965) - Ve cong nghiep, difge \iu tien dau t i i xay diing Gia t r i san lifgng nganh cong nghiep nang nam 1965 tang Ian so vdri nam 1960 - Trong nong nghiep, thiic hien ehii tru'ong xay difng hop tac xa san xuat nong nghiep bac eao, nhieu hop tac xa dat nang suat tan/ha - Thufang nghiep quoc doanh dagc Nha ni/dfc ifu tien phat trien, gop phan cung CO quan he san xuat mdri, cai thien dcfi song nhan dan - He thong giao thong diio'ng bg, diidng sat, difdng lien t i n h , lien huyen, dtfcfng song, dudng hang khong dtfgc cung c6' Viec di lai nxidc va giao thong quoc te thuan Igi hon 150 - H e t h o n g giao due tii p h o t h o n g d e n d a i hoc p h a t t r i e n m a n h - H e t h o n g y t e , c h a m lo sufc k h o e dUcfc dau tii p h a t t r i e n - M i e n BSc l a m n g h i a v u c h i v i e n cho t i e n t u y e n m i e n N a m C h i e n IvCdc " C h i e n t r a n h d a c b i e t " c i i a d e q u o c M i cf m i e n N a m (1961 - 1965) * Chien tranh dac bi^t: l a h i n h thufc c h i e n t r a n h x a m Itfcfc thiTc d a n mdi, difcfc t i e n h a n h b a n g quan d o i t a y s a i , difdri sii c h i b u y cua he t h o n g "c6' v a n " Ml, difa v a c v u k h i , t r a n g b i k l t h u a t , phtfcfng t i e n c h i e n t r a n h cua M i n h a m chong l a i cac life l i f o n g each m a n g v a n h a n d a n ta * Am mUu cua Mi: - A m mxiu co b a n ciia " C h i e n t r a n h dac b i e t " l a " d u n g ngifcyi V i e t d a n h ngirdi V i e t " - M l de r a k e h o a c h X t a l a y - T a y l o vdi n o i d u n g c h u y e u l a b i n h d i n h m i e n Nam t r o n g v o n g 18 t h a n g - M l t a n g CLfcfng v i e n t r o cho quan sii, c6' v a n q u a n sir, t a n g n h a n h \\ic li/qng quan doi S a i G o n , t i e n h a n h d o n d a n l a p "ap c h i e n ILTOC" - Quan doi S a i G o n l i e n t i e p m d cac cuoc h a n h q u a n c a n quet n h a m t i e u diet life l i i o n g each m a n g , t i e n h a n h nhufng b o a t d o n g p h a h o a i m i e n Bac, phong toa b i e n gidi, vimg b i e n n h a m n g a n c h a n sif chi v i e n cua m i e n B a c vao mien N a m M i e n N a m c h i e n d a u c h o n g c h i e n hide - Cuoc dau tranh chong phd "dp chien " C h i e n t r a n h dac bi^t" c u a M i lugc" d i e n r a gay go q u y e t l i e t , d e n cuoi n a m 1962, each m a n g k i e m soat t r e n nijfa t o n g so' ap c h i e n Itfoc vdri gan 70% nong d a n - T r e n mat t r a n quan q u a n dan m i e n N a m g i a n h t h a n g I q i to I d n t r o n g t r a n Ap Bac ( M i T h o ) n g a y 2/1/1963 C h i e n t h a n g n a y chuTng t o q u a n d a n m i e n Nam h o a n t o a n c6 k h a n a n g d a n h bai " C h i e n t r a n h dac b i e t " ciia M i n g u y , mcf phong t r a o "thi dua Ap Bdc giet giac lap cong" - P h o n g t r a o dau t r a n h c h i n h t r i a cac t h i nhtf H u e , D a N a n g , S a i G o n CO bLfdc p h a t t r i e n , noi bat l a cuoc dau t r a n h ciia " D o i q u a n toe d a i " - P h o n g trao dau t r a n h cua quan dan m i e n N a m da l a m suy j'eu c h i n h quyen Ngo D i n h D i e m , M i p h a i l a m cuoc dao c h i n h lat N g o D i n h D i e m (11/1963) - T r o n g dong - x u a n 1964 - 1965, quan t a chien t h a n g B i n h G i a ( B a Ria), t i e p do, g i a n h t h a n g I g i A n Lao ( B i n h D i n h ) , B a G i a (Quang N g a i ) , D o n g X o k i ( B i n h Phifdc) da l a m pha s a n ve ccf ban chien Itfcfe " C h i e n t r a n h dac b i e t " cua M i 151 NHAN DAN DE QUOC Vl/A C h i e n Ivldc (1965 - HAI M I E N TRl^C T I E P C H I E N MTXAM CHIEN DAU LirOC NHAN DAN VCTA S A N DAU MIEN X U A T (1965 - CHONG BAC 1968) " C h i e n t r a n h cue bp" c i i a de quo'c Mi d m i e n Nam 1968) - Sau t h a t bai chien lifcfc "Chien t r a n h dac biet", M l day manh chien tranh xam li/cfc mien N a m , chuyen sang chien I L T O C "Chien tranh cue bo" va mcf rong chien t r a n h pha hoai mien BSc - "Chien t r a n h cue bo" la loai h i n h chien t r a n h xam li/ac thiic dan mdi, di/oc tien hanh bkng liic lifcfng quan doi M i , quan dong m i n h cua M l va quan dpi Sai Gon nham cho'ng l a i each mang va nhan dan mien Nam - Muc tieu: co gianh lai the chii dong tren chien trUdng, day luc li/png vu trang ciia ta tror ve phong ngii, buoc ta phai phan tan danh nho hoac n i t ve bien gicri - H a n h dong: difa vao lAi the quan &\i vdri so' quan dong, vu k h i hien dai, vCfa mori vao mien N a m , M l da cho quan mor cupc hanh quan " t i m diet" vao can cuf cua Quan giai phong cf Van Tiicrng (Quang Ngai) Tiep M l mcf lien hai cupc phan cong chien lifcfc miia kho (dong - xuan) 1965 - 1966 va 1966 1967 bang hang loat cupc hanh quan " t i m diet" va "binh d i n h " vao vung: "dat Viet Cong" C h i e n d a u cho'ng c h i e n \vidc " C h i e n t r a n h cue bp" c i i a M i - Chien thdng Van Tuang (Quang Ngai) vao 18/8/1965, M i buy dong 9.000 quan va nhieu xe tang, may bay, tau chien, mcf cupc hanh quan vao thon Van Ti/cfng nham tieu diet mot dan v i chii life ciia ta - Sau mot chien dau, mot trung doan chu liic ciia ta cimg vdri quan du k i c h va nhan dan dia phtfcfng da day lui diipc cupc hanh quan ciia dich, loai khoi vong chien dau 900 dich, ban chay hang chuc xe tang, xe bpc thep va 13 may bay - Van Ttfcfng di/pc coi la "Ap Bdc" doi vdi quan M i va quan dong m i n h , md dau cao trao "Tim Ml ma danh, lung nguy md diet" t r e n khSp mien Nam - Chien thdng hai niua kho: , + Mua kho thuf nhat (dong - xuan 1965 - 1966), quan va dan mien Nam da dap t a n cupc phan cong chien li/pc ciia 450 cupc hanh quan dich, c6 cupc hanh quan " t i m diet" Idfn, nhkm vao hai hirdrng chinh a Dong Nam Bp va Lien K h u V + Mua kho thuf hai (dong - xuan 1966 - 1967), quan va dan mien Nam da dap t a n cupc phan cong chien li/cfc cua 895 cupc hanh quan dich, c6 cupc hanh quan Idn "tim diet" \k "binh dinh", l<Sn nha't la cupc hanh quan 152 Gianxcfn X i t i d a n h vao cSn cuf Dtfcfng M i n h C h a u (BSc T a y N i n h ) , nhkm tieu diet quan c h u life v a ca q u a n dau nao cua t a - P h o n g t r a o dau t r a n h cua q u a n c h i i n g c h d n g ach k i m k e p cua d i c h , p h a tiftig m a n g "dp chien luac", doi M i r u t ve n\ldc p h a t t r i e n r a t m a n h cf ca n o n g thon va t h ^ n h t h i V t m g g i a i p h o n g difcfc m a r o n g C u p c T o n g t i e n c o n g v a n o i daiy T e t M a u * Y Than nam 1968 nghia: - G i d n g nhufng d o n b a t ngcf, l a m l u n g lay y c h i x a m Iqgc cua q u a n M i , buoc M l p h a i t u y e n bo' "phi M i hoa" c h i e n t r a n h x a m Iqgc - M i p h a i t u y e n bo c h a m duft k h o n g dieu k i e n c h i e n t r a n h p h a h o a i m i e n Bac, chiu d e n b a n d a m p h a n a P a r i de b a n ve c h a m dijft c h i e n t r a n h - M & r a bifdc ngoat cua cuoc k h a n g chien chong M i cudi ntrdc cua quan dan ta * Han che: T r o n g dot va 3, life l u o n g ciia t a gap k h o n g i t k h o k h a n va t o n that t a chii q u a n d a n h gia t i n h h i n h , k h o n g k i p t h d i k i e m d i e m r u t k i n h nghiem M l t i e n h a n h c h i e n t r a n h k h o n g q u a n v a h a i q u a n p h a h o a i m i e n B S c - A m mifu: + T i e n h a n h c h i e n t r a n h p h a h o a i M l a m mUli p h a t i e m life k i n h te, quo'c phong, p h a c o n g cuoc xay difng chii n g h i a xa h o i cf m i e n Bac + N g a n c h a n n g u o n chi v i e n tii b e n n g o a i vao m i e n B a c va tCf m i e n B a c vao m i e n N a m + U y h i e p t i n h t h a n , l a m l u n g l a y y c h i c h o n g M i cua n h a n d a n t a cf h a i m i e n dat ni/dc Cuoi n a m 1964 dau n a m 1965, d o n g thcfi vori day m a n h c h i e n t r a n h x a m lifoc m i e n N a m M i mcf r o n g c h i e n t r a n h k h o n g q u a n va h a i q u a n p h a h o a i m i e n Bac - T h u doan: + N g a y 5/8/1964 sau k h i d i t o g l e n "sU kien Vinh Bdc Bo", M i cho m a y bay nem b o m b a n p h a m o t so n o i va den n g a y 7/2/1965, l a y cdr " t r a d u a " viec Q u a n giai p h o n g m i e n N a m t i e n cong d o a n h t r a i q u a n M i cf P l a y k u , c h i n h thtfc gay r a cuoc c h i e n t r a n h p h a h o a i m i e n Bac I a n thuf n h a t + M i b u y d o n g m o t life lifcfng k h o n g q u a n va h a i q u a n Idfn, gom hang n g h i n m a y bay F i l l , B52 va cac v u k h i h i e n d a i k h a c , d a n h vao cac muc t i e u quan sii, giao t h o n g , n h a m a y , t r t f d n g hoc, n h a t r e , b e n h vien V a i t r o c i i a h a u phv^ofng m i e n BSc L a h a u phiicfng lorn ciia k h a n g c h i e n c h o n g (1965 - M i cufu ni/(Jc: t r o n g n a m 1968) m i e n Bac da dtfa h o n 300.000 can bo, bo dpi vao m i e n Nam t h a m gia c h i e n dau, h a n g chuc v a n t a n v u k h i , li/cfng t h i i c , thuoc m e n 153 C h i e n Ixidc "Vi?t Nam c h i e n t r a n h " c u a M i (1969 - Am hoa chien tranh" va " D o n g Di^ofng h o a 1973) miCu: + That bai chien luoc "Chien t r a n h cue bo", M I chuyen sang chien ILTOC "Viet N a m hoa chien t r a n h " va "Dong DiTong hoa chien tranh" - Chien liTOc "Viet Nam hoa chien t r a n h " di/cfc tien hanh bkng life lifOng quan doi Sai Gon la chu yeu, c6 s\i pho'i hop ve hoa life, khong quan M i , va van M l chi huy bang he thong c6' van - De thiic hien chien liioc "Viet Nam hoa chien t r a n h " M i da: + Tiep tuc am mtfu "dung ngLfcfi Viet danh ngUcri Viet", rut dan quan M i va quan dong m i n h khoi chien t r a n h de giam xUOng mau + Quan dgi Sai Gon diigc suf dung nhi/ mot liic lugng xung kich de mo rong xam ItfOe Campuchia (1970), tang ci/6fng chien tranh d Lao (1971), thqc hien am mUU "Dung ngUcri Dong Diiong danh ngi/di Dong Diiong" - Thu doan: M l dung thu doan thoa hiep vdi Trung Quoc, hoa hoan vdi Lien X6, nham han che sif giup dd cua cac nUdc do'i vdi cuoc khang chien ciia nhan dan ta C h i e n d a u c h o ' n g c h i e n IvLdc " V i ^ t N a m h o a c h i e n t r a n h " v a " D o n g Diicfng h o a c h i e n t r a n h " c u a M i - Ngay 6/6/1969, C h i n h phu each mang lam thcfi Cong hoa mien Nam Viet Nam dUdc t h a n h lap VCfa ddi, Chinh phu each mang lam thcfi da duge 23 ntfdc cong nhan, c6 21 nude dat quan he ngoai giao - Trong hai 24 va 25/4/1970, Hoi nghi cap cao ba ntfcrc Viet Nam Lao - Campuchia hop nham bieu t h i quyet tam ciia nhan dan ba ntrdc Dong Di/cfng doan ket chien dau chong M l - TCr thang den thang 6/1970, quan dgi Viet Nam c6 sg phoi hgp ciia quan dan Campuchia da dap tan cuoc hanh quan xam Iggc Campuchia ciia 10 van quan M i va quan dgi Sai Gon - Tii giOa t h an g den thang 3/1971, bg dgi Viet Nam phoi hgp vdi quan dan L^o, da tap t a n cuoc hanh quan mang ten "Lam Sdn - 719" cua 4,5 v a n quan M l va quan dgi Sai Gon - O khap cac t h a n h t h i , phong trao ciia hgc sinh, sinh vien no ram rg da thu hut dong dao gidi tre tham gia O nong thon, dong bang, phong trao cua quan chiing noi day cho'ng "binh dinh", pha "ap chien Itfgc" ciia dich C u p c t i e n c o n g c h i e n hide nam 1972 - Ngay 30/3/1972, ta md cuoc Tien cong danh vao Quang T r i , lay Quang T r i lam hifdng tien cong chu yeu, roi phat trien rong khap chien tnldng mien Nam 154 - K e t qua: choc t h u n g b a p h o n g t u y e n m a n h n h a t cua d i c h , l a Q u a n g T r i , Tay N g u y e n , D o n g N a m Bo - Y n g h i a : d a g i a n g d o n n a n g ne vao c h i e n lifcfc " V i e t N a m h o a chien t r a n h " , buoc M l p h a i t u y e n bo' " M l hoa" trcr l a i c h i e n t r a n h x a m liiac (tufc thiTa nhan t h a t b a i cua " V i e t N a m h o a c h i e n t r a n h " ) M i e n B a c vufa c h i e n d a u chong c h i e n t r a n h p h a h o a i vita s a n xuat v a l a m n g h I a v u h a u phifcfng (1969 - 1973) - Viia chien dau chong chien tranh pha hoai, uiCa san xudt: + N g a y 6/4/1972, M l cho m a y bay n e m b o m ban p h a m i e n B a c (Ian thOf h a i ) + T i f n g a y 18 d e n h e t n g a y 29/12/1972, M i mcr cuoc t a p k i c h c h i e n lifoc diicfng k h o n g bang m a y bay B vao H a N o i v a H a i P h o n g + Q u a n d a n t a or m i e n B a c da d a n h t r a d i c h nhCfng d o n d l c h d a n g i\i t r a n dau va da d a n h b a i h o a n t o a n cuoc t a p k i c h k h o n g q u a n cua M i , \km n n t r a n "Bien Bien Phu tren - Ket qua: khong" T r o n g t r a n "Bien Bien Phu tren khong" q u a n t a da b a n rcfi may bay, bat song 43 p h i cong M i T r o n g ca cuoc c h i e n t r a n h p h a hoai I a n thuf h a i , m i e n Bac b a n r a i 735 m a y bay M i , ban c h i m 125 t a u c h i e n , loai k h o i v o n g chien dau h a n g t r a m p h i cong M i - Y nghla: "Bien Bien Phu tren l a t r a n t h a n g q u y e t d i n h buoc M i khong" phai t u y e n bo ngCfng h a n cac h o a t d o n g c h o n g p h a m i e n B a c v a k i H i e p d i n h Pari ve cha'm duTt c h i e n t r a n h , l a p l a i hoa b i n h d V i e t N a m (27/1/1973) - Mien Bdc lam nghla vu hau phuang Ian: + M i e n B ^ c v a n bao d a m t i e p n h a n t o t h a n g v i e n trq t\i b e n n g o a i v k c h i v i e n theo yeu cau cua t i e n t u y e n m i e n N a m + T r o n g b a n a m (1969 - 1971), h a n g chuc v a n t h a n h n i e n m i e n Bac n h a p ngu vao c h i e n trtforng m i e n N a m K h o ' i li/crng v a t c h a t dua vao c a c c h i e n tri/cfng m i e n N a m , L a o v a C a m p u c h i a t a n g gap 1,6 I a n I 10 H i f p d i n h P a r i 1973 ve c h a m duft c h i e n t r a n h , l a p l a i h o a b i n h it Vi#t Nam * Noi dung: - H o a KJL v a cac nifdrc c a m k e t t o n t r o n g doc l a p , chii q u y i n , t h o n g nha't v a t o a n v e n l a n h t h o cua V i e t N a m - H a i b e n ngCtog b a n d V i e t N a m vao 24 gicJ n g a y 27/1/1973 v a H o a K i c a m k e t cha'm duft m o i h o a t d o n g q u a n S L T c h o n g m i e n B a c V i e t N a m - H o a K i r u t h e t q u a n d p i cua m i n h v a q u a n d o n g m i n h , h u y bo c d c c S n cuT quan sif M i , cam ke't k h o n g t i e p tuc d i n h l i u q u a n sir hoac can t h i e p vao cong viec n o i bo cua m i e n N a m V i e t N a m - N h a n d a n m i e n N a m V i e t N a m tiT quyet d i n h tiTOng l a i c h i n h t r i t h o n g qua t o n g t u y e n cuf t\i do, k h o n g c6 sif can t h i e p ciia nifdrc n g o a i 155 - * Y nghia: H i e p d i n h P a r i ve V i e t N a m l a t h a n g Icri ciia sU k e t h a p giiifa dau t r a n h q u a n s\i, dau t r a n h c h i n h t r i v a dau t r a n h ngoai giao, l a k e t qua cua cugc dau t r a n h k i e n cJcrng, b a t k h u a t ciia q u a n d a n t a a h a i m i e n d a t nifdfc, m o r a bifdc n g o a t m d i ciia cuoc k h a n g c h i e n cho'ng M i cufu niidc cua d a n toe - V(3i H i e p d i n h P a r i , M l p h a i cong n h a n cac q u y e n d a n toe ccf b a n eiia n h a n dAn t a , p h a i r u t h e t q u a n ve niJdre Do la t h S n g l o i l i c h sijr q u a n t r o n g , tao r a t h d i ccf t h u a n Icfi de n h a n d a n t a t i e n l e n g i a i p h o n g h o a n t o a n m i e n N a m T K H O I I P H U C V A P H A T T R I E N K I N H T E - X A HOI d M I E N B A C , GIAI P H O N G H O A N T O A N M I E N NAM (1973 ^ - 1975) H p i n g h i 21 c u a B a n C h a p h a n h T r u n g ifcfng D a n g - T h a n g 7/1973, B a n C h a p h a n h T r u n g ifong D a n g h o p H o i n g h i I a n thuf H o i n g h i n e u r o n h i e m v u ca b a n cua each m a n g m i e n N a m t r o n g g i a i doan h i e n t a i l a t i e p tuc cugc each m a n g d a n toe d a n ehii n h a n d a n H o i n g h i n h a n m a n h t r o n g b a t cijf t i n h h i n h nao c u n g p h a i t i e p tuc diTcrng each m a n g bao li/c, p h a i n a m vCfng c h i e n lugc t i e n cong, k i e n quyet dau t r a n h t r e n ca ba m a t t r a n q u a n sii, c h i n h t r i , n g o a i giao - ThiTc h i e n N g h i q u y e t H o i n g h i T r u n g ifang I a n thuf cua D a n g , tii cuoi n a m 1973 q u a n d a n t a d m i e n N a m vUa k i e n q u y e t d a n h t r a d i c h , bao ve v u n g g i a i p h o n g , vCfa c h u d p n g mcr nhuTng cuoc t i e n c o n g d i c h , mdr r o n g v u n g giai ph6ng C h i e n t h S n g PhifoTc L o n g - C u o i n a m 1974 d a u n a m 1975, t a mcf d o t boat d o n g q u a n sU D o n g - X u a n vao hiidrng N a m B o , t r o n g t a m l a d o n g b a n g song Cijfu L o n g v a D o n g N a m Bo Q u a n t a da g i a n h t h a n g I g i v a n g d p i t r o n g c h i e n d i c h Duofng 14 - Phifdc Long (6/1/1975) - Sau c h i e n t h a n g n a y cua t a , c h i n h q u y e n Sai G o n p h a n uTng m a n h va diTa q u a n e h i e m l a i , n h i f n g da t h a t b a i Con M l c h i p h a n ufng yeu d t , chii yeu d t m g ap life tii x a de doa - Pho'i hgrp v d i dau t r a n h q u a n sif, n h a n d a n t a cf m i e n N a m day m a n h dau t r a n h c h i n h t r i , n g o a i giao n h k m to' cao h a n h d o n g eiia M i v a c h i n h quyen Sai G n v i p h a m H i e p d i n h , p h a h o a i hoa b i n h , b o a h o p d a n toe, neu cao t i n h chat c h i n h n g h i a cuoc c h i e n d a u ciia n h a n d a n t a ; d o i l a t c h i n h q u y e n N g u y e n V a n T h i e u , t h i i c h i e n cac q u y e n t i f do, d a n chii 156 C h u trtfofng, k e h o a c h g i a i phong m i e n N a m - Cuoi nam 1974 - dau nam 1975, Hoi nghi Bo Chinh t r i Trung i/cfng Dang de ke hoach giai phong ho^n toan mien Nam hai nam 1975 - 1976 - Hoi nghi nhan manh, cd nam 1975 la thai ca va chi ro neu thai ca den udo ddu hoac cuoi nam 1975 thi lap tiic giai phong miin Nam nam 1975 - Can tranh thij thdi co danh nhanh thdng nhanh de dd thiet hai ve ngiidi va cua cho nhan dan CuQC T o n g t i e n cong v a n o i day X u a n 1975 a Chien dich Tay Nguyen (41 den 241 3/1975): - Tay Nguyen la dia ban chien lifgc het sure quan Nhtfng nhan dinh sai hi/dng tien cong ciia quan dan ta, dich chot giuf a day mot liic liigng mong, bd phong c6 nhieu scf ho - Ngay 10/3/1975, quan t a tien cong Buon Me Thuot ma man chien dich Ngay 12/3/1975, dich phan cong chiem lai Buon Me Thuot, nhi/ng t h a t bai - Ngay 14/3/1975, dich di/cfc lenh rut toan bo quan Tay Nguyen ve giuf vijfng duyen hai mien Trung Tren diicfng r u t chay, chiing hi quan ta truy kich tieu diet Den 24/3/1975, Tay Nguyen hoan toan giai phong * Y nghla: • - Chien thSng Tay Nguyen da md qua t r i n h sup hoan toan ciia nguy quan, nguy quyen - Chien thang Tay Nguyen da chuyen cuoc khang chien chong M l ctru nadc sang giai doan mdri: tCf tien cong chien luge a Tay Nguyen phat trien Tong tien cong chien \\iac t r e n toan chien tn/dng mien Nam Chien dich Hue- Da Ndng (tu: 21/3 den 29/3) - Ngay 21/3, quan t a danh thSng vao Hue va chan diTong rut chay ciia dich Ngay 26/3, ta giai phong t h a n h phd va toan t i n h Thi^a Thien - Sang 29/3, quan t a tien cong Da NSng, den gid chieu t h i chiem toan bo Da Nang - Tii cuoi thang den thang 4, nhan dan cac t i n h c6n l a i d ven bien mien Trung, Nam Tay Nguyen v^ mot so t i n h d Nam Bo nhan dan t a noi day danh dich giai phong que htfong * Y nghla: Chien thSng Hue' - Da NSng gay nen tarn l i tuyet vong nguy quyen, dtfa cuoc Tong tien cong va noi day ciia quan dan ta tien len mot btfdc mdi vdi sufc manh ap dao c Chien dich Ho Chi Minh (tit 26/4 den 30/4) - Sau thang Igi ciia chien dich Tay Nguyen va Hue - Da Nang, Bp Chinh t r i Trung Lfong Dang quyet d i n h giai phong mien Nam ti-Udc mua miTa 157 - C h i e n d i c h g i a i p h o n g Sai G o n - G i a D i n h di/gc Bp C h i n h t r i quyet d i n h m a n g t e n Chien - dich Ho Chi Minh 17 gicf n g a y 26/4, q u a n t a dtfdc l e n h t o n g no s u n g mor dau c h i e n d i c h , ednh q u a n viJcrt qua t u y e n p h o n g t h u v o n g n g o a i ciia d i c h t i e n vao t r u n g tarn Sai G o n , d a n h chie'm cac ca q u a n dau nao cua c h i i n g - 10 gicr 45 p h u t n g ^ y 30/4, xe t a n g ciia t a t i e n t h a n g vao D i n h Doc L a p , bat song t o a n bo C h i n h p h i i T r u n g i/cfng Sai G o n , Dircfng V a n M i n h p h a i t u y e n bo dau h a n g k h o n g d i e u k i e n - 11 g i d 30 p h u t CLing n g a y , l a ccr each m a n g t u n g bay t r e n noc D i n h Doe L a p bao h i e u S L T t o a n t h a n g eiia C h i e n d i c h H o C h i M i n h l i c h sijf * Y nghia: C h i e n d i c h H o C h i M i n h t o a n t h a n g , da tao dieu k i e n v6 ciing t h u a n I g i cho q u a n d a n t a t i e n cong v a n d i day g i a i p h o n g h o a n t o a n cac t i n h l a i d N a m Bo N g u y e n n h a n t h ^ n g lofi c u a cuoc k h a n g c h i e n cho'ng Mi CULU ni/dfc - N h ^ CO SLf l a n h dao sang sudt ciia D a n g dijfng dau l a C h i i t i c h H o C h i M i n h vdfi dtfcfng Idi c h i n h t r i , quan sif doc lap, tiT chii; d i i n g dan, sang tao vdi phifcfng phap dau t r a n h l i n h boat, k e t hcfp vcri dau t r a n h quan sir - c h i n h t r i - ngoai giao - N h a n d a n t a g i a u l o n g yeu ni/dfc, doan k e t , n h a t t r i , lao d o n g can cij, chien dau d i j n g c a m v i sif n g h i e p g i a i p h o n g m i e n N a m , xay difng bao ve m i e n Bac, t h o n g n h a t ni/dc n h a - Nhof CO h a u phi/cfng m i e n BSc k h o n g n g i f n g lorn m a n h , c6 k h a n a n g dap ufng k i p thcfi cac yeu cau ciia cuoc c h i e n dau of h a i m i e n - Nhcr sif pho'i h o p c h i e n dau, doan k e t g i i i p d d n h a u t r o n g qua t r i n h dau t r a n h cho'ng k e t h i i c h u n g ciia b a d a n toe a D o n g Difang - Nhcf c6 sir d o n g t i n h , u n g ho v a g i i i p d9 to I d n cua cac lire lifcfng each m a n g , h o a b i n h , d a n c h i i t r e n t h e gidri, n h a t l a L i e n X , T r u n g Quoc va cac nirdc x a h o i c h u n g h i a k h a c Y n g h i a l i c h svL c u a - C U Q C k h a n g c h i e n cho'ng MI ciifu midc D a k e t t h i i c n a m c h i e n da'u ehdng M i va 30 n a m c h i e n t r a n h g i a i p h o n g d a n toe, bao ve To qude; cha'm duft ach t h o n g t r i ciia chii n g h i a de qude v a che p h o n g k i e n or niTdc t a T r e n ca sa do, h o a n t h a n h cuoc each m a n g dan toe d a n c h i i n h a n d a n t r o n g ca nirde, t h o n g n h a t da't nirdc - M d r a k i n g u y e n moii ciia l i c h sijf d a n toe - k i n g u y e n dat nifde doc lap, t h o n g n h a t d i l e n chu n g h i a xa hoi - Tac d o n g m a n h d e n t i n h h i n h nxidc M l va t h e gidri n h a t l a ddi vdri p h o n g t r a o g i a i p h o n g d a n toe 158 CAU HOI ON TAP L I C H Stf V I E T N A M Ttf N A M 1954 D E N N A M 1975 • Cau N e u nhitng net c h i n h ve tinh h i n h nifofc ta s a u H i ^ p d i n h Gicfnevcf V i ni^dfc ta bi c h i a cat t h a n h h a i m i e n vdfi h a i che dp chinh t r i k h a c n h a u ? * Nhitng net chinh: - Hiep dinh Gicfnevcf 1954 ve Dong DiTong diicfc k i ket, da cham duft cuoc chien tranh xam li/ac Viet Nam, Lao, Campuchia cua thiTc dan Phap c6 de quo'c Ml giup sufc - Ve phia ta: + Ngay 10/10/1954, quan ta tien vao tiep quan Ha Noi khong k h i tiftig biTng cua hoi giai phong + Ngay 1/1/1955, Trung i/cfng Dang, Chinh phii va Chii tich Ho Chi M i n h tra ve Thu - Ve phia Phap: Ngay 13/5/1955, toan l i n h Phap cuo'i cung rcfi khoi Hai Phong va den 16/5/1955, rut khoi dao Cdt Ba Mien BSc ni/cfc ta hoan toan giai phong - Ve phia M i : Vdri am mifu cua de quo'c M i va chinh quyen Ngo D i n h Diem, niidc ta hi chia cdt lau dai Nhtf vay, sau Hiep dinh Gicfnevo niidc ta bi chia cSt hai mien, mien BSc hoan toan giai phong, tien hanh cong cuoc xay dtfng chii nghia xa hoi, mien Nam tiep tuc thifc hien cuoc each mang dan toe dan chu nhan dan de cho'ng M l va tay sai * T(ii vi: Nam quan nhat nhat Sau Hiep d i n h Gicfnevcf, M i thay chan Phap nhay vao mien Nam Viet thifc hien am mi/u bien mien Nam thuoc dia kieu mdri va can cuf sir cua M i M i , Diem khong chiu t h i hanh cac dieu khoan ciia Hiep dinh GicfnevO, la dieu khoan ve viec tdng tuyen cijf tii ca niidc de di den thong dat nxidc • C a u 2, T r i n h bay d i e u k i ^ n b u n g no, d i l n bien, ket qua v a y nghla cua phong trao "Dong khofi" (1959 - 1960) of m i e n N a m V i e t N a m * Dieu kien biing no: - Trong nhDhg nam 1957/1959, Ngo Dinh Diem ban hanh dao luat dat cpng san ngoai vong phap luat Luat 10/59 (thang 5/1959) cho phep tay sai Diem thang 159 t a y giet h a i bat cuf ngucfi yeu ntTcfc nao hoac bat ctf c6 bieu h i e n chong lai chung, l a m cho h a n g v a n can bp, d a n g vien b i giet h a i , h a n g chuc v a n dong bao yeu nildc b i t u day Cuoc dau t r a n h cua n h a n dan t a d m i e n N a m doi hoi c6 mot bien phap quyet Uet de difa each m a n g viicft qua k h o k h a n t h i i t h a c h - T h a n g 1/1959, H o i n g h i I a n thijf 15 B a n C h a p h a n h T r u n g Mng quyet d i n h de n h a n d a n m i e n N a m sijf d u n g bao IL/C each m a n g d a n h c h i n h quyen M i D i e m , v a n h a n m a n h ; n g o a i di/crng dCing bao liic each m a n g , n h a n dan m i e n N a m k h o n g c6 eon dtfong nao khac * Dien - bien: Cuoc n6'i day d V i n h T h a n h ( B i n h D i n h ) , Bdc A i ( N i n h T h u a n ) t h a n g 2/1959 T r a B o n g ( Q u a n g N g a i ) t h a n g 8/1959, r o i I a n r a k h S p m i e n Nam t h a n h cao t r a o each m a n g , t i e u bieu v d i cuoc " D o n g khcfi" cf B e n T r e - T a i B e n T r e , 17/1/1960, cuoc " D o n g k h a i ' no r a d ba xa d i e m la D i n h T h u y , B i n h K h a n h v a PhtTdc H i e p thupc h u y e n M o Cay r o i n h a n h chong Ian r a cae h u y e n I a n can - H o a n h i p vdi cuoc " D o n g k h a i " cf B e n T r e , n h a n d a n eac t i n h Tay N i n h , M l T h o , T a n A n , T r a V i n h , Bac L i e u , Rach G i a , ca M a u , Chau Doe, Long X u y e n , Soc T r a n g , C a n T h o , K i e n P h o n g , K i e n Tiicfng d o n g loat n o i day, l a m chu 2/3 » a ap TCf giiJa n a m 1960 t r a d i , p h o n g t r a o " D o n g k h a i " Ian r a khSp cae t i n h iii Ca M a u cac t i n h v e n b i e n m i e n T r u n g va Tay * Ket - Nguyen qua: T h a n g l a i cua p h o n g t r a o " D o n g k h a i " m a r a vCing g i a i p h o n g r p n g lorn, lien hoan - T h a n g I g i cua p h o n g t r a o " D o n g k h a i " dkn d e n sir r a dcfi ciia M a t t r a n D a n toe g i a i p h o n g m i e n N a m V i e t N a m 20/12/1960 * Y nghicu - P h o n g t r a o " D o n g khofi" t h S n g l a i d a n h dau bifdc ngoat ciia each mang m i e n N a m , c h u y e n each m a n g t i f the' giOr g i n life Itfang sang t h e t i e n cong - C h a m di'rt thcfi k i on d i n h t a r n thcfi che t h i i c d a n mdri ciia M i a m i e n N a m , mcf r a t h d i k i k h i i n g h o a n g cua che Sai G o n • C a u B ^ n g nhfi'ng s\i k i e n l i c h s i l , h a y c h i J n g m i n h p h o n g " D o n g khofi" (1959 - 1960) d a c h u y e n e a c h m a n g m i e n N a m trao tu! t h e giu" g i n \\ic lifofng s a n g the' t i e n c o n g - M l x a m li/ac m i e n N a m V i e t N a m , dtfng l e n c h i n h quyen Ngo D i n h D i e m , a m miAi c h i a c^t l a u d a i d a t midc t a , b i e n m i & n N a m t h a n h thuoc dia k i e u mdri v a c a n cuf q u a n sU ciia M i Thu'c h i e n c h i n h sach " t o cong", " d i e t eong", " l u a t 10 - " , " c a i each d i e n d i a " , l a p " k h u d i n h d i e n " , " k h u t r i j mat" M i D i e m d a k i m k e p , hoc l o t v a d a n ap kho'e l i e t , p h o n g t r a o each m a n g m i e n N a m b i t o n t h a t n a n g ne - 160 - Cdch mang mien Nam chuyen tif cuoc dau t r a n h vu t r a n g cho'ng sang dau t r a n h chinh t r i chong M i Diem de cung co hoa b i n h , giCir gin liic cdch mang Phong trao dau t r a n h ciia quan chiing cho'ng "to' cong", "diet d6i t h i hanh Hiep d i n h Gicfnevo, doi hoa binh, dan chii , da di tii dau chinh t r i den ket hop vdi dau t r a n h vu trang t i i ve Phap lugng cong", tranh - H6i nghi Ian thuf 15 Ban Chap hknh Trung ifcfng Dang xac dinh dtrcfng phat trien ccr ban cua each mang mien Nam la khdi nghia gianh ehinh quyen bkng life liiong ehinh t r i ciia quan chung la ehii yeu, ket hop vcfi Itic liiong vu trang - Phong trao "Dong k h d i " rong Idn, tieu bieu la khdi nghia T r a Bong va noi d4y d Ben Tre Den nam 1960 d hang t r a m xa thon chinh quyen dich tan ra, chinh quyen each mang duoe h i n h - Phong trao "Dong k h d i " da dua t d i sii dbi cua M a t t r a n Dan toe giai ph6ng mien Nam Viet Nam (20/1/1960), lap Trung ifcfng cue mien Nam, Quan giai phong mien Nam "Dong khdi" da lam lung lay ehinh quyen Ngo D i n h Diem vk giang mot don nang ne vao chinh sdch thiic dan kieu mdi cua M i -> Nhif vay, each mang mien Nam da tif dau t r a n h chinh t r i giOf gin I L T C lucrng tien dan len dau t r a n h chinh t r i ket hop vdi dau t r a n h vu trang, khdi nghia gianh quyen lam ehu, phat t r i e n ehie'n t r a n h each mang • C a u H a y giai t h i c h c a u noi c i i a dong c h i N g u y e n C h i T h a n h : " Q u a phong trao Dong k h d i of m i e n N a m (1959 - 1960), y D a n g , long d a n gap n h a u " - Tii k h i M i thay chan Phap xam lifcfc mien Nam Viet Nam, dtfdi sii lanh dao cua Dang, nhan dan ta duCng len thiie hien cuoc khang chien chong M i cilu niTdc - Tif nam 1954 den nam 1958, nhan dan mien N a m vifa da'u t r a n h , viTa t i m ki§'m dtrdng dau t r a n h eho phii hop M d dau la "phong trao hoa b i n h " ciia tri thufc va eua tang Idp nhan dan Sai G6n - Cho L d n thdng 8/1954 Den thang 11/1954, M I - Di§m t i e n h k n h khung bo, dan ap, lung bat cae nha lanh dao phong trao Nhifng phong trao da'u t r a n h v i muc tieu hoa b i n h ciia cac tang Idp nhan dan tiep tuc dang cao, Ian rgng, loi cuo'n hang trieu ngi/di tham gia, gom tat ca cae tang Idp nhan dan, cac dang phai, cac dan toe i t ngu'di hinh t h a n h nen mat t r a n chong M l - Diem - Trtfdc lan song da'u t r a n h manh me ciia dong bao mien Nam, M i - Diem c^ng sufc dan ap, lam cho nhieu co sd each mang bi vd Id nhttog chiing khong the dap tat duac phong trao Gang dan ap, phong trao da'u t r a n h each mang eang dang cao - Vdi k h i the da'u t r a n h ciia dong bao mien Nam nhif vay, 15/1/1959, Dang ta trieu tap Hoi nghi lan thuf 15 Ban Chap hanh Trung liong quyet d i n h de nhan dan mien N a m suf dung bao I L T C each mang danh chinh quyen M i Diem, va nha'n manh; ngoai eon diTdng diing bao life each mang, nhan dan 161 mien Nam khong c6 ducrng nao khac Phaong hiidrng co ban ciia each mang mien N a m la "difa vao liic li/png chinh t r i cua quan chiing la chii yeu ket hop lire liJOng vu t r a n g de d^nh ach thong t r i cua de quo'c va phong kien, thiet lap chinh quyen each mang ciia nhan dan" vdi - Dirdi anh s^ng N g h i quyet 15 cua Dang, phong trao dau tranh ciia dong hko mien N a m no nhif niTdc vd hcs Md dau la cac cuoc khai nghla tCfng phan nhtf: cuoc ndi day d V i n h Thanh (Binh Dinh), BSc A i ( N i n h Thuan) thang 2/1959 Trk Bong (Quang Ngai) thang 8/1959, roi Ian khSp mien Nam t h ^ n h cao tr^o edeh mang, tieu bieu vdri cuoc "Dong khcri" or Ben Tre 17/1/1960 Hoa nhip v6i cu6c "Dong khdi" d Ben Tre, nhan dan c^c t i n h Tay N i n h , M I Tho, Tan A n , T r a V i n h , Bac Lieu, Rach Gi^, Ca Mau, Chau Doc, Long Xuyen, S6c TrSng, Can Tho, Kien Phong, Kien Tubng dong loat ndi day "Dong khcri" c6n Ian khap cac t i n h tii Ca Mau cac t i n h ven bien mien Trung va Tay Nguyen - Phong trao "Dong k h a i " thang Ipi danh dau bi/drc ngoat cua each mang mien N a m , chuyen each mang tii the giOr gin luc li/crng sang the tien cong Cham duft thcri k i on d i n h tarn thoti che thiTc dan mori ciia M i or mien Nam, md thdi k i khung hoang ciia che Sai Gon - NhU vay, nhc; c6 N g h i quyet 15 cua Dang soi ducrng, phong tr^o dau tranh cua dong bao m i e n N a m d i i n soi noi, manh m e , quyet l i e t va da gianh dupe thang lai v6 Cling to lorn D6 chinh la l i de giai thich cau noi ciia dong chi Nguygn Chi Thanh: "Qua phong tr^o Dong khdi d m i e n Nam (1959 - 1960), y Dang, l o n g dan gap nhau" Y Dang a day la Nghi quyet 15 va l o n g dan la sufc manh quat k h d i cua dong bao mien Nam • C a u T r i n h b a y k h a i quat nhvtng t h i n g Itfi c u a q u a n d a n ta d h a i m i e n d a t nvidc tii n a m 1954 d e n n a m 1960 * d mien Bac: - Tir nam 1954 den nam 1957, m i e n Bac da hoan c o n g cuoc cai each ruong da't; k h o i phue k i n h te, han gan vet thifong chien t r a n h ; tii nam 1958 den nam 1960 m i e n Bac thifc hien c o n g cuoc cai tao xa hoi chii nghia - Th^ng Icfi cua m i e n Bac nam cai each rugng dat, khoi phuc kinh te, cai tao xa hoi chu nghia tao dieu k i e n cho m i e n Bac ve ca ban xoa bo di/pc che d6 ngif^i b6c lot ngucfi, xdc lap dift/c quan he s a n xuat mdri; suTc manh cua Bdc difoc tang ciTcmg, la cho diTa vufng chae cho cuoc dau t r a n h ciia nhan mien dan m i e n Nam * d mien Nam: - Sau k h i Hiep d i n h Gicfnevcf k i ket, nhan dan mien Nam dau tranh chdng che d6 M i - Diem de bao ve hoa b i n h , giOr ^ n life lifong each mang Tieu bieu 162 1^ "phong tr^o ho^ binh" cua tri thufc cua t^ng i6p nhan dan Ski G6n - Chef Ldn tir thdng 8/1954 den thdng 11/1954 - Tif cudi nam 1957, cuoc dau tranh cua dong hko mien Nam ckng trd nen quyet liet nhkm chdng chinh sAch dan dp, chinh sach "to cong", "di§t c6ng", chdng Lu§t 10 - 59 cua Mi - Diem - Ngky 15/1/1959, c6 Nghi quyet 15 Ban Chap hanh Trung tfcfng Dang, phong trko dau tranh cua dong bao mien Nam no nhif nUdc vd bcf Mor diu \k cic cu6c khori nghla tiftig phan nhif: cuoc noi day d Vinh Thanh (Binh Dinh), B^c Ai (Ninh Thu§n) thang 2/1959 d Trk Bong (Quang Ngai) thdng 8/1959, r6i Ian khdp mien Nam thknh cao trko ckch mang, tieu bieu vdri cuoc "Dong khdi" d Ben Tre ngky 17/1/1960 TCf Ben Tre phpng trko nhanh ch6ng Ian rong khap ckc tinh Nam Bo, Nam Trung Bo vk Tay Nguyen - Phong trko "Dong khori" thSng loi dknh dS'u btfdrc ngoat cua ckch mang mien Nam, chuyen ckch mang tiT thS' giOT gin life laong sang the tien cong Cham durt th6i ki on dinh tam thdi che thiic dkn mdi cua Mi d mien Nam, md thdi ki khung hoang cua che d6 Ski Gon • C a u D a i hgi d a i b i e u toan quoc I a n thuT I I c u a D a n g c6 n h C n g quyet n g h i gi? Y n g h l a c u a nhiZng quyet nghi * NhSng quyet nghi: - Dai hoi de nhiem vu chien lifoc cua cAch mang ca nif<5c va nhiem vu cua c^ch mang titog mien; chi ro vi tri, vai tr6 cua ckch mang tCfng mien, mS'i quan h^ giOfa ckch mang hai mien + Ckch mang xa hoi chu nghia d mien B^c c6 vai tr6 quy^t dinh nhsit d6i v(Ji sir phat trien cua cdch mang ca niidc + Ckch mang dkn toe dan chu nhan dan or mien Nam c6 vai tro quyet dinh true tiep ddi v6i sii nghiep giai ph6ng mien Nam + each mang hai miln c6 quan he mat thiet, gdn b6 v(Ji tkc d6ng iSn nhkm hokn cu6c each mang dan t6c dan chu nhan dan ck nU(Sc, thife hien hoa binh thong nhat d^t nifdc - Dai hoi thong qua Bao cko chinh tri, bao cao sijfa chOa ddi Dieu le Ddng vk thong qua ke hoach Nha ntfdrc nam thuf nhat (1961 - 1965) nhkm xay diftig bi/dc dAu ccf sd vat cMt - ki thuat cua chu nghia xa h6i, thUc hien m^t bade cong nghiep hoa xa hoi chu nghia - Dai hoi bau Ban Chap hanh Trung ilcfng mdi eua Dang Ho Chi Minh dtfoe hAu Ikm Chu tieh Dang, Le Duan giff chuTc Bi th\i thuT nhat cua Dang • Y nghia: Dai hoi dai bieu toan qude Ian thuf III cua Dang "nguon anh sang mdi, life lOCfng mdi cho toan Dang va toan dan ta xky diftig th&ig loi chu nghia xa hoi d mien Bdc va dau tranh thiTe hien hok binh thdng nhsft nude nha" 163 • C a u N h i ^ m v u c i i a k e h o a c h n a m N h a mi6c n a m (1961 - 1965) d m i e n B ^ c l a gi? K e t q u a dat dvCdc s a u k h i tht^c h i ^ n k e h o a c h * Nhi^m vu: - Ra sufc ph^t t r i e n cong nghiep va nong nghiep, tiep tuc cong cuoc cai tao xa hoi chu nghia, cung cd va tSng ci/crng phan k i n h te qudc doanh - Cai t h i e n mot btfdc dcfi song vat chat va vSn hoa cua nhan dan lao dong, cijng cd qudc phong, tSng ciicfng t r a t t i i va an n i n h xa hoi * Ket qua: - Trong k i n h te, ng^nh cong nghiep difoc lAi t i e n dau tii xay difng - Trong nong nghiep, sau k h i di/a dai bo phan nong dan vko cac hop tac xa nong nghiep, tiT nSm 1961, cAc dia phifong thiic hien chu trifong xay diTng hcfp tac xa san xuat nong nghiep bac cao - Thifong nghiep qud^c doanh dLfcrc Nha nifdrc lAi tien phat trien nen da chiem l i n h t h i trifdng, gop phan phat t r i e n k i n h te Ciing cd quan he san xuat mdi, on d i n h va cai t h i e n dcfi sdng nhan dan - He thong giao thong dtfcrng bo, di/dng sat, di/cmg Hen t i n h , hen huyen, dtfcJng song, diidng hang khong dtfcfc ciing cộ Viec di lai nvidc va giao thong quo'c te thuan loi hon - He thong giao due tii phd thong den dai hoc phat t r i e n manh - He thdng y te, chSm lo sufc khoe di/gc dau tU phat t r i e n NhCifng loai dich benh d mien BSc co ban diioc xoa bo - Quan ddi nhSn dan Viet N a m difOc x i y dting tCtog birdrc quan doi chinh quy hv!6c dau dLfcfc t r a n g h i hien dai, du sufc bao ve vufng ch^c mien Bdc vk dAp ufng nhu cau cang tSng cua c^ch mang mien Nam Nhufng t h a n h tiTu dat dtrgc viec thiTc hien ke hoach n&m (1961-1965) vk n6i chung 10 nam (1954 - 1964) da thay ddi bo mat xa hoi mien Bac Tai Hoi n g h i C h i n h t r i dac biet thang 3/1964, Chii tich Ho Chi M i n h n6i: "Trong 10 nam qua, mien B a c rnidc ta da t i e n nhufng bi/6c dai chiTa tiftig thay lich suf dan toe Dat n\i6c, xa hoi va ngu^i deu ddi mdi" • C a u T h e n a o l a h i n h thvtc " C h i e n t r a n h d a c b i ^ t " ? M I thuTc h i ? n " C h i e n t r a n h d a c bi$t" h o a n c a n h nao? A m mxiu v a t h u doan ciia " C h i e n tranh dac bi^t" ciia M l d mien Nam * The ncu) Chien lifoc "Chien t r a n h dac biet" l a mot h i n h thufc chien t r a n h xam liigc thifc dan mdi, difgc t i e n h a n h bang quan doi tay sai, difdi sir chi buy cua he thdng "cd' van" M i , difa vao vu k h i , t r a n g b i k i thuat, phtfcfng t i e n chien tranh cua M i , n h k m chdng l a i cac liTc lifOng each mang va nhan dan ta 164 * Hoan cdnh: - Sau p h o n g t r a o " D o n g k h d i " (1959/1960), n h a n d a n t a a m i e n N a m t i e p tuc n o i dSy, k e t hcrp d a u t r a n h c h i n h t r i vdri d a u t r a n h vu t r a n g c h o n g M i v a chinh quyen S a i G o n - T r o n g k h i t r e n t h e gidri, p h o n g t r a o g i a i p h o n g d a n toe d a n g l e n m a n h me, t r u e t i e p de doa he t h o n g thuoe d i a cua c h u n g h i a de quoc * Am mitu va thu doan: - A m mifu ecf b a n eua M i c h i e n lircfe " C h i e n t r a n h dae b i e t " l a "dung ngildi V i e t danh ngueji V i e t " - De t h i i c h i e n a m mifu M i de r a " k e hoach X t a l a y - T a y l o " vdri n o i d u n g chu yeu 1^ b i n h d i n h m i e n N a m t r o n g v o n g 18 t h d n g - T h i i c h i e n k e h o a c h M i t a n g CLfcrng v i e n trcf q u a n s i i cho D i e m , tang nhanh life lifcfng q u a n d o i Sai G o n , t i e n h a n h d o n d a n l a p " A p c h i e n \\iac , sii dung p h o bie'n cac c h i e n t h u a t m d i " t r i i c t h a n g v a n " , " t h i e t x a v a n " - V i e n trg q u a n sir ciia M i t a n g gap d o i Bo c h i h u y q u a n stf M i ( M A C V ) difdc t h a n h l a p t a i S a i G o n n g a y 8/2/1962 - "Ap chien Itfoc" diigc x e m nhiT "Xi/cfng song" cua " C h i e n t r a n h dac b i e t " vk nang len t h a n h "quoc saeh" C h u n g coi viee lap: " A p chien liidc" nhxi m o t cupe chien t r a n h t o n g li/e n h k m day liic lifgng each mang r a k h o i cac ap, tach dan khoi each mang, t i e n tori n a m d a n , thuc h i e n chi/cfng t r i n h " b i n h d i n h " m i e n N a m • C a u T r i n h b a y nhifng t h ^ n g lofi t r e n m a t t r a n q u a n s i i c u a q u a n dan m i e n N a m v i f c d a n h b a i c h i e n \\idc " C h i e n t r a n h d a c bi^t" c u a M l - D a p ufng y e u cau cua each m a n g t\i k h o i n g h i a tCmg p h a n p h a t t r i e n l e n chien t r a n h each m a n g , c h d n g " C h i e n t r a n h dac b i e t " ciia M i v a c h i n h q u y e n Sai G o n - M a t t r a n d a n toe g i a i p h o n g m i e n N a m r a dcfi (20/12/1960), T r u n g l i a n g Cue m i e n N a m V i e t N a m t h a n h l a p (1/1/1961), cac life li/cJng v u t r a n g each m a n g t h o n g n h a t t h a n h Q u a n g i a i p h o n g m i e n N a m (5/2/1961) - T r o n g nhOfng n a m 1961 - 1962, q u a n g i a i p h o n g da day l u i n h i e u cuoc t i e n cong, d o n g t h d i v d i t i e n cong t i e u d i e t n h i e u d o n h o t le ciia d i c h N a m 1962 quan d a n t a da t i e n h a n h n h i e u cuoc can quet Idfn ciia d i c h vao c h i e n k h u D , can CUT U M i n h , T a y N i n h v a T a y Bae Sai G o n - T h a n g I g i d a u t i e n t r e n m a t t r a n q u a n s i i l a c h i e n t h a n g Ap Bac vao 2/1/1963 C h i e n t h a n g A p Bac d a n h d a u bifdc t r u d n g t h a n h cua lue liicrng vu t r a n g each m a n g m i e n N a m , da d a n h b a i cac b i e n p h a p c h i e n t h u a t : triTc t h a n g v a n " , " t h i e t x a v a n " cua dich, d a n h sap 15ng t i n cua q u a n d o i S a i G o n vao t r a n g b i v u k h i h i e n d a i cua M i C h i e n t h a n g n a y c u n g chufng m i n h q u a n d a n m i e n N a m h o a n t o a n c6 k h a n a n g d a n h b a i " C h i e n t r a n h dac b i e t " cua M i 165 vk c h i n h q u y i n S^i G n , s a u t r a n A p BSc, p h o n g t r ^ o " t h i dua A p BMc g i e t giac lap cong" d a y l e n k h a p m i e n N a m - Sau c h i e n t h a n g A p Bac, q u a n g i a i p h o n g n h a n h c h o n g t r u d n g t h a n h va t i e n l e n d d n h nhOmg t r a n c6 quy m o IcJn Cuol n a m 1964, q u a n v a d a n D o n g N a m B o md c h i e n d i c h t i e n cong D o n g - X u a n 1964 - 1965 vdi t r a n md m a n d a n h v a o ap B i n h G i a - T h i f a t h ^ n g sau c h i e n t h ^ n g B i n h G i a , q u a n g i a i p h o n g v a n h a n d a n m i e n N a m day m a n h t i e n c o n g X u a n - 1965 v a g i a n h n h i e u t h ^ n g l o i t r o n g cac c h i e n d i c h A n L a o ( B i n h D i n h ) , B a G i a ( Q u a n g N g a i ) , D o n g X o a i ( B i e n Hoa) T i f n g dcfn v i I d n cua d i c h b i t i e u d i e t gon, hoac t h i e t h a i n a n g Q u a n doi Sai G o n , lire Itfcfng n n g cot cua " C h i e n t r a n h dac b i e t " , k h o n g du suTc dLfdng dau vdi cuoc t i e n c o n g Idfn cua q u a n g i a i p h o n g va dufng trtidc nguy ccf t a n • C a u 10 T h e n a o l a c h i e n l\idc " C h i e n t r a n h c u e hg"? A m m\iu c u a de q u o c M i t r o n g v i ^ c t h i ^ c h i ^ n " C h i e n t r a n h c u e b p " of m i e n N a m * The nao - " C h i e n t r a n h cue b o " l a l o a i h i n h c h i e n t r a n h x a m liioc thiTc d a n mdri, di/c?c t i e n h a n h b a n g life li/crng q u a n d o i M i , q u a n d o n g m i n h cua M i , quan doi Sai G n n h ^ m c h o n g l a i each m a n g v a n h a n d a n m i e n N a m * Am miiu: vera mdri v a o m i e n N a m , M l da cho q u a n md r a n g a y cuoc h a n h q u a n " t i m d i e t " v a o c a n cuf cua Q u a n g i a i p h o n g d V a n Ttfcrng ( Q u a n g N g a i ) T i e p d6 M l md l i e n h a i cu6c p h a n c o n g c h i e n liJdc m u a k h o ( d o n g - x u a n ) 1965 - 1966 va 1966 - 1967 b a n g h a n g l o a t cuoc h a n h q u a n " t i m d i e t " v a " b i n h d i n h " va v u n g : "Dat t h a n h V i e t Cong" • C a u 11 N h i i n g t h a n g lofi t r e n m a t t r a n q u a n s i ^ c u a q u a n d a n m i e n N a m t r o n g v i $ c d a n h b a i c h i e n Itfcfc " C h i e n t r a n h c u e b p " c u a M l - V i y c h i k h o n g g i l a y c h u y e n "Quyet c h i e n q u y e t t h a n g giac M l x a m hiac" ducrc sir p h o i h(?p c h i e n dau v a c h i v i e n ciia m i e n Bac, q u a n d a n t a m i e n N a m da a n h d u n g c h i e n dau v a l i e n t i e p g i a n h t h a n g Icfi - (If V a n T i r d n g ( Q u a n g N g a i ) vao n g a y 18/8/1965, sau m o t chien dau, m o t t r u n g d o a n chu lire cua t a cung vdi q u a n du k i c h v a n h a n d a n d i a phirong da d a y l u i dacfe cuoc h a n h q u a n cua d i c h , l o a i k h o i v o n g c h i e n dau 900 d i c h , b a n chay 22 xe t a n g v a xe boc t h e p , h a 13 m a y bay - V a n T u d n g diTcrc coi l a " A p Bac" d o i v d i q u a n M l v a q u a n d o n g m i n h , md d a u cao t r a o " T i m M l m a d a n h , l u n g nguy m a d i e t " t r e n k h a p m i e n N a m - Sau t r a n V a n T i r d n g k h a n a n g c h i e n t h a n g M i t r o n g " C h i e n t r a n h cue bo" cua q u a n d a n t a t i e p tuc diroe chufng m i n h t r o n g h a i m u a k h o - Birdc vao k h o thijf n h a t (Dong - X u a n 1965 - 1966) v d i 720.000 quan, t r o n g d6 M i v a dong m i n h hcfn 220.000, dich md deft p h a n cong v d i 450 cupc h a n h quan 166 c6 cuoc hanh quan "tim diet" 1dm, nhkm vao hai hiidmg chien lifcfc chinh cf Dong Nam Bo Lien Khu V, vcd muc tieu danh bai chii liic quan giai phong - Bifdrc vao mua kho thuf hai (Dong - Xuan 1966 - 1967), vdi liic lirgng difcrc tang len hon 980.000 quan, M I va Dong m i n h han 440.000, chiing ma dcrti phan cong vdi 895 cuoc h ^ n h quan, c6 cupc hanh quan Idn " t i m di§t" va "binh dinh", \dn nhat la cuoc hanh quan Gianxcfn X i t i danh vao cSn cuf Di/cmg M i n h ChSu (B^c Tay N i n h ) , nhSm tieu diet quan chu liic va ccr quan dau nao cua ta - Cijng vdi nhuCng cuoc chu dong tie'n cong dich tren chien trufcrng T r i Thien, Di/cJng so' quan ta md mang hang loat t r a n phan cong danh bai cac cuoc hanh quan " t i m diet" va "binh dinh" cua dich • C a u 12 C h i e n t h ^ n g c6 t l n h c h a t quyet d i n h v i e c d a n h bai chien Ixidc " C h i e n t r a n h cue bo" c u a M i d m i e n N a m la c h i e n thdng nao? T r i n h bay d i e n bien, k e t qua va y n g h i a c u a c h i e n t h S n g * Chien thdng quyet dinh: Chien thSng quyet dinh viec danh bai chien liTcfc "Chien tranh cue bp" ciia Mi d mien Nam \k cupc Tong tien cong va noi day Tet Mau Than nam 1968 * Dien bien: - Cuoc Tong tien cong va noi day dufcfc md dau bang cuoc tap kich chien lifoc cua quan chu life vao hau khap cac t h i dem 30 rang sang 31/1/1968 (dem giao thi^a Tet Mau Than) - Cu6c Tdng tien cong va noi day d i l n ba deft: 30/1 - 25/2; thang va 6; thdng va 9/1968 - Tai Sai Gon, quan giai phong tien cong vao cac vi t r i dau nao cua dich, nhiT Toa dai suf M l , D i n h "Doc Lap", Bo Tdng tham mou quan Sai Gon, Bo Tif lenh biet khu Thii do, Tdng nha canh sat, Dai Phat thanh, san bay Tan Scfn Nhat * Ket qua: - Mat t r a n doan ket dan toe, ehd^ng M i cilu ni/drc diroc ma rong Td chufc Lien m i n h cde life lifcfng dan toe, dan chu hoa b i n h a Sai Gon, Hue va toan mien Nam, dai dien cho tang Idp t r i thufe, tif san dan toe tien bo d t h i difoc lap - Da danh don bait ngcr, l a m cho dich choang vang * Y nghia: - Lam lung lay y chi xam \\iac cua quan M i , buoe M i phai tuyen bd^ "phi M i hoa" chien treuih xam lifcfc (tiife thifa nhan tha't bai cua "Chien t r a n h cue bo") - M i phai tuyen bd" cha'm diirt khong dieu kien chien t r a n h pha hoai mien Bdc, chiu den ban dam phan d Pari de ban ve cham duft chien t r a n h - Cuoc Tdng tien cong va ndi day da md bifdc ngoat ciia cuoc khang chien chdng M i cufu nifde cua quan dan ta 167 | ^ ^ • C&u 13 S o s a n h nhffng d i e m giong v a k h a c n h a u gifla c h i e n \vCdc " C h i e n t r a n h d a c b i ^ t " v a C h i e n Ivtdc " C h i e n t r a n h cue b p " c u a Mi cf Vi^t Nam * Giong nhau: - Deu la chien t r a n h xam \iiac thifc dan m6i cua M i , nhkm bien mien Nam t h ^ n h thu6c dia kieu mdri cua M l - Deu thiic hien am miAi chong lai each mang va nhan dan mien Nam - Deu suf dung vu k h i va phtfcfng tien chien t r a n h cua M i * Khac nhau: - Ve quy mo chien t r a n h : "Chien t r a n h dac biet" dien d mien Nam, "Chien t r a n h cue bo" mor rong ca hai mien Nam - BSc - Ve t i n h chat Ac liet: "Chien t r a n h cue bo" ac liet han, the hien or muc tieu, li/c li/ang t h a m chien, vu k h i , hoa liJc va phucrng tien chien t r a n h - "Chien t r a n h dac biet" di/ac tien hanh bang quan dpi tay sai difdri sif chi huy fcua co van M i , diia vao vu k h i , trang bi k i thuat, phifcrng tien chien tranh cua M i nhSm thifc hien mUU co ban la "Dijng ngifdi Viet danh ngi/di Viet", "Thay mau da cho xac chet" Tien hanh " Chien t r a n h dac biet" M i - nguy md rong nhieu cuoc hanh quan can quet, muc tieu la chong pha each mang va binh dinh mien Nam Chung coi "Ap chien lilcfc" la quo'c sach nham taeh each mang khoi dan de thire hien cai goi la "Tat nifdc bat ca" - "Chien t r a n h cue bo" vdfi muc tieu la vCfa tieu diet quan chii life vCfa binh dinh mien N a m , pha hoai mien Bae Liic lupng tham chien dong, gom ca M i , chii hau, nguy, quan M i giOf vai tro quan va khong ngimg tang len ve so' Itfcmg va t r a n g b i Chung sijf dung vu k h i hien dai, hoa life manh ca tren bo, t r e n khong, t r e n bien, toe nhanh va mcr lien tue nhieu chien dich n h k m " t i m diet" va "binh d i n h " vao "Da't Viet cong" • C a u 14 L a p b a n g thong ke ve y n g h i a c u a c h i e n thdng V a n Tifcfng (8/1965), CU9C p h a n cong chie'n Ivfcfc h a i m u a k h o (1965 - 1966), (1966 - 1967) v a T o n g t i e n cong noi day T e t M ^ u T h a n (1968) - Chien th^ng Van Tifcmg chufng to bo dpi chii life ciia ta dij sijfc dupng dau vcri quan vien chinh M i , chilng to each - Chie'n thang Van Tifcfng c6 tac dung c6 vu t i n h than dau 8/1965) t r a n h cue bp" ciia M i Tiforng (thang mang mien Nam du kha nang danh bai chien lifpc "Chien Chien t h ^ n g Van t r a n h chong M i cufu nxido cua quan dan mien Nam Tif da'y len phong trao " T i m M i ma danh, t i m nguy ma diet" 168 Cuoc phan cong chien Itfoc hai mua kho (1965 1966), (1966 1967) Tong tien cong noi day Te't Mau Than (1968) - Vdri chien thSng hai mua kho lam cho gong k i m " t i m diet" cua dich bi be gay hoan toan, buoc dich phai lui vao the phong ngif - Chien thSng gop phan lam pha san "Chien t r a n h cue bo" ciia M l , la dieu kien de quan dan mien Nam tien len Tong tien cong va noi day Tet Mau Than nam 1968 - L a m lung lay y chi xam iLfgc cua quan M l , buoc M ! phai tuyen bo' "phi M l hoa" chien t r a n h xam lifcfc (tOfc thiTa nhan that bai ciia "Chien t r a n h cue bo") - M l phai tuyen bo cham durt khong dieu kien chien tranh pha hoai mien BSe, chiu den ban dam phan a Pari de ban ve cham durt chien t r a n h - Cuoc Tong tien cong va noi day da mcr bi/drc ngoSt ciia cuoc khang chien eho'ng M i cOfu ntfcfc ciia quan dan ta • C a u 15 N g u y e n cof v a a m mifu c u a MT t i e n h a n h c h i e n t r a n h k h o n g quan v a h a i q u a n p h a h o a i m i e n BAC I a n thvC n h a t (1965 - 1968) * Nguyen ccf: - Ngay 5/8/1964 sau k h i difiig len "sif kien Vinh Bdc Bo", M i cho may bay nem bom ban pha mot so noi mien Bac, nhif cCfa song Gianh (Quang Binh), V i n h - Ben Thuy (Nghe An), Lach TnTfifng (Thanh Hoa), t h i xa Hon Gai (Quang Ninh) - Ngay 7/2/1965, lay c6 " t r a dua" viec quan giai phong mien Nam tien cong doanh t r a i quan M i a Playku, M i cho may bay n e m bom ban pha t h i xa Dong Hdi, dao Con Co (Quang Binh) , chinh thufc gay cuoc chien t r a n h bang khong quan va hai quan pha hoai mien Bac (Ian thuT nhat) * Am mitu: - Tien hanh chien tranh pha hoai Ian thijf nhat a mien Bac M i thiTc hien am miAi: + Pha tiem life k i n h te, quoc phong, pha cong eupc xay diing chu nghia xa hoi d mien Bac + Ngan chan nguon chi vien tCf ben ngoai vao midn Bae va tif mien Bac vao mien Nam; + Uy hiep t i n h t h a n , lam lung lay y chi eho'ng M i eua nhan dan ta of hai mien da't nitdc • C a u 16 I a n thiif phifofng 1968 r a Q u a n d a n m i e n B ^ c c h i e n d a u chd'ng c h i e n t r a n h p h a h o a i n h a t c i i a M i nhvt the nao? M i e n B a c thtfc h i ^ n n g h i a v u h a u Idn cho c h i e n triiotng m i e n N a m nhi^ng n a m 1965 sao? * Quan dan mien Bac: - Ngay tii k h i eo chien t r a n h , mien Bac chuyen moi boat dong sang thcfi chien, thiie hien quan sii hoa toan dan Ket hop viTa chien dau, vifa san xuat 169 - Trong san xuat, day manh kinh te dia phucfng, chu trpng phat tien nong nghiep - Day manh phong tr^o t h i dua chong M i cOfu nLfdrc - Ket qua: + Trong n a m (tCr n g ^ y 5/8/1964 den ng^y 1/11/1968), mien Bac ban roi va pha huy 3243 may bay, loai khoi v5ng chien dau hang nghin phi cong M l , b^n chay, b^n chim 143 tau chien + Ngay 1/11/1968, M i tuyen bo ngCftig h ^ chien tranh pha hoai mien Bac * Mien Bac thyCc hi^n nghia vu: - La hau phiiong Idtn cua khang chien chong M l cufU niidc, mien BSc luon hifdrng ve mien Nam V i mien Nam ruot t h i t , mien Bac pha'n dau "Moi ngi/cfi lam viec bang hai" V i tien tuyen keu goi, hau phtfcfng sSn sang dap lai "Thoc khong thieu mot can, quan khong thieu mot ngiTcri" - Tuyen difdng van chuyen chien lutfc Bac - Nam mang ten Ho Chi Minh tren bo (doc day nui Tnfcfng Son) va tren bien (doc theo bcr bien) bat dau khai thong tU thang 5/1959, dai hang nghin cay so, da noi lien hau phuong vcri tien tuyen - Qua hai tuyen difdng van chuyen chien Itfoc do, nam (1965 - 1968) mien B a c da diia hcfn 300.000 can bo, bo dpi vao mien Nam tham gia chien dau, phuc vu chien dau, xay ditog k i n h te, van hoa t a i cac viing giai phong, va cung da gijfi vao N a m hang chuc van t a n vu k h i , dan dtJOc, quan trang, quan dung, xang dau, ItfOng t h i f c , thifc pham, thuoc men va nhieu vat dung khac T i n h chung sure ngifcfi, sufc cua til mien B a c chuyen vao Nam nam da tang gap 10 Ian so vdri thdi k i trtfdc • C a u 17 NhiJtng t h ^ n g lo'i coT b a n c u a q u a n d a n h a i m i e n N a m t r o n g n h f i n g n a m 1965 - BSLC 1968 * Of mien Bac: - Ngay tU dau M i md rong chien t r a n h , mien Bac chuyen moi boat dong sang thcri chien, thifc hien quan sir hoa toan dan - M i e n B a c vCfa sSn sang chong lai hanh dong danh pha cua M i vi/a lao dong san xuat - Trong chien dau, mien B a c da ban roi va pha huy 3.243 may bay M i ; ban ch^y va chim 143 tau chien M i Ngay 1/11/1968, M i tuyen bo ngifng h i n chien t r a n h pha hoai mien Bac - Trong san xuat, mien Bac lap dtfoc nhflng tich quan trong: + Ve nong nghiep, dien tich canh tac md rong, nang sua't lao dong khong ngCftig tang len, cang c6 nhieu hop tac xa nhieu dia phiicmg dat "3 muc tieu" + Ve cong nghiep, nang liic san xuat a mot so nganh difgc giOr vCfng, cac cO sd cong nghiep Idfn k i p thcri so tan Cong nghiep dia phiiong va cong nghiep quoc phong deu phat t r i e n + Ve giao thong van t a i la mot nhufng diem ban pha ciia dich, dtfoc quan va dan bao dam thtfcrng xuyen thong suo't 170 + Ve vSn ho^, giao due, y te deu ph^t t r i ^ n manh me, phuc vu d^c life cho nhiem vu chien dau v ^ san xuait - Mien B^c l ^ m nhiem vu hau phiicfng Idn cua khang chien chong M l ciJU ntfdfc, mien B^c luon hLfdrng v l mien Nam V i mien N a m rupt t h i t , mien BSc phah dau "M6i ngifdi lam viec bkng hai" V i tien tuyen keu goi, hau phuong sSn s^ng dp lai "Th6c khong thieu mot can, quan khong thieu mot ngUcri" Tuyen difcfng van chuyen chien Itfcrc BSc - Nam mang ten Ho Chi M i n h tren bo (doc day niii Tri/cfng Son) va t r e n bien (doc theo bcf bien) bat dau khai thong tCr thang 5/1959, d ^ i hdng nghin cdy so, da noi hen hau phuong vdri tien tuyen * Cf mien Nam: Quan dan mien Nam Ian liTcrt danh bai chien Itrgc "Chien tranh cue bo" ciia M i : - Mo dau la chien thdng Van Ttfcfng (Quang Ngai) vao 18/8/1965 Vdri chien thdng Van Ti/dng kha nSng chien thang M i "Chien t r a n h cue bp" cua quan dan ta tiep tuc diipc ehiJfng m i n h hai mua kho - Tigp den l a cupe phan cong chien liipc hai miia kho: + Mua kho thuf nhat (1965 ~ 1966): Quan dan ta the t r a n chien tranh nhan dan, v6i nhieu phucrng thufc tAc chien, da chan danh dich tren mpi hiidng, chu dpng t i e n cong dich tren khap mpi npi Quan ta da loai khoi vong chien dau 104.000 dich, ban r o i 430 may bay + Mua kho thuf hai (1966 - 1967): Quan ta mcr hang loat t r a n phan cong danh bai cac cupc hanh quan " t l m diet" va "binh d i n h " ciia dich Loai khoi vong chien dau 151.000 ten dich, ban roi 1.231 may bay - O hau kh^p cac vung nong thon, quan chiing pha tCtog mang "Ap chien Itfoc" Trong hau khap cac t h i , giai cap cong nhan, cac tang Idp nhan dan lao dpng khac, hoc sinh, sinh vien, Phat tuf, b i n h si Sai Gon dau t r a n h doi M i rut ve niJdc, doi tif dan chii - D i n h cao la cupc Tong tien cong va noi day Tet Mau Than nam 1968 + Cupc Tong tien cong va noi day dLfpc md dau bang cupc tap kich chien lifpc cua quan chu life vao hau khap cac t h i dem 30 rang sang 31/1/1968 (dem giao thCra Tet Mau Than) + Cupc Tong tien cong v a noi day Tet Mau Than da ddnh d6n bat ngcf, lam cho dich choang vang + Cupc Tong tien cong v a noi day da lam lung lay y chi xam liipc ciia quan M i , bupc M i phai tuyen bo "phi M i hoa" chien t r a n h xam Itfpc (tufc thiTa nhan that bai cua "Chien t r a n h cue bp") M i phai tuyen bo' cha'm duft khong dieu kien chien t r a n h pha hoai mien Bae, chiu den ban dam phan cr Pari de hkn ve cham duft chien tranh + Cupc Tong tien cong va noi day da mof r a hudc ngoat ciia cupc khang chien chong M i cufu nUdc cua quan dan ta 171 • C a u 18 T h e nao l a " V i f t N a m hoa c h i e n t r a n h " ? A m mvfu v a thu doan c i i a M I c h i e n Iv^cfc "Vi^t N a m hoa c h i e n t r a n h " va "Dong DvCdng h o a c h i e n tranh" * Thenito Chien \\iac "Viet Nam hoa chien t r a n h " la mot loai h i n h chien tranh thiic dan mdfi cua M i dtfcfc tien hanh bang life lifcfng quan doi Sai Gon la chu yeu, c6 sir phoi hcrp ve hoa I L T C va khong quan M i , va van M i chi huy bang he thong CO van nham cho'ng l a i each mang va nhan dan mien Nam * Am mitu va thu dog,n cua Ml: - Dau nam 1969, Nichxan vi^a len n^m chi'nh quyen da de chien lifcfc toan cau "Ran de thifc t e ' (thay cho chien lixoc "Phan vtng linh boat" cua Kennodi) va tiep tuc cuoc chien t r a n h xam lifcfc thiic dan mdi; thiTc hien chien lifotc "Viet Nam hoa chien t r a n h " a mien Nam va md rgng chien tranh toan Dong Ducfng vdri chien lifoc "Dong DiTcfng hoa chien tranh" - Chien lifgrc "Viet Nam hoa chien t r a n h " difcfc tien hanh bang life lifgng quan doi Sai Gon la chu yeu, c6 sif phol hcfp ve hoa life va khong quan M i , va vSn M i chi huy bkng he thong co van - De thi/c hien chien lifcyc "Viet Nam hoa chien t r a n h " M i da: + Riit dan quan M i va quan dong minh khoi chien tranh de giam xifong mau + Tang cirdng luc li/gng quan dpi Sai Gon nhSm thi/c hien am muu "Dijng ngifcfi Viet danh ngUcri Viet" - M i diing lire lifong quan dpi Sai Gon de thifc hien "Dong Difcfng hoa chien tranh" - M i dung thii doan ngoai giao xao quyet nhif thoa thuan vcfi Trung Quoc, hoa hoan vdi Lien X6 nham ban che sif giiip dd ciia cac nifdrc doi vdri cuoc khang chien cua nhan dan ta • C a u 19 U n h doan ket chien dau cua quan dan Vi^t Nam, L a o va C a m p u c h i a chien d a u chong chien IvCdc "Vi^t Nam hoa chien tranh" v a "Dong BvCcfng hoa chien tranh" cua M i d i l n r a nhxi the nao? - Chien dau chong chien lifpc "Viet Nam boa chien t r a n h " la chong lai cuoc chien t r a n h xam lifpc toan dien difpc tang cifcmg va md rpng toan Dong Difcfng, vifa chien dau cho'ng chien dich tren chien trifdng, vifa dau tranh vdfi dich tren ban dam phan - Trong hai nam 1970 - 1971, nhan dan ta cung vdri nhan dan hai nifdrc Campuchia va Lao gianh nhCJfng thang Ipi c6 y nghia chien li/pc tren mat tran quan sii va chinh t r i + Trong hai 24 va 25/4/1970, H p i nghi cap cao ba nifdrc Viet Nam - Lao - Campuchia hop nhkm bieu t h i quyet tam ciia nhan dan ba nifdc Dong Difong doan ket chien dau cho'ng M i 172 + Tif ng^y 30/4 den 30/6/1970, quan dpi Viet N a m c6 sU phoi hgp cua quan dan Campuchia da dap t a n cuoc hanh quan xam li/pc Campuchia va quan doi Shi Gon, loai khoi vong chien dau 17.000 dich, giai phong nhieu vung rong \6n dfi't dai v6i 4,5 trieu dan + TCf 12/2 den 23/3/1971, quan doi Viet Nam c6 SLT phoi hap cua quan dan Lko da dap tan cuoc h^nh quan mang t e n "Lam Scfn - 719" chiem giCf di/cmg - N a m Lao ciia 4,5 van quan M i va quan doi Sai Gon, loai khoi vong chien dau 22.000 dich, duoi het quan M i va quan doi Ski Gon khoi dtfcrng - Nam Lao, giuf hanh lang chien laoc each mang Dong Di/cfng • C a u 20 N e u nhufng th^ng loTi t r e n mat t r a n q u a n sii C U Q C chien dau chong c h i e n Ivtdc " V i ^ t N a m hoa chien t r a n h " v a " D o n g DvCdng hoa chien t r a n h " c u a Mi P h a n tich mpt th^ng lofi quyet d i n h nhat * Thdng Iffi tren mat tran quan SMV - TU ngky 30/4 den 30/6/1970, quan doi Viet N a m c6 s\i phoi hop ciia quan dan Campuchia da dap tan cuoc h^nh quan xam Itfcfc Campuchia cua quan dpi Ski Gon, loai khoi v6ng chien dau 17.000 dich, giai phong nhieu viing rpng l(Jn dat dai vdri 4,5 trieu dan - TLT ng^y 12/2 den 23/3/1971, quan dpi Viet N a m c6 sif phoi hpp ciia quan dan L^o da dap tan cuoc hanh quan mang ten "Lam Scfn - 719" chiem gia difcfng - N a m Lao cua 4,5 van quan M i v^ quan dpi Sai Gon, loai khoi vong chien dau 22.000 dich, duoi het quan M i va quan dpi Sai Gon khoi dudng Nam Lao, giOr hanh lang chien lupc each mang Dong Duong * Thdng led quyet dinh nhat: - Thang Ipi quyet d i n h nhat la cuoc tien cong chien li/dc nam 1972: Bi/dc vao nam 1972, quan t a md cuoc t i e n cong chien lifpc tCr 30/3 danh vao Quang T r i , lay Quang T r i l a m hudng tien cong chu yeu, r o i phat t r i e n rpng khap chien tnfcfng mien N a m , keo dai nam 1972 - Quan t a tien cong dich vcri cxiisng dp manh, quy mo Idn, tren hau khap ckc dia ban chien Itfpc quan trpng Chi ihbi gian ngan (den cuo'i thang 6/1972), quan t a choc thung ba ph6ng tuyen manh nhat cua dich, la Quang T r i , Tay Nguyen, Dong N a m Bp, loai khoi vong chien dau hcfn 20 van dich, giai ph6ng nhieu vung da't dai rpng 16n va dong dan - Sau d6n mcr dau bat ngcf cua quan t a , quan dpi Sai Gon c6 SLT yem t r a ciia M l da phan cong l a i , gay cho t a nhieu thiet h a i ; M l tror lai chien t r a n h pha hoai mien Bac Cuoc tien cong chien li/pc nam 1972 da giang d6n nang ne v^o chien lifpc "Vidt Nam hod chien t r a n h " , bupc M i phai tuyen bo " M i hoa" t r d l a i chien tranh xam Itfpc (tufc thCra nhan that bai ciia "Viet Nam hoa chien tranh") 173 • C a u 21 Qu&n d a n m i e n B&c d a n h b a i c u p c c h i e n t r a n h p h a h o a i I a n thvi h a i c u a M I nhif the nao? - Ng^y 6/4/1972, M i cho may bay nem bom b5n pha mot so' ncfi thupc khu I V cu Ng^y 16/4/1972, Nichxon tuyen bo' chinh thufc gay cuoc chien tranh kh6ng quan h a i quan phd hoai mien Bac (Ian thuT hai); de'n 9/5/1972, tuyen bo' phong toa cang H a i Phong cung cac cijfa song, luong lach, vung bien mien B^c - N h d di/gc chuan b i trifdtc vk vdi til the luon luon sSn sang chien dau, mien B^c da c6 the chu dong, k i p thcfi chong t r a M i i c h tU t r a n dau - Ngky 14/12/1972, gan thang sau k h i tuyen bo ngiftig nem bom ban pha mien Bac tii v i tuyen 20 t r d ra, de ho trcf cho mOU chinh t r i - ngoai giao mcfi, Nichxon phe chuan ke hoach m d cugc tap kich khong quan bang may bay B52 vko H a Noi va H a i Phong bat dau tii chieu toi 18 den het 29/12/1972 - Quan dan t a d mien Bdc da danh t r a dich nhOng d6n dich dang tii tran dau va da danh bai hoan toan cuoc tap kich khong quan cua M i , lam nen tran "Dien Bien Phu t r e n khong" Ta da b^n rcfi 81 may bay (trong 34 may bay B52, m a y bay F i l l ) , b^t song 43 p h i cong M l T i n h chung, ca cuoc chien t r a n h pha hoai Ian thijf hai (tii 6/4/1972 den 15/1/1973), mien Bac ban rai 735 may bay M l (trong d6 c6 61 may bay , 10 may bay F i l l ) , ban chim 125 tau chien, loai k h o i v5ng chien dau hang t r a m phi cong M i - "Dien Bien Phu tren khong" la tran thSng quyet d i n h cua ta, da buoc M i phai tuyen bo ngiftig han cac hoat dong chong pha mien Bac (15/1/1973) va Hiep dinh Pari v4 cham dijft chien tranh, lap lai hoa binh d Viet Nam (27/1/1973) • Can 2 T r ^ n " D i $ n B i e n P h u t r e n k h o n g " d a d i l n r a ahvt the n a o ti^ 18 d e n n g a y 29/12/1972 N e u k e t q u a v a y n g h i a * Tran ''Bien Bien Phu tren khong": - Ngay 6/4/1972, M l cho may bay n6m bom ban pha mot so noi thuoc khu I V cu Ngay 16/4/1972, Nichxon tuyen bo chinh thufc gay cuoc chien tranh khong quan va h a i quan pha hoai mien B^c (Ian thuT hai); den 9/5/1972, tuyen bo phong toa cang H a i Phong cung cac cijfa song, luong lach, vung bien mien B^c - Nh& dtfcfc chuan b i tru'drc va vdri tii thg" luon luon sSn sang chien da'u, mien Bac da CO the chu dong, k i p thc^i chong t r a dich tii tran dau - Ngay 14/12/1972, gan thang sau k h i tuyen bo ngiing nem bom ban pha mien B^c tii v i tuyen 20 t r d ra, de h6 t r g cho mOU chinh t r i - ngoai giao mcri, Nichxcm phe chuan ke hoach mcf cuoc tap kich khong quan bang may bay B52 vao H a Noi va Hai Phbng b^t d i u tU chieu toi 18 den het 29/12/1972 - Quan dan t a a mien Bac da danh t r a dich nhuTng don dich dang tii tran ddu v a da ddnh bai hoan toan cuoc tap kich khong quan cua M i , lam nen tran "Dien Bien Phu t r e n khong" 174 * Neu ket qua va y nghia: - Ket qua: Ta da b^n r o i 81 may bay (trong d6 34 may bay B52, m^y bay F i l l ) , bat song 43 phi cong M i T i n h chung, ca cuoc chien t r a n h pha hoai Ian thuT hai (tii 6/4/1972 den 15/1/1973), mien B&c ban roi 735 may bay Ml (trong d6 c6 61 may bay B52, 10 may bay F i l l ) , ban chim 125 tau chien, loai khoi v6ng chien dau hang t r a m phi cong M i - Y nghia: "Dien Bien Phu t r e n khong" l a t r a n thang quyet d i n h cua ta, da bu6c M l phai tuyen bo' ngCftig h l n cac boat dong chohg pha mien Bac (15/1/1973) v a Hiep d i n h Pari ve chaim duft chien t r a n h , lap lai hoa b i n h or Viet Nam (27/1/1973) • C a u 23 Hi^p d i n h P a r i n a m 1973 ve c h a m dyft c h i e n t r a n h , lap l a i hoa binh or V i f t N a m gom nhuCng d i e u k h o a n nao? Y n g h i a c u a Hi$p d i n h * Dieu khoan: - Hoa K i va cac nildrc cam ket t6n trpng doc lap, chu quyen, thong nha't va to^n ven lanh tho cua Viet Nam - H a i ben ngifng b^n d Viet Nam vao 24 gior 27/1/1973 va Hoa K i cam ket cham duft moi boat dong quan sir chong mien Bac Viet N a m - Hoa K i rut het quan doi cua m i n h va quan dong m i n h , huy bo cac can cijf quan sif M l , cam ket khong tiep tuc dinh liu quan s U hoac can thiep vao cong viec noi bo cua mien Nam Viet Nam - Nhan dan mien N a m Viet Nam tif quyet d i n h tiicfng lai chinh t r i thong qua tdng tuyen ciif tif do, khong c6 s U can thiep cua nUdrc ngoai - C^c ben thiTa nhan thifc te mien N a m Viet Nam c6 hai chinh quyen, hai quan doi, hai vimg k i l m soat va ba liJc Itfcfng chinh t r i (life lifong each mang, life lifOng hoa b i n h t r u n g lap va life iifong chinh quyen Sai Gon) - H a i bgn t i e n h a n h trao t r a t u b i n h vk dan thifcmg h i bat - Hoa K i cam k§'t g6p phan v^o viec han gan vet thifcfng chi§'n t r a n h d Viet Nam va Dong Di/omg t i e n tori t h i e t lap quan he b i n h thifcfng va cung c6 Icfi giOfa hai nifdrc * Y nghia: - Hiep dinh Pari ve Viet Nam la thang Icfi cua siJ ke't hop giOra dau t r a n h quan sU d§fu t r a n h chinh t r i va dau t r a n h ngoai giao, l a ke't qua cua cuoc dau tranh kien cifcfng, bat khuat cua quan dan ta d hai mien dat mrdrc, mor bade ngoat mdri cua cuoc khang chien chdng M i cuftj nxidc cua dan tgc - Vdi Hiep d i n h P a r i , M l phai cong nhan cac quyen dan toe cO ban ciia nhan dan ta, phai rut het quan ve nifdc Do la thang Igi lich suf quan trong, tao thdi CO thuan Icfi de nhan dan ta t i e n len giai phong toan mien Nam 175 • Cau 24 L a p bang so sanh nhifng diem gid'ng va khac giCfa hai chien \\idc "Chien tranh cue bp" (1965 - 1968) va "Vi^t Nam hoa chien tranh" (1969 - 1973) cua MI of mien Nam >niuCng diem Tieu chi Chien tranh Vi^t Nam hoa giong va so sanh cue bp chien tranh khac Giong nhau: - Deu 1^ chien lifcfc chien tranh xam liioc theo kieu thiic dan mdri cua M l nh&m cho'ng lai each mang va nhan dan Viet Nam - Deu sijf dung co van Mi, vu v^ phi/ang tien chien tranh ciia Mi - Deu diing life lifcfng quan dpi nguy quan, nguy quyen de lam tay sai dac life cho ehung Ve quy mo Khac Ve am minj, thij doan Ket qua Vifa gay "Chien tranh cue bp" a mien Nam, vifa gay chien tranh phA hoai or mien B&c Y6i muc tieu la vifa tieu diet quan chu life, vifa binh dinh mien Nam, pha hoai mien Bac Life lifOng tham chien dong, gom ca Mi, chif hau, nguy, quan M i giuf vai tro quan va khong ngifng tang len ve so lifong va trang bi Chung suf dung vu hien dai, hoa life manh ca tren bo, tren khong, tren bien, toe nhanh va md lien tue nhieu chien dich nhSm "tim diet" va "binh dinh" vao "Dat Viet cong" Bi that bai, phai chap nhan ngoi vao ban dam phan vcd ta a Hoi nghi Pari de giai quyet van de Viet Nam Vifa gay chien tranh d Viet Nam, vifa md rpng chien tranh xam lifcrc Lao, Campuchia Difpc tien hanh bang life lifong quan dpi Sai Gon la ehu yeu, eo sif pho'i hop ve hoa life va khong quan Mi, va vSn M l chi huy bang he thong eo' van - Rut dan quan Ml va quan dong minh khoi chien tranh de giam xifcfng mau Tang eifcfng life lifcmg quan dpi Sai Gbn nhkm thifc hien am mifli "Diing ngifcd Viet danh ngifcri Viet" - Dung life lifOng quan dpi Sai Gbn de thife hien "Dong Difcfng hoa chien tranh" Thoa thuan vdri Trung Quoc, hoa hoan vdri Lien X6 nham han che sif giup dor eiia cae nifotc d6 do'i vdfi cupc khang chien eiia nhan dan ta That bai, phai chap nhan ki ket Hiep dinh Pari, cong nhan dpc lap, chii quyen, thong nha't va tokn ven lanh tho cua Viet Nam 176 giSa • C a u 25 L^ip b a n g so s a n h nhuGng d i e m g i o n g v a k h a c n h a u d i n h Girinevof v e D o n g Dv^oTng n a m Hi$p 1954 v a H i ^ p d i n h P a r i v e Vi$t N a m n a m 1973: h o a n c a n h k i k e t , n p i d u n g v a y n g h i a c u a H i $ p d i n h Tieu Nhufhgdiem Hi#p dinh chi so giong v a GioTnevof sanh khac Hi^p dinh Pari Ca H i e p d i n h G i a n e v a va H i e p d i n h P a r i deu d i e n r a Giong t r o n g luc t a l i e n t i e p g i a n h difcfc nhufng t h a n g l o i q u a n sir, tao n e n t h e ap dao, buoc k e t h u p h a i ve chap nhan dam phan Hoan H i e p d i n h Gicfnevcf ducrc k i H i e p d i n h P a r i duoc k i k e t ket t r o n g luc M l mcfi chi b i t h a t Khac thUc dan Phap hi t h a t bai hoan toan bai t r o n g chien luge cf Nam chien dich Phu Ta canh liic Dien k i Hiep Bien dinh bupc thUc d a n P h a p hoa m i e n N a m va chien t r a n h p h a hoai I a n thiif h a i a m i e n Bac Ta bupc Ml nuorc a de n h a n cac quyen d a n toe ccr ba "Viet tranh" cong ban ciia chien Dong Duong d i n h de k i Hiep n i t quan Mi va ! quan dong m i n h cua M i ve niidc, de cho n h a n d a n V i e t Nam t i i quyet d i n h ti/cfng l a i c h i n h t r i ciia m i n h - D e u buoc ke t h u p h a i cong n h a n cac q u y e n d a n toe ccf b a n ciia nUdc t a Gi6ng - q u y e t cac v a n de k h a c b a n g di/crng h o a b i n h - Ca h a i H i e p d i n h deu d a t v a n de ngi/ng b a n de g i a i j D e u d a t v a n de t h o n g n h a t d a t n\Jdc t h o n g qua viec t h t f o n g iLfcrng k h o n g c6 sii can t h i e p ciia niidrc ngoai - Cac ben tham dii hoi - H o a K i va cac nUdrc cam n g h i cam k e t t o n t r o n g cac ket ton Npi q u y e n d a n toe eo b a n cua dan toe eo dung b a nudrc D o n g Duong Nam ban cac quyen J ciia Viet - Cac b e n t h a m c h i e n t h i i c - Khac hien t r a tij b i n h va dan t h u d n g q u a n , chuyen giao k h u vUc b i bat - - Cac b e n cong n h a n thifc cuoc t a p k e t chuyen Q u a n doi n h a n d a n V i e t Nam va quan vien chinh te m i e n N a m V i e t N a m c6 mien hai c h i n h quyen, h a i quan Bac Sau do, q u a n d o i , h a i v u n g k i e m soat v a P h a p t a p k e t cf h a i Nam - H a i ben t i e n h a n h trao P h a p r u t ve nifdc b a lue iLfong c h i n h t r i 177 - L a v a n b a n p h a p h' quoc te cong n h a n cac quyen dan toe CO b a n cua n h a n d a n V i e t N a m t h a n g l a i t r e n m a t t r a n q u a n sir ciia q u a n d a n ta - Giong - D e u l a k e t qua cua qua t r i n h dau t r a n h va gianh D e u l a t h a n g l o i to lorn n h i f n g chifa t r o n v e n , v i v a n c6n t i e p tuc dau t r a n h cho'ng ke thCi t h u a n I g i de n h a n d a n t a P h a p , m i e n Bac h o a n t o a n q u a n t r o n g , tao r a thcfi ca cua cuoc k h a n g c h i e n chong - D a y l a t h a n g Igi l i c h stf - D a n h dau birdfc t h a n g lai tien len giai phong giai phong nghia Y toan mien Nam n h i f n g chUa chap n h a n viec h e t q u a n d p i ve niidc dong m i n h ciia M i ve nUdc c h i e n t r a n h x a m lifac, r i i t - M l r u t quan M i va quan - Buoc P h a p p h a i c h a m dijft Khac cham d(A chien t r a n h cf V i e t N a m , M i van tiep tuc vien t r g cho nguy tiep tuc chien t r a n h • C a u N e u n h i X n g t h ^ n g Icfi c u a q u a n d a n t a of h a i m i e n N a m - B a c t r o n § v i f c d a n h b a i c h i e n l\idc " V i ^ t N a m h o a c h i e n t r a n h " c i i a M i * Thang Ipi cua quan dan mien Nam: - Thang lai chinh t r i : + Sif r a d d i cua C h i n h p h i i each m a n g l a m t h d i C o n g hoa m i e n N a m V i e t N a m n g a y 6/6/1969 D o l a c h i n h p h u ciia n h a n d a n m i e n N a m + T h i i c h i e n d i chuc cua C h i j t i c h H o C h i M i n h , n h a n d a n a h a i m i e n day m a n h k h a n g c h i e n c h o n g M l cufu mJdc + (5 cac t h a n h p h o I d n n h i i Sai G o n , H u e , D a N a n g , p h o n g t r a o hoc s i n h , s i n h v i e n no r a r a m ro da t h u h u t d o n g dao g i d i t r e t h a m gia P h o n g t r a o tuoi t r e , hoc s i n h , s i n h v i e n c6 v a i t r o q u a n t r o n g , thLfdng la " P h o n g t r a o cham n g o i n o " cho p h o n g t r a o c h u n g ciia t a n g Idp n h a n d a n t h a n h t h i - T h a n g l a i t r e n m a t t r a n p h ^ i hgp: + T r o n g h a i n a m 1970 - , n h a n d a n t a cung v d i n h a n d a n h a i ni/dc C a m p u c h i a v a L a o g i a n h nhCfng t h a n g I g i c6 y n g h I a c h i e n Itrgc t r e n m a t t r a n q u a n svt va c h i n h t r i + T r o n g h a i n g a y 24 va 25/4/1970, H o i n g h i cap cao ba niidc V i e t N a m - L a o - C a m p u c h i a h o p n h a m bieu t h i quyet t a r n ciia n h a n d a n ba niidc D o n g D i f a n g d o a n k e t c h i e n dau c h o n g M i + TCi n g a y 30/4 d e n n g a y 30/6/1970, q u a n d g i V i e t N a m c6 sii p h o i hgp ciia q u a n d a n C a m p u c h i a da dap t a n cuoc h a n h q u a n x a m li/gc C a m p u c h i a va 178 quan dpi Ski Gon, loai khoi vong chien dS'u 17.000 dich, giai phong nhieu vung rong Idn dat dai vdri 4,5 trieu dan + TCf ng^y 12/2 den 23/3/1971, quan doi Viet Nam c6 sif phoi hcfp CUB quSn dan Lao da tap tan cuoc hanh quan mang ten "Lam Scfn - 719" chiem giOr ducfng - Nam Lao cua 4,5 van quan M i va quan dpi Sai Gon, loai khoi vong chien dau 22.000 dich, duoi het quan M i va qukn dpi Sai Gon khoi dudng - Nam Lao, giuT hanh lang chien li/pc each mang Dong Dtfong - Thang Ipi tren mat t r a n cho'ng chinh skch "binh dinh": Tai cac viing nong thon, dong bang, nfng nui, ven t h i , khap ncfi c6 phong trao cua quan chung noi day chong "binh dinh", pha "ap chien lifpc" ciia dich Den dau nam 1971, each mang gianh quyen lam chu them 3600 ap v6i trieu dan - Thang Ipi quyet dinh ve quan s\i: + Biicrc vao nam 1972, quan ta ma cupc tien cong chien ItTpc tif 30/3 danh vao Quang T r i , lay Quang T r i lam hiJdtng tien cong chii yeu, roi phat trien rong khap chien triicrng mien Nam, keo dai nam 1972 + Quan ta tien cong dich vdri ciidng dp manh, quy mo Icrn, tren hau khap cac dia ban chien lifpc quan trpng Chi thcfi gian ngan (den cuoi thang 6/1972), quan ta choc thung ba phong tuyen manh nha't cua dich, la Quang T r i , Tay Nguyen, Dong Nam Bp, loai khoi vong chien dau hon 20 van dich, giai phong nhieu vung daTt dai rong Idn va dong dan + Sau don md dau bat ngd cua quan ta, quan dpi Sai Gon c6 sir yem t r p cua M l da phan cong l a i , gay cho ta nhieu thiet h a i ; M l t r d l a i chien t r a n h pha hoai mien Bac Cupc tien cong chien \iiac nam 1972 da giang don nang ne vao chien liipc "Viet Nam hoa chien t r a n h " , bupc M l phai tuyen bo " M i hok" ird l a i chien tranh xam liJpc (tufc thCfa nhan that bai cua "Viet Nam hoa chien tranh") * Thang lai ciia quan dan mien Bac: - Ngay 6/4/1972, M i cho may bay nem bom ban pha mot so' nai thupc khu IV cu Ngay 16/4/1972, Nichxon tuyen bo chinh thufc gay cupc chien t r a n h khong quan va hai quan pha hoai mien Bac (Ian thiif hai); den 9/5/1972, tuyen bo' phong toa cang H a i Phong cung cac cufa song, luong lach, vung bien mien Bac - Nhcf diigc chuan h i trifdc va vdi t a the luon luon s&n sang chien da'u, mien Bac da c6 th§ chu dong, kip thcfi cho'ng t r a dich tCr trSn dau - Ngay 14/12/1972, gan thang sau k h i tuyen bo ngCftig nem bom b i n pha mien Bac iii v l tuyen 20 t r d ra, de h6 trp cho mifu chinh t r i - ngoai giao m6i, Nichxon phe chuan ke hoach md cupc tap kich khong quan bang may bay B52 vao Ha Npi va Hai Phong bat dau tif chieu toi 18 den het 29/12/1972 - Quan dan t a a mien Bac da danh t r a dich nhOfng don dich dang iU t r a n dau \k da danh bai hoan toan cupc tap kich khong quan cua M i , lam nen t r a n 179 "Dien Bien Phu t r e n khong" Ta da ban rcfi 81 may bay, bat song 43 phi cong M l T i n h chung, ca cuoc chien tranh pha hoai Ian thuT hai (tCr 6/4/1972 den 15/1/1973), mien Bac ban rai 735 may bay M i , ban chim 125 tau chien, loai khoi vong chien dau hang t r a m phi cong M l - "Dien Bien Phii tren khong" la tran thang quyet dinh cija ta, da buoc M i phai tuyen bo ngiftig han cac hoat dong chong pha mien Bac (15/1/1973) va Hiep dinh Pari ve cham dijft chien tranh, lap lai hoa binh a Viet Nam (27/1/1973) a C a u 27 L a p b a n g so s a n h h a i cuqc c h i e n t r a n h p h a hoai ciia M i d mien B^c ve: - Thdi gian danh pha - Quy mo danh pha - A m mUU danh pha - Ket qua chien dau cua quan dan mien Bac I a n thuf n h a t so s a n h C h i e n t r a n h p h a hoai Tieu chi Thofi g i a n Tir 5/8/1964 den 1/11/1968 danh pha Q u y mo danh pha A m mifu C h i e n t r a n h p h a hoai I a n thiir h a i TCf 6/4/1972 den 15/1/1973 Danh pha mot so nai a mien - Ngay 6/4/1972, M i cho may Bac, nhif cufa song Gianh bay nem bom ban pha mot so (Quang Binh), Vinh - Ben ncfi thuoc khu I V cu Den Thuy (Nghe A n ) , Lach 9/5/1972, tuyen bo phong toa Tri/cfng (Thanh Hoa), t h i xa cang H a i Phong ciing cac cufa Hon Gai (Quang Ninh) song, luong lach, viing bien l Ngay 7/2/1965, danh pha t h i mien Bac Ngay 14/12/1972, xa Dong Hdfi, dao Con Co Nichxon phe chuan ke hoach md cuoc tap kich khong quan (Quang Binh) bang may bay B52 vao Ha Noi va Hai Phong j - N h i i cuoc chien hoai Ian thijf nhat - Pha tiem life k i n h te, quo'c phong, pha cong cuoc xay diTng chu nghia xa hoi a mien Bac tranh pha | - CCftj nguy cho chien \\jac "Viet Nam hoa chien tranh".Gianh thang Igi quyet dinh ve quan sif, buoc ta phai chap nhan dam phan d hoi nghi Pari theo nhCfng dieu khoan c6 lai cho M i - Ngan chan nguon chi vien tif ben ngoai vao mien Bac va tii mien Bac vao mien Nam - Uy hiep tinh than, lam lung lay y chi chong M i ciia nhan dan ta cf hai mien dat mfdrc 180 K e t qua chien d a u ciia q u a n dan m i e n BSc Trong nam (tif 5/8/1964 den 1/11/1968), mien Bac ban rcfi va pha huy 3.243 may bay, loai khoi vong chien dau hang nghin phi cong M i , ban chay, ban chim 143 tau chien - Ngay 1/11/1968, M l tuyen bo' ngitog hkn chien t r a n h pha hoai mien Bac - Da ban rcfi 81 may bay (trong 34 may bay B52, may bay F i l l ) , bat song 43 phi cong M l T i n h chung, ca cuoc chien t r a n h pha hoai Ian thuT hai (tii 6/4/1972 den 15/1/1973), mien Bac ban roi 735 may bay M i (trong c6 61 may bay B52, 10 may bay F i l l ) , ban chim 125 tau chien, loai khoi vong chien dau hang t r a m phi cong M i - Buoc M i phai tuyen bo' ngi^ng han cac boat dong chong pha mien Bac va k i Hiep dinh Pari ve cha'm durt chien tranh, lap lai hoa b i n h a Viet Nam • C a u 28 V a i tro h a u pht^ofng ciia m i e n B ^ c difgfc the h i e n nh\i the nao s a u H i e p d i n h P a r i n a m 1973 ve V i ^ t Nam? K e t qua v a y nghia * Vai tro: - Sau Hiep dinh Pari nam 1973 ve Viet Nam, mien Bdc trcr lai hoa binh, tien hanh khac phuc hau qua chien tranh, khoi phuc va phat t r i e n k i n h te - xa hoi, sijfc chi vien cho t i e n tuyen mien Nam - Den cuoi thang 6/1973, mien Bac can ban hoan t h a n h viec thao gor thuy loi, bom m i n M i tha tren bien, t r e n song, bao dam di lai b i n h thiicfng - Mien Bac da c6 nhiJng n6 liJc phi thi/cfng, dap ufng day dii va kip thofi nhu cau to Idn va cap bach cua cuoc tong tien cong chien luac a mien Nam * K e t qua: - Trong hai nam 1973/1974, mien Bac di/a vao chien trifcfng mien Nam, Campuchia, Lao gan 20 van bo doi, hang van nien xung phong, can bo chuyen mon, nhan vien k i thuat - TCr dau mua kho 1973 den nam 1975, mien Bac dU'a vao chien triJorng mien Nam hon 26 van tan vu k h i , dan difgc, quan trang, quan dung, xang dau, thuo'c men, lifcfng thiic, thifc pham * y nghia: - Kip thoti phuc vu cho cuoc Tdng tien cong va noi day giai phong hoan toan mien Nam nam 1975 - Chuan bi moi dieu k i e n thuan Igi cho viec tiep quan vijng giai phong sau k h i chien t r a n h ket thuc - Tiep tuc the hien vai tro ciia hau phiicfng Idn doi vdri tien tuyen lorn 181 • C S u T r i n h b a y s\i x u a t h i e n thofi cof c h i e n IvCdc t r o n g e a c h m a n g mien Nam trvtdng, sau Hi$p dinh Pari nam 1973 D a n g t a d a de chii k e h o a c h g i a i p h o n g m i e n N a m nhvt t h e n a o ? * Thcfi ccf chien lii^c xuat hien: - Sau Hiep d i n h Pari nam 1973, trticJc nhOmg am miAi va hanh dong mdri cua M l v a chinh quyen Sai G6n, each mang mien Nam v i n tiep tuc diifirng each mang bao life, giOr vCfng va phat t r i e n the tien cong dich - Cuoi nam 1974 dau nam 1975, quan ta mcf nhieu cuoc t a n cong dich, tao the ap dao dich, dac biet la chien dich Diicrng 14 - Phuorc Long vao 6/1/1975 Vdri chien thang Phadfc Long l a m cho quan doi Sai Gon cang bat life chien dau va kha nang can thiep bang quan sii cua M i rat han ehe Do la dieu k i e n de quan ta t i e n len gianh thang loi cuo'i cung sii nghiep chong M l cufu nirdrc * Chu trUdng, he hogch giai phong mien Nam: - K h i thcfi C O xuat hien, Bo Chinh t r i Trung UOng Dang quyet dinh giai phong mien Nam hai nam 1975 va 1976 Tuy nhien, Bg Chinh t r i nhan manh "ca nam 1975 la thcfi co" va chi ro "neu thcri co den vao dau hoac cuoi nam 1975 t h i lap tuTc giai phong mien Nam nam 1975" Bo Chinh t r i cung nhah manh sif can t h i e t t r a n h thu thcfi ccf ddnh thang nhanh de d8 thiet hai ve ngLfcfi va cua cho nhan dan, giOT gin tot ccf so k i n h te, cong t r i n h van hoa giam boft s\i t a n pha cua chien t r a n h • C a u 30 N h u ' n g t h ^ n g \di c u a q u a n v a d a n t a t r o n g nhu^ng n a m s a u H i ^ p d i n h P a r i v e V i ? t N a m n a m 1973 d e n d a u n a m 1975 N e u th^ng Igfi Idfn n h a t v a y n g h i a l i c h svL c u a t h ^ n g lofi d o * NhOng thang led: - Viec k i Hiep d i n h Pari ve cha'm durt chien t r a n h Viet Nam, viec quan dpi xam ILTOC M i riit khoi midc ta, da tao nen sU thay doi can ban so sanh liic ItfOng giuTa each mang va phan each mang co Igi cho cuoc dau t r a n h ciia nhan dan d mien Nam - Trong cuoc dau t r a n h chong dich "binh dinh - la'n chiem", chong am mUU " t r a n ngap l a n h t h d " cua chung vao nhCfng thang dau nam sau k i hiep dinh, quan dan t a da dat dtfgc mot so ket qua nhat dinh - Thang 7/1973, Ban Chap hanh Trung i/ong Dang hop Hoi nghi \in thijf 21 Hoi nghi neu ro nhiem vu ccf ban cua each mang mien Nam giai doan hifin t a i la tiep tuc cuoc each mang dan toe dan chu nhan dan Hoi nghi nhan manh bat cuf t i n h h i n h nao cung phai tiep tuc difcfng each mang bao life, phai nam vCifng chien lifge tien cong, kien quyet dau t r a n h t r e n ea ba mat t r a n quan sii, chinh t r i , ngoai giao 182 - Thirc h i e n N g h i quyet H o i n g h i T r u n g Ucfng I a n thtT ciia D a n g , tU cuoi n a m 1973 quan d a n t a a m i e n N a m vUa k i e n quyet d a n h t r a d i c h , bao ve v i i n g giai phong, vifa chu dong mcf nhOfng cuoc t i e n cong d i c h , m d r g n g v u n g g i a i p h o n g - Cuoi n a m 1974 dau n a m 1975, t a mcf d o t b o a t d o n g q u a n s i i D o n g - Xuan vko hifdfng N a m B o , t r o n g t a m la d o n g b a n g song Cufu L o n g v a D o n g N a m Bo Quan t a da g i a n h t h a n g lai v a n g dpi t r o n g c h i e n d i c h D i / d n g 14 - Phifdic L o n g - Sau c h i e n t h a n g cua t a , c h i n h q u y e n Sai G o n p h a n ufng m a n h v a dua quan c h i e m l a i , n h i f n g da t h a t b a i C o n M i c h i p h a n ufng y e u drt, c h u yeu d u n g ap liic tU x a de doa - P h o i hcfp vdri d a u t r a n h q u a n sir, n h a n d a n t a d m i e n N a m day m a n h dau t r a n h c h i n h t r i , n g o a i giao n h k m to' cao h a n h d o n g cua M l v a c h i n h q u y e n Sai Gon v i p h a m H i e p d i n h , p h a h o a i hoa b i n h , hoa hcfp d a n toe, neu cao t i n h c h a t c h i n h n g h i a cuoc c h i e n d a u cua n h a n d a n t a ; d o i l a t c h i n h q u y e n N g u y e n Van T h i ^ u , t h i i c h i e n cac q u y e n tiT do, d a n c h u * Thang Z(rf l&n nhdt: * Y nghia cua chien C h i e n t h a n g P h L f d c L o n g n g a y 6/1/1975 thang Phiidc Long: - V d i c h i e n t h a n g P h L f d c L o n g chufng t o q u a n c h u liTc S a i G o n da d e n liic k h o n g c6n du k h a n a n g c h i e m giCif nhufng v u n g da't q u a n t r o n g t r e n d i e n r o n g - L a m cho t i n h t h d n c h i e n d a u cua q u a n d o i Sai G o n t h e m h o a n g mang, m a t t i n h t h a n c h i e n dau - Chufng t o k h a n a n g m d i cua q u a n d a n t a c6 t h e g i a n h t h a n g I g i I d n t r o n g thcfi g i a n n g a n vdri toe n h a n h - C h i e n t h a n g P h L f d c L o n g l a ccf sd de Bo C h i n h t r i q u y e t d i n h g i a i p h o n g mien N a m t r o n g n a m 1975 • C a u 31 V i s a o t a c h o n T a y N g u y e n l a m d i e m q u y e t c h i e n c h i e n li^ofc cupc T o n g tien cong va noi day X u a n nam torn t^t d i e n b i e n v a y n g h i a c u a c h i e n d i c h T a y * Tai 1975? T r i n h bay Nguyen vi: - T a y N g u y e n c6 v i t r i c h i e n liioc q u a n t r o n g d m i e n N a m , T a y N g u y e n di/gc xem la "noc n h a " cua m i e n N a m A i c h i e m difOc T a y N g u y e n se l a m chu m i e n Nam Vdri v i t r i c h i e n Itfgc q u a n t r o n g nhiX v a y n e n c a t a va d i c h deu m u o n chiem giff - M a c dau T a y N g u y e n l a m o t v i t r i c h i e n l i / g c q u a n t r o n g , n h i f t i g d o d i c h chu quan cho r k n g , t a k h o n g t h e d a n h T a y N g u y e n n e n c h u n g t a p t r u n g ILTC Itfgng d day m o n g v a b o p h o n g c6 n h i e u s o h d * Dien bien chien dich Tay Nguyen: - ThUc h i e n k e h o a c h , t a t a p t r u n g chu ILTC m a n h vdri v u k h i k l t h u a t h i e n dai, mor c h i e n d i c h q u y m o I d n or T a y N g u y e n T r a n t h e n chot mor m a n a B u o n 183 Me Thuot 10/3/1975 da gianh t h ^ n g loi, (Tri/dc d6, 4/3, quan ta ddnh nghi b i n h d Playku va Kon Turn nhSm thu hiit quan dich v^o htfdng do) Ngay 12/3/1975, dich phan cong chiem lai Buon Me Thuot nhilng khong - Sau hai dbn cf Buon Me Thuot (vko cac 10 va 12/3), he thong phbng thu cua dich & Tay Nguyen rung chuyen, quan dich mat tinh than, hang ngu roi loan Ng^y Nguyen quan ta van dan * Y 14/3/1975, Nguyen Van Thieu lenh rut toan bo quan khoi Tay ve gifl vufng duyen hai mien Trung Tren di/cfng riit chay, chiing bi truy kich tieu diet Den 24/3/1975, Tay Nguyen rong 16n v6i 60 hoan toan giai phbng nghia: Chien dich Tay Nguyen thang loi da chuyen cuoc khang chien chdng M i cufu ni/dc sang giai doan mdri: iii tien cong chien liioc d Tay Nguyen phat trien Tong tien cong chien Itfcfc tren toan chien trtrorng mien Nam • C a u 32 T o m tSt d i ^ n b i e n c h i e n d i c h Hue - D a N^ng v a c h i e n dich Ho C h i M i n h l i c h s i i * Chien dich Hue- Da Ndng: Ph^t hien dich co cum d Hue, 21/3, quan ta danh t h i n g vao can cuf dich d Hue, chan cac dxifsng rut chay cua chung, h i n h t h a n h the bao vay chiing Thanh Dung 10 gicf 30 ng^y 25/3, quan ta tien vao co Hue, den hom sau (26/3) t h i giai phong t h a n h va toan t i n h ThiTa Thien O Da Nang, sang 29/3, quan ta tii ba phia Bac, Tay, Nam tien thang vao Thanh pho', den gicr chieu t h i chiem toan bo Da NSng * Chien dich Ho Chi Minh: Sau thang Im Chien dich Tay Nguyen va Chien dich Hue - Da nSng, Bo Chinh t r i Trung Lfcfng Dang ta nhan d i n h "Thdi ccf chien Itrgc da den, ta co dieu kien hoan t h a n h sdrm quyet tam giai phong mien Nam"; tii di den quyet dinh "Phai tap t r u n g nhanh nhat life Itfong, binh k h i k i thuat va vat chat giai phong mien N a m tri/drc mua mi/a (trtforc thang 5/1975)" Chien dich giai phong Sai Gon dvtac Bo Chinh t r i quyet dinh mang ten Chien dich Ho Chi Minh (14/4/1975) Tmdc k h i b i t ddu chien dich giai phong Sai Gbn, quan ta tien cong Xuan Loc va Phan Rang - nhOfng can cuf phbng thu yeu cija dich bao ve Sai Gon tCr phia Dong 17 giif 26/4, quan ta difcfc lenh tong no sung md dau chien dich, canh quan viiot qua tuyen phong thu vong ngoai cua dich tien vao trung tam Sai Gon, danh chiem cac co quan dau nao ciia chiing 10 gib 45 phiit 30/4, xe tang ciia ta tien t h i n g vao D i n h Doc Lap, bat song toan bo C h i n h phu Trung uong Sai Gon, Diiong Van M i n h vCfa len chile 184 Tong t h o n g C h i n h p h u Sai G o n 28/4 da p h a i t u y e n bo dau h a n g k h o n g d i l u k i e n 11 g i d 30 p h u t c u n g ngay, l a ccf each m a n g t u n g bay t r e n noc D i n h Doc L a p bao h i e u siT t o a n t h S n g C h i e n d i c h H o C h i M i n h l i c h sijf • C a u 33 P h a n t i c h n g u y e n nhan th^ng loTi cua cupc khang c h o n g M i cufu nvCdc T r o n g c a c n g u y e n n h a n do, n g u y e n chien nhan nao quyet d i n h nhat, v i sao? * Phdn tich nguyen nhan: - Nhcf CO s J l a n h dao s a n g suo't cua D a n g dufng dau l a C h u t i c h H o C h i M i n h vdfi di/dng lo'i c h i n h t r i , q u a n sir doc l a p , t\i c h i i ; difcfng l o i t i e n h a n h d o n g t h a i each m a n g x a h o i c h u n g h i a or m i e n BSc v a c^ch m a n g d a n toe d a n chii n h a n dan d m i e n N a m d u n g dSn, s a n g tao vdri p h u a n g p h a p dau t r a n h l i n h b o a t , k e t hcfp vdri dau t r a n h q u a n sif - c h i n h t r j - ngoai giao - N h a n d a n t a or h a i m i e n giau l o n g yeu ntforc, doan k e t , n h a t t r i , lao d o n g can cu, c h i e n dau d u n g c a m v i sU n g h i e p g i a i p h o n g m i e n N a m , xay di/ng bao ve m i e n BSc, t h o n g n h a t nqdrc n h a T r o n g cuoc k h a n g c h i e n c h o n g M l cufu ntrac, dtfdi SLf l a n h dao ciia D a n g , t r u y e n t h o n g diicfc p h a t h u y cao do, da tao r a sufc manh v6 d i c h cua euoc c h i e n t r a n h n h a n d a n de d a n h t h S n g ke t h u - Nhcf CO h a u p h q a n g m i e n BSc k h o n g ngifng lorn m a n h , c6 k h a n a n g dap uTng k i p thcfi cAc y e u cau cua cuoc c h i e n dau cf h a i m i e n T r a i qua h a i mifcri nSm vifa c h i e n dau, VLfa xay dUng, m i e n BSc da diiac bao ve vCfng chac va t a n g len khong ngCfng ve t i e m liJc k i n h te', quo'c p h o n g M i e n BSc da t h u c h i e n day du nghia v u h a u phi/cfng lorn, dap ufng cang cao yeu cau c h i v i e n cho m i e n Nam, h o a n t h a n h n h i e m v u quo'c te do'i vdri each m a n g Lao va C a m p u c h i a - N h d sif pho'i h o p c h i e n dau, doan k e t g i i i p dor n h a u t r o n g qua t r i n h dau t r a n h chong ke t h u c h u n g cua ba d a n toe cr D o n g Ducfng da tao n e n sufc m a n h to Idn eho c^ch m a n g D o n g Dtfong v a each m a n g t i f n g niidrc - Nhcf c6 SLf d o n g t i n h , i i n g ho v a g i i i p t o Idrn eiia cac life l i i o n g each mang, hoa b i n h , d a n chii t r e n t h e gidri, n h a t l a L i e n X , T r u n g Qudc v a cac nifdrc X a h o i chu n g h i a k h a e ; p h o n g t r a o eiia n h a n d a n M l v a n h a n d a n t h e gidri phan d d i cuoc c h i e n t r a n h x a m liicfe V i e t N a m ciia de qudc M i * Nguyen nhan quyet dinh nhat: T r o n g nhiJng n g u y e n n h a n t r e n , n g u y e n n h a n ve sU l a n h dao eiia D a n g la nguyen n h a n quyet d i n h n h a t Bdri v i , nhcf c6 s i i l a n h dao d u n g dSn ciia D a n g mdri p h a t h u y di/cfc cac n h a n to nhif: giau l o n g yeu nifdrc, v a i t r o h a u phifong m i e n BSc, sif doan k e t cua n h a n d a n ba nifdrc D o n g Difcrng Tif mdri p h a t huy difcfc sufc m a n h ciia d a n toe vdri sufc m a n h t h d i d a i de c h i e n dau va c h i e n th^ng ke thii 185 • C a u 34 T r i n h bay y n g h i a l i c h svt c u a cuoc k h a n g c h i e n cho'ng MI cuTu nvidc (1954 - 1975) - Cuoc khang chien chong M i cufu niidc thSng Icfi da ket thuc 21 nSm chien dau chong M l va 30 nam chien t r a n h giai phong dan toe, bao ve To quoc; cham durt ach thong t r i cua chu nghia de quoc va che phong kien d nifdrc ta Tren ccf sd do, ho^n t h a n h cuoc each mang dan toe dan chii nhan dan ca nvtdc, thong nhat dat niidc - Thang Icfi cua cuoc khang chien cho'ng M i cijfu ntforc ma k i nguyen mdri cua lich sijf dan toe - K i nguyen dat nifote doc lap, thong nhat di len chij nghia xa hoi - Thang Igi cua nhan dan ta, that bai de quoc M i da tac dgng manh den t i n h h i n h nifdrc M i va the gidi nhat la doi v(Si phong trao giai phong dan toe - Thang Igi " M a i mai dxiac ghi vao lich sijf cua dan toe ta nhtf mot nhflng t r a n g choi l o i nhat, mot bieu tagng sang ngW ve sU toan thang cua chu nghia anh each mang va t r i tue ngLfdi D i vao lich sijf the gidi nhif mot chien cong v l dai cua the k i XX, mot sii kien c6 tam quan quoc te to Idrn va c6 t i n h thdi dai sau sac" • C a u 35 L ^ p b a n g h$ thong nhffng thdng IgTi c6 y nghia c h i e n IvCdc ciia q u a n d a n ta d m i e n N a m t r e n cac mat t r a n q u a n sxi, c h i n h tri, ngoai giao k h a n g c h i e n chong M i , ciifu nvt6c (1954 - 1975) Thcfi gian Tif nam 1954 den nam 1960 TU nam 1961 den nam 1965 Q u a n si^ C h i n h tri Ngoai giao Phong trao dau tranh chinh t r i ciia quan ehiing nhan dan d cac Sai Gon, Hue, Da NSng, noi bat la cuoc dau tranh ciia doi quan toe dai, cua t i n Phat giao Chien thdng B i n h Gia (2/12/1964) danh bai "Chien t r a n h dae biet" cua M i Phong trao dau tranh Thiic hien nhuTng hoa binh nhkm giU dieu khoan ciia gin va bao ve luc Hiep dinh Gicfneva liitfng each mang Dbi nam 1954 ve Dong M i - Diem thi hanh Dqcrng Hiep dinh Gicfnevcf va dbi hiep thucmg tong tuyen cijf Phong trao "Dong k h d i " nam 1959 1960, tieu bieu la cuoc "Dong k h d i " d Ben Tre (17/1/1960) da danh bai chien t r a n h mot phia cua M i 186 Ti/nam 1965 den nam 1968 Cuoc Tdng tien cong va noi day Tet MSu Than nam 1968 d ^ bai "Chien tranh cue bo" cua M i Phong trao dau tranh cua cong nhan, cac tang Idp nhan dan lao dong, hoc sinh, sinh vien, Phat til d6i M i r u t ve nifdrc, doi t u dan chii Ngay 13/5/1968, cuoc thiTcfng liiong chinh thijfc hai ben, giijfa dai dien Chinh phu Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hoa va dai dien Chinh phii Hoa K i d Pari hop phien dau tien Cuoc tien cong chien lirgtc nam 1972 danh bai chien Itfcrc "Viet Nam hoa chigh tranh" cua M i Phong trao dau t r a n h cua cac tang Idfp nhan dan a khap cac t h i lien tiep bCing no Dae biet la or cac Sai Gon, Hue, Da NSng, phong trao hoc sinh, sinh vien no r a m ro, thu hut dong dao gidi t r e tham gia Hiep dinh Pari ve Viet N a m di/oc k i ket va thue hien vao 27/1/1973, buoc M l va cac ni/dc cam k e t ton doc lap chu quyen, thong nhat va toan ven lanh th6 cua Viet Nam M l phai rut quan ve nUdc de cho nhan dan mien Nam Viet Nam tir quyet dinh tiicfng lai chinh t r i cua minh Cuoc Tong tien cong va ndi day Xuan nam 1975 vdri ba chien dich: Tay Nguyen, Hue - Da NSng va chien dich Ho Chi M i n h lich suf, ket thijc thang l o i cuoc khang chien chdng M i cufu niidc Phong trao dau t r a n h to' cao hanh dong cua M i va chinh quyen Sai G6n v i pham Hiep dinh Pari, pha hoai hoa b i n h , hoa hop dan toe Tiep tuc thUc hien cac dieu khoan eiia Hiep dinh Pari nam 1973 ve Viet Nam Ti/nam 1969 den nam 1973 TO nam 1973 den nam 1975 • C a u 36 Trong each mang mien Nam tiC nam 1954 d e n nam 1975 c6 h a i sfi k i $ n dxidc danh gia l a hv(6c phat trien nhay vot cua each mang mien Nam, l a sri k i ^ n nao? Hay t i i n h bay nguyen n h a n c u a h a i s\X k i ^ n * H a i SLf k i e n dUOc ddnh gia l a biidc phat trien n h a y vot cija each m a n g mien Nam la: 187 - Phong trao "Dong k h d i " (1959 - 1960) or mien Nam gop phan quyet dinh viec danh bai chien liicfc chien tranh mot phia ciia M l - Cuoc Tong t i e n cong va ndi day Tet Mau Than nam 1968 gop phan quyet dinh viec danh bai chien Itfdc "Chien t r a n h cue bo" ciia M i * Nguyen nhan: - Phong trao "Dong khori" (1959 - 1960): + Liic lifcfng each mang or mien Nam di/gc giuf gin va phat trien qua thiic t i i n dau t r a n h chinh t r i , hoa b i n h , doi t h i hanh Hiep dinh Gicfnevcf, tien l e n dung bao life, ket hgp dau t r t m h chinh t r i v6i dau tranh vu trang, ehuan bi eho sii biing no phong trao each mang mdfi + Chinh quyen Ngo D i n h Diem tang ci/dng dan ap phong trao dau tranh ciia nhan dan (1957 - 1959), lam cho mau thuSn giCfa nhan dan mien Nam v d i de quo'e M i xam lugc va tay sai phat t r i e n gay gat, doi hoi phai c6 mot bien phap quyet liet de dtfa each mang vtfgt qua kho k h a n , thijf thach + Hoi n g h i Ian thuf 15 Ban Chap hanh Trung ilcfng Dang (1/1959) khang dinh diTcfng each mang bao lUc, xac dinh phi/omg hifcfng ccf ban ciia each mang mien Nam la khori nghia gianh chinh quyen ve tay nhan dan bang dtfdng dau t r a n h chinh t r i la chii yeu, ket hgp vofi dau tranh vij trang, m d dtrcfng cho each mang mien N a m t i e n len - Cuge Tong t i e n cong va noi day Tet Mau Than nam 1968: + Qua hai cugc phan cong chien li/ge mua kho 1965 - 1966 va 1966 1967, quan dan ta lien tiep danh bai cac cuoc hanh quan " t i m diet" va "binh d i n h " ciia M i - nguy, gianh IAJ the tren chien trtfcfng mien Nam + N a m 1968 la nam bau cijf Tong thong M i , noi bo mau thuan gay gat, t a Igi dung ccf hoi de mor eugc Tong tien cong va noi day • C a u 37 C h i e n t h a n g nao c u a q u a n d a n t a of h a i m i e n N a m - B^c buQC M l p h a i c h a p n h a n k i k e t H i $ p d i n h P a r i n a m 1973? N e u torn t^t d i e n b i e n c u a nhu'ng c h i e n t h a n g * Chien thang ciia quan dan mien Nam: - Thang Igi viec danh bai chien lifgc "Viet Nam hoa chien tranh" ciia M l (1969 - 1973) Tieu bieu nhat la cuoc tien eong chien lifgc nam 1972 - Tom tdt dien bien: + Biidc vao nam 1972, quan ta md cuoc tien cong chien li/gc iii 30/3 danh vao Quang T r i , lay Quang T r i lam hiTdrng tien cong chii yeu, roi phat trien rong khdp chien tri/dng mien Nam, keo dai nam 1972 + Quan t a t i e n cong dieh vdri cifdng manh, quy mo lorn, t r e n hau khap cac dia ban chien liige quan Chi thcfi gian ngan (den cuoi thang 6/1972), quan t a choc thung ba phong tuyen manh nhat ciia dieh, la Quang T r i , Tay Nguyen, Dong Nam Bo, loai khoi vong chien dau hcfn 20 van dieh, giai phong nhieu viing dat dai r p n g \6n va dong dan 188 + Sau don mcr dau bat ngcf ciia quan ta, quan dpi Sai Gon c6 sU yem tra cua M i da phan cong l a i , gay cho ta nhieu tbiet h a i ; M l t r d lai cbien tranh pha boai mien BSLC Cuoc tien cong chien luac nSm 1972 da giang don nang ne vao chien lilac "Viet Nam boa chien t r a n h " , buoc M i phai tuyen bo' " M i boa" t r a lai chien tranh xam luac (tijfc thCfa nhan that bai ciia "Viet Nam boa chien tranh") * Chien thdng ciia quan dan mien Bdc: - Thang Ipi viec danb bai cuoc chien tranh pha boai Ian thijf hai cua M i mien BSc (1969 - 1973) Tieu bieu la tran Dien Bien Phii tren khong nam 1972 - Tom tat dien bien: + Ngay 16/4/1972, Nichxon tuyen bo cbinh thufc gay cuoc chien t r a n h khong quan va hai quan pha boai mien Bac Ian thijr hai - Ngay 14/12/1972, Nichxon phe chuan ke hoach mor cuoc tap kich khong quan bang may bay B52 vao Ha Ngi va H a i Phong bat dau tii cbieu to'i 18 den het 29/12/1972 - Quan dan ta a mien Bac da danh tra dich nhCfng don dich dang tii tran dau va da danb bai boan toan cuoc tap kich khong quan ciia M i , lam nen tran "Dien Bien Phii tren khong" Ta da ban rcfi 81 may bay , bat song 43 phi cong M i - "Dien Bien Phii tren khong" la tran thang quyet dinh cua ta, da buoc M i phai tuyen bo ngifng ban cac boat dong cbong pha mien Bac (15/1/1973) va Hiep dinh Pari ve cham dijft chien tranh, lap lai hoa binh a Viet Nam (27/1/1973) V I E T N A M T L / N A M 1975 D E N N A M 2000 T i N H HINH HAI M I E N B A C - NAM S A U NAM I * Thudn lai: - Co cong cuoc xay difng chii nghia xa hoi cf mien BSc dat diTcfc nhOfng ti/u to lofn - Mien Nam da boan toan giai phong, che thiTc dan mdi ciia M i cung bp may chinh quyen Sai Gon d trung iTcfng bi sup * Kho khan: - Cuoc chien t r a n h cua M i gay hau qua nang ne doi vdi mien Bac - O mien Nam nhufng di hai xa hoi cu ton t a i Nhieu lang mac bi tan pha, nhieu rupng dat bi bo hoang Dpi ngu that nghiep len tcfi hang trieu ngi/cri 189 - II O mien KHAC PHgC HAU QUA CHIEN TRANH, KHOI PHUC VA PHAT TRIEN KINH T E - XA HOI HAI MIEN DAT NUClC Bdc, d e n giOfa n a m 1976 mdri cSn b a n h o a n t h a n h n h i e m vu va k h a c phuc h a u qua c h i e n t r a n h , k h o i phuc k i n h te - O mien Nam, c o n g viec t i e p q u a n v u n g m d i g i a i p h o n g tii t h a n h t h i d e n n o n g t h o n , t i f d a t l i e n d e n h a i dao, tCr cSn cuT q u a n sif d e n cac ca sd san xuat, h a n h c h i n h , v a n h o a dircfc t i e n h a n h k h a n trtfOng + O nhOfng v u n g m d i g i a i p h o n g , viec t h a n h l a p c h i n h q u y e n each m a n g v a doan t h e q u a n c h u n g cac cap n h a n h c h o n g thifc h i e n + H a n g t r i e u d o n g bao t a t r o n g t h d i g i a n c h i e n t r a n h b i d o n vao cac "ap c h i e n li/crc" h a y bo chay vao cAc t h k n h pho' k h o n g c6 viec l a m di/crc h o i hi/crng, c h u y e n ve n o n g t h o n san x u a t hoac d i xay difng v u n g k i n h te mdri + C h i n h q u y e n each m a n g t i c h t h u t a i san v a r u o n g dat cua b o n p h a n d o n g tro'n r a niidrc n g o a i , t u y e n bo xoa bo h i n h thurc hoc l o t p h o n g k i e n , t i e n h a n h dieu c h i n h r u o n g d a t t r o n g n o i bo n o n g d a n , quoc hOfu hoa n g a n h a n g , t h a y d o n g t i e n cu b a n g d o n g t i e n mori cua each m a n g HOAN THANH THONG NHAT DAT NUdC V E MAT NHA N a d C (1975 - 1976) III - N g a y 25/4/1976, cuoc T n g t u y e n cijr bau Quoc h o i c h u n g dqgc t i e n h a n h t r o n g ca nifdc - Ttr n g a y 24/6 d e n n g a y 3/7/1976, Quoc h o i nirdrc V i e t N a m t h o n g n h a t , hop k i dau t i e n t a i H a N o i N o i d u n g k i h o p thijf n h a t : + T h o n g qua c h i n h sach doi noi v a doi ngoai cua mi&c V i e t N a m t h o n g nhat + Quyet d i n h t e n ni/6c l a Cong hoa xd hoi chu nghla Viet Nam (tii 2/7/1976), quyet d i n h Quoc huy, Quoc k i l a ccf vang, Quoc ca la Tien ca, T h u l a H a N o i , t h a n h Sai Gon doi t e n l a Thanh + Quoc h o i bau r a cac ca q u a n , hoa xa h o i - Y chii chijTc Ho Chi Minh v u l a n h dao cao n h a t quan cong c i i a niJdrc n g h i a V i e t N a m , bau B a n dif t h a o H i e n p h a p nghia: + H o a n t h a n h t h o n g n h a t d a t ntrdfc ve m a t N h a m a n h toan dien dat nxidc da p h a t huy sufc niidc + Tao nhOng dieu k i e n t h u a n led de ca niidc d i len chu n g h i a xa hoi, nhcmg k h a nSng to 1cm de bao ve To quoc v a m a r o n g quan he v i cac IV ntforc t r e n the gicfi NUdC BUCIC D A U DI L E N C H U N G H T A X A HOI (1976 - 1986) DAT C a c h m a n g V i ^ t N a m c h u y e n s a n g g i a i d o a n mdri - Sau t h S n g I g i cuoc k h a n g c h i e n chong M i cijfu ni/cJc v a hoan t h a n h t h o n g n h a t d a t ntidre ve m a t N h a n\i6c, each m a n g niidc t a c h u y e n s a n g g i a i doan dat nUdc doc lap, thong nhat, di len chu nghla xa hoi 190 - Doc l a p vk t h o n g n h a t 1^ d i e u k i e n t i e n quyet de d a t nUdc t i e n l e n chu nghia x a h o i T i e n l e n chij n g h i a x a h o i se d a m b a o cho doc l a p d a n toe v a t h o n g n h a t cua d a t niidc t h e m b e n vCfng T h i i c h i ^ n k e h o a c h N h a nxiSc n a m 1976 - 1980 - T h a t h i e n k e hoach nSm, n h a n dan t a dat diiOc nhi]fng t h a n h tUU quan t r o n g : + N o n g nghiep, cong nghiep, giao t h o n g v a n t a i ve cor b a n da dtfcfc phuc h o i va bade dau p h a t t r i e n N a n g lac san xuat cua cac n g a n h k i n h t e daoc n a n g l e n + Cong cuoc c a i t a o x a h o i chii n g h i a daoc d a y m a n h v6i toe n h a n h t r o n g cac v i m g mdfi g i a i p h n g or m i e n N a m G i a i cap t a s a n m a i b a n b i x o a bo Dai bo p h a n n o n g d a n m i e n N a m d i vao d a d n g l a m a n t a p t h ^ , t h a m g i a nhufng h i n h thufc t o chac s a n x u a t p h u h o p + X o a bo n h O n g b i e u h i e n v a n h o a p h a n d o n g cua che t h a c d a n , x a y dang n e n v a n hoa mori each m a n g H e t h o n g giao due p h a t t r i e n - Han che: k i n h t e cua t a m a t c a n do'i Idfn, s a n x u a t p h a t t r i e n c h a m , dcfi song n h a n d a n g a p r a t n h i e u k h o k h a n T h i ^ c h i e n k e h o a c h N h a ni^otc n a m 1981 - 1985 - T h a c h i e n k e h o a c h , n h a n d a n t a d a t dage nhOfng t h a n h t o u ve t i e n bo dang ke + Trong san xuat nong nghiep va cong nghiep d a c h a n dage d a g i a m sut cua nhufng n a m 1976 - 1980 + Ve xdy difng ca sd vat chat - kl thuat, hkng n g h i n c o n g t r i n h vCfa v a nho, t r o n g c6 nhOTng ccf s6r q u a n t r o n g ve d i e n , dau k h i , x i m a n g , ccf k h i giao t h o n g , t h u y I g i , det + Cac b o a t d o n g k h o a hoc - k l t h u a t dage t r i e n k h a i , g6p p h a n t h i i e d a y san x u a t p h d t t r i e n - H a n che: nhufng yeu k e m cua n S m trxldc v a n chaa dage k h d c phuc, muc tieu ca b a n l a o n d i n h t i n h h i n h k i n h t e - x a h o i v S n chaa t h a c h i e n dage V DUdNG LOI DOI MCJI DAT NUClC CUA DANG (1986 - 2000) H o a n c a n h l i c h svi mdfi * Trong niidc: - T r o n g t h d i g i a n t h a c h i e n h a i k e ' h o a c h n a m (1976 - 1980) v a ( 1985), each m a n g x a h o i ehij n g h i a d naofc t a d a t dage nhOfng t h a n h tOu d a n g ke, song each m a n g eung g a p k h o n g i t k h o k h a n , d a t naoc l a m v a o t i n h t r a n g khung hoang k i n h te - x a hoi - D e k h a c phuc s a i l a m , k h u y e t d i e m daa d a t naoe v a g t qua k h u n g h o a n g v^ day m a n h each m a n g x a h o i chu n g h i a t i e n l e n D a n g v a N h a nadrc t a p h a i t i e n h a n h doi mdti 191 * The gicfi: N h i J n g t h a y d o i ciia t i n h h i n h t h e gidri va quan he g i a a cac nUdfc tac dong cua each m a n g k h o a hoc - k i t h u a t , t r d t h a n h x u t h e t h e gidri DtfoTng lo'i c<y b a n c u a D a n g DiJcyng l o i d o i mdti cua D a n g di/gc de r a dau t i e n t a i D a i h o i V I (12/1986), dagc dieu c h i n h , bo sung p h a t t r i e n d a i h o i V I I (6/1991), D a i h o i V I I I (6/1996), D a i h o i I X (4/2001) a) Doi m&i kinh te - X o a bo ca che q u a n l i k i n h t e t a p t r u n g quan l i e u bao cap, h i n h t h a n h co che t h i triicfng - X a y diTng n e n k i n h t e h a n g h o a n h i e u t h a n h p h a n t h e o d i n h hifdrng x a h o i chu n g h l a - M d r o n g q u a n he k i n h te d o i ngoai b) Doi m&i chinh tri - X a y d i i n g N h a ntfofc p h a p quySn x a h o i c h u n g h l a , N h a niidc ciia n h a n d a n , d a n v a v i d a n - Xay di/ng n e n d a n chu x a h o i chii nghla, bao d a m quyen liJc thupc ve n h a n dan - T h i i c h i e n q u y e n d a n c h i i x a h o i c h i i n g h i a , d a m bao quyen liic thuoc ve nhan dan - ThiTc h i e n c h i n h sach d a i doan k e t d a n tgc, c h i n h sach d o i n g o a i hoa b i n h , hCfu n g h i , hcrp tac QUA TRINH D A T N l / d C THlTC I HIEN DadNG LOI DOI Mdi (1986-2000) T h i ^ c h i $ n k e h o a c h n a m 1986 - 1990 * Thanh - tifu cua cong Ve luang thUc, thuc CUQC phdm, doi m&i: t\i ch6 t h i e u a n t r i e n m i e n , c h u n g t a da vifcfn l e n d a p ijfng n h u cau t r o n g ni/drc, c6 dir triJ v a x u a t k h a u , gop p h a n quan t r o n g on d i n h dcfi s o n g n h a n d a n v a t h a y d o i c a n c a n x u a t - n h a p k h a u - Hang hod tren thi tricang, n h a t l a h a n g t i e u d i i n g , doi dao, da d a n g va liAi t h o n g tLfOng d o i t h u a n Icfi te doi ngoai p h a t t r i e n m a n h , mcf rpng hem tn/cfc ve quy mo, h i n h thufc ~ Kinh da g o p p h a n q u a n t r o n g v a o viee thifc h i e n cac m u c t i e u k i n h te - x a h o i - D a k i m che difpc m o t biicJe da l a m p h a t - Bi/dc d a u h i n h t h a n h n e n k i n h te h a n g hoa n h i e u t h a n h phan, van hanh t h e o CO che t h i triicJng c6 sif q u a n l i cua N h a niJdc * Nhffng han che: k i n h t e m a t c a n d o i , l a m p h a t v S n a mOfc cao, lao d o n g t h i e u viee l a m , t i n h t r a n g t h a m n h u n g , n h a n h o i 16, m a t d a n chu chLfa difac k h a c phuc 192 * Y nghia: chufng to diicfng 16'i doi m d i ciia D a n g l a d u n g , birdrc d i ciia cong cugc doi m d i ve ccf b a n l a phCi hgtp Thufc h i ^ n ke h o a c h n a m 1991 - 1995 * Thanh tyCu: - T r o n g n a m , n e n k i n h te t a n g t r i f d n g n h a n h , t o n g s a n p h a m t r o n g niidrc tang b i n h q u a n h a n g n a m l a 8,2% - T r e n l i n h vtfc t a i c h i n h , l a m p h a t b i day ICii x u o n g mijfc 12,7% (1995) - X u a t k h a u d a t 18 t i U S D ; quan he m a u d i c h m d r o n g v d i t r e n 100 niidrc v a tiep can n h i e u t h i triicfng mdri - Ve doi n g o a i , m d r o n g q u a n he doi n g o a i , p h a t h e bao v a y ; b i n h thiTcfng hoa quan he n g o a i giao vdri H o a K i v a gia n h a p to chufc A S E A N * Han che: (7/1995) liic l i i g n g san x u a t be, ca so v a t c h a t - k l t h u a t lac h a u Thi^c h i $ n k e h o a c h n a m 1996 - 2000 * Thanh thCu: - T o n g san p h a m t r o n g nifdrc b i n h q u a n t a n g h a n g n a m l a 7%, cong n g h i e p tang b i n h q u a n h a n g n a m l a 13,5%, n o n g n g h i e p l a 5,7% - Ccf cau cac n g a n h k i n h te t i t o g bifdrc c h u y e n d i c h t h e o hiidrng cong n g h i e p hoa, h i e n d a i hoa - H o a t d o n g x u a t n h a p k h a u k h o n g ngiTng t a n g l e n - Cac d o a n h n g h i e p V i e t N a m t i f n g hxidc dijgc mcf r o n g dau t t f r a niJdc n g o a i * Hqin che: - N e u n e n k i n h te p h a t t r i e n chiia vufng chac; n a n g suat lao d o n g h i e u qua va sufc c a n h t r a n h t h a p - M o t so van de v a n hoa - xa h o i gay btfc xuc v a gay gat c h a m di/cfc g i a i quyet - T i n h t r a n g t h a m n h u n g chtfa diigc khSc phuc t r i e t d e T O N G K E T L I C H Stf V I E T N A M TLf N A M 1919 D E N N A M 2000 I C A C T H d l Kl P H A T T R I E N L!CH S L T DAN TQC Thofi k i ta n a m 1919 d e n n a m 1930 - Cuoc k h a i t h a c thugc d i a I a n thdf h a i (1919 - 1929) ciia P h a p d a l a m chuyen b i e n t i n h h i n h k i n h te - x a h o i V i e t N a m - N g u y i n Ai Quoc v a m o t so n h a yeu nifdc k h a c d e n v d i chii n g h i a M a c L e n i n , t r u y e n b a chu n g h i a M a c - - L e n i n v a b a i hoc Cach m a n g t h a n g Mtfcfi N g a ve nifdrc 193 - P h o n g t r a o yeu niidrc cho'ng P h a p ciia bo p h a n lorn t i e u t i / s a n va to chufc, c h u y e n s a n g l a p trtrcfng v6 s a n , c u n g vdri p h o n g t r a o cong n h a n chuyen sang t i i giac, d o i h o i c6 D a n g cua g i a i cap v6 san l a n h dao Thofi k i tii n a m 1930 d e n n a m 1945 - Tac dgng cua cuoc k h i i n g hoang k i n h te t r e n the gidi 1929 - 1933 cung vcfi cuoc " k h u n g bo t r a n g " cua P h a p sau khcfi nghIa Y e n B a i (9/2/1930), da l a m bung bo p h o n g t r a o each m a n g ciia quan c h i i n g ca n\idc t r o n g nhOfng n a m 1930 - 1931 - T r o n g bo'i c a n h l i c h suf nhiJng n a m 1936 - 1939, k h i chii n g h i a p h a t x i t x u a t h i e n , de dpa hoa b i n h t h e gidri v a p h o n g t r a o cho'ng p h a t x i t a P h a p g i a n h t h a n g I g i hiidc dau, d niidc t a day l e n p h o n g t r a o dau t r a n h cong k h a i r p n g Idn - Cuoc C h i e n t r a n h t h e g i d i thuf h a i (1939/1945) da tac d o n g den t o a n the gidri Cuoc c h i e n dau cua n h a n d a n L i e n X6 va cac liic lifcmg d a n chii t h e gidri c h d n g p h a t x i t t h a n g Igri da tao dieu k i e n t h u a n Igi cho each m a n g niJdrc t a va n h i e u niidc t i e n l e n g i a i p h o n g d a n tgc - D a u n a m , N g u y i n A i Quoc ve niJcrc true t i e p l a n h dao each m a n g , t a i H o i n g h i T r u n g Mng (5/1941) - T h a n g Igi cua Cach m a n g t h a n g T a r n 1945 l a k e t qua ciia qua t r i n h chuan b i v a t a p di/gt t r o n g 15 n a m tCr k h i D a n g r a d d i T h o f i k i txi n a m 1945 d e n n a m 1954 - Sau C a c h m a n g t h a n g T a m , d a t ni/drc gap m u o n v a n g k h o k h a n thuf t h a c h , t i n h t h e h e t sufc h i e m n g h e o , k h o n g k h a e nao "Ngan - Cuoc k h a n g c h i e n cho'ng P h a p (1945 - can treo sai toe" 1954) t i e n h a n h t r o n g dieu k i e n HLfdrc t a da g i a n h diigc doc l a p va c h i n h quyen V i vay, vCra k h a n g c h i e n vCia k i e n quoc + Cuoc k h a n g c h i e n ehong thgc d a n P h a p x a m iMc, va tii n a m cho'ng ca sir can t h i e p ciia de quoc M i , t r a i qua h a i g i a i doan Phong d e n trtfdrc c h i e n d i c h B i e n g i i t h u - d o n g 1950) va Tien eong 1950 ngic (til dau (tii c h i e n dich b i e n gidri t h u - d o n g 1950) D i e n B i e n P h i i l a t r a n t h a n g quyet d i n h d i den viec k i k e t H i e p G i o n e v o 1954 ve D o n g D i i o n g + C o n g cuoc k i e n quoc n h k m x a y dUng c h i n h quyen d a n ehii n h a n dan, phuc v u k h a n g c h i e n , phue v u d a n s i n h tao dieu k i e n t i e n l e n chii n g h i a x a hoi sau k h i c h i e n t r a n h k e t t h i i c T h o f i k i tii n a m 1954 d e n n a m 1975 - D a n g de r a n h i e m v u cho each m a n g h a i m i e n , mo'i q u a n he giCifa each m a n g k h a e n h a u v a n h i e m v u c h u n g cho each m a n g h a i m i e n , mo'i quan he giuTa each m a n g h a i m i e n N h i e m v u c h u n g , l a "nhiem Ml ctiu vu khang chien chdng niCac" 194 + O mien + U mien Nam, t i e n h a n h cuoc each m a n g d a n toe d a n chu n h a n d a n Bdc, thiTc h i e n nhiJng n h i e m v u cua each m a n g t r o n g t h d i k i qua d i l e n chu n g h i a x a h o i Thofi k i tijf n a m 1975 d e n n a m 2000 - T r o n g 10 n a m d a u ( - 1986), n h a n d a n d a thiTc h i e n k e h o a c h N h a nifcJc n a m ( - 1980 v a 1981 - 1985) D a i h o i I V ( t h a n g 12/1976) v a D a i hoi V ( t h a n g 3/1982) cija D a n g de r a B e n c a n h n h i e u t h a n h t i i u v a lAi diem t a gap k h o n g i t k h o k h a n , y e u k e m , ca s a i l a m , k h u y e t d i e m K h o k h a n cua t a cang Idtn, s a i l a m c h a m dircfc sufa chOra, di/a d e n k h i i n g h o a n g ve k i n h te - xa hoi, doi h o i phai doi mdi - Dirdng l o i d o i m d i diTcfc de r a i\i D a i h o i V I (1986) n h a m k h a c phuc k h o khan, sijfa chOfa s a i l a m , vi/gt qua k h i i n g hoang - C o n g cuoc d o i m d i da v a d a n g g i a n h diigc t h a n g Icri T h a n g I g i da d e m l a i n h i e u t h a n h tiTu q u a n t r o n g ve cac m a t c h i n h t r i , k i n h te' - x a h o i , v a n hoa giao due v a q u a n he do'i ngoai II N G U Y E N N H A N T H A N G LOl V A B A I H O C K I N H NGHIEM Nguyen n h a n - N h a n d a n t a d o a n k e t m o t l o n g , giau l o n g y e u niidrc l a o d o n g c a n cu s a n g tao, c h i e n dau k i e n CLfcrng v i doc l a p t i f - D a n g C o n g s a n V i e t N a m C h u t i c h H o C h i M i n h s a n g l a p , l a d p i t i e n phong cua g i a i cap cong n h a n , d a i d i e n t i e u bieu cho quyen I g i cua g i a i cap v a dan toe B a i hoc - N a m vufng n g o n ccf doc l a p d a n toe v a chii n g h I a x a h o i , m o t b a i hoc xuyen suo't qua t r i n h each m a n g nxidc t a - Sif n g h i e p each m a n g l a eua n h a n d a n , d o n h a n d a n v a v i n h a n d a n N h a n d a n l a ngiTcfi l a m n e n t h a n g I g i l i e h suf - K h o n g ngCmg c u n g c6', t a n g cifcfng doan k e t : doan k e t t o a n D a n g , doan k e t t o a n d a n , doan k e t d a n toe, doan k e t quo'c t e - K e t h g p sufc m a n h d a n toe v6\c m a n h t h d i d a i , siifc m a n h t r o n g niidrc vdfi sure m a n h quo'c t e - Sif l a n h dao d u n g d d n cua D a n g l a n h a n t o ' h a n g d a u bao d a m t h a n g I g i cua each m a n g V i e t N a m 195 • CAU HOI ON TAP / L I C H Stf V I E T N A M T l / N A M 1975 D E N N A M 2000 C a u T i n h h i n h h a i m i e n B ^ c - N a m s a u d a i t h ^ n g m u a X u a n 1975 nhvl t h e n a o ? H a i m i e n B d c - N a m k h S c p h u c h a u q u a c h i e n t r a n h , k h o i p h u c v a p h a t t r i e n k i n h te - x a h o i niivt t h e n a o ? * Tinh hinh hai mien Bdc - Nam: - Mien Bdc: + Tien hanh each mang xa hoi chu nghia, dat dircrc nhOfng tiAi to Idn va toan dien, da xay di/ng diJgc nhiJng cO so vat chat - k l thuat ban dau ciia chu nghIa xa hoi + Mien BSc khac phuc hau qua nang ne hai cupc chien tranh pha hoai ciia M l de l a i - Mien Nam: - Da hoan toan giai phong, che thiTc dan mcJi ciia M i cung bo may chinh quyen Sai Gon d trung ifong bi sup do, nhifng co so chinh quyen cf dia phuong cung bao di h a i xa hoi van ton t a i - Cuoc chien t r a n h ciia M i gay hau qua nang ne Nhieu lang mac, dong ruong bi tan pha Nufa trieu hecta ruong dat bi bo hoang - V i n ton t a i nhieu phan k i n h te mang t i n h chat ciia nen kinh te nong nghiep lac hau, san xuat nho va phan tan phat trien mat can doi * Hai mien Bdc - Nam khdc phuc: - mien BSc, den giiJa nam 1976 mdi can ban hoan nhiem vu va khac phuc hau qua chien t r a n h , khoi phuc kinh te Mien Bac lam nghla vu cua can ciif dia each mang ca ni/dc va nghia vu quoc te doi vdri Lao, Campuchia giai doan mdi - O mien N a m , cong viec tiep quan vung mdri giai phong iii t h i den nong thon, t\i dat lien den hai dao, tCr can cuf quan sii den cac co so san xuat, hanh chinh, van hoa dtfoc tien hanh khan trtfong + O nhOfng vung mdri giai phong, viec lap chinh quyen each mang va doan the quan chung cac cap nhanh ehong thifc hien + Hang trieu dong bao ta thcfi gian chien t r a n h bi don vao clc "Ap chien i L f g f c " hay bo ehay vao cac khong eo viec lam di/gc hoi htfcfng, chuyen ve nong thon san xuat hoac di xay difng vung k i n h te mdti + Chinh quyen each mang tich thu t a i san va ruong dat ciia bon phan dong tron ni/drc ngoai, tuyen bo xoa bo h i n h thufe boe lot phong kien, tien hanh dieu chinh ruong dat noi bo nong dan, quoc hOfu hoa ngan hang, thay dong t i e n eu bang dong tien m<Ji cua each mang 196 • C a u N e u nhitng quyet d i n h c u a Quoc hoi k h o a V I k i hop thijf nhat ve nvtdc V i $ t N a m thong nhat K e t qua dat difcfc •• Neu nhitng quyet dinh: - TO 24/6 den 3/7/1976, Quoc hoi niidfc Viet Nam thong nhat, hop ki dau tien t a i Ha N o i + Quoc hoi thong qua chinh sach do'i noi va do'i ngoai ciia ni/dc Viet Nam thong nhat + Quyet dinh ten nUdc la Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia Viet Nam (tif 2/7/1976), quyet dinh Quoc huy, Quoc k i la ccf vang, Quoc ca la Tien quan ca, Thu la Ha N o i , Sai Gon doi ten la Thanh Ho Chi M i n h + Quoc hoi bau cac ccf quan, chufc vu lanh dao cao nhat cua nUdc Cong h6a Xa hoi chii nghIa Viet Nam, bau Ban du thao Hien phap * Ket qua dat ditOc: - Cong viec thong nhat dat ni/crc ve mat Nha nxidc da hoan - Tiep tuc hoan thong nhat tren tat ca cac l l n h vUc chinh t r i , t u tifdng, van hoa, xa hoi gdn lien vdri viec thiic hien nhufng nhiem vu ciia each mang xa hoi chu nghia pham v i ca ntfdc • C a u N e u m u c t i e u cd b a n ciia ke h o a c h N h a nvfofc n a m (1976 1980), nhiJng t h a n h txivi dat diiqtc v a nhiJng kho k h a n , y e u k e m - * Muc tieu ca ban: Muc tieu ciia ke hoach Nha niidrc nam (1976 - 1980), la xay diing xa hoi chu nghia, nhkm hai muc tieu ca ban: - Xay difng mot biidc ca sa vat chat - k i thuat ciia chu nghia xa hoi, btfofc dau hinh ca cau k i n h te mofi ca niidc ma bo phan chii yeu la ca cau cong nghiep - nong nghiep - Cai t h i e n mot bucfc dcfi song vat chat va van hoa ciia nhan dan lao dong * T h a n h ti^u dat AvLdc: - Khoi phuc va phat t r i e n k i n h te: Cac ca sa nong nghiep, cong nghiep, giao thong van t a i ve ca ban da difac phuc hoi va budc dau phat t r i e n Nang luc san xuat ciia cac nganh k i n h te diicfc nang len - Cai tao quan he san xuat: Cong cuoc cai tao xa hoi chii nghia dirac day manh vdi toe nhanh cac viing mdfi giai phong d mien Nam Giai cap t i i san mai ban b i xoa bo Dai bq phan nong dan mien Nam di v^o diiofng lam an tap the, tham gia nhijfng h i n h thufc to chufc san xuat phii hgp, nhii to doan ket san xuat, tap doan san xuat, hap tac-xa san xuat - Van hoa, giao due, y te: Nganh giao due mau giao, giao due thong, giao due dai hoc va trung hoc chuyen nghiep phat trien manh, phong trao binh dan hoe vu da thu hiit duae nhieu ngiicfi tham gia Mang Itfdi cac benh vien, phong kham chijfa benh, tram y te, nha ho sinh, ca sa dieu dtfong diiac md rong 197 * NhUng kho khan, yeu kern: - K i n h te cua ta mat can do'i Idn, k i n h te quoc doanh va tap the san xuat luon bi thua 15, khong phat huy dirge tac dung - K i n h te t\J nhan va ca the bi ngan cam, khong the phat t r i e n - San xuat phat t r i e n cham, thu nhap quoc dan, nang suat lao dong thap, dcri song nhan dan gap rat nhieu kho khan • C a u N h i ^ m v u k i n h te - xa hpi c u a ke h o a c h N h a nv^dc n a m (1981 - 1985) v a nhflng t h a n h ti^u dat dxidc * Nhiem vu: Ke hoach nam c6 nhiem vu "phat t r i e n them mot bifdc, sap xep lai ccf cau va day manh cai t a i xa hoi chii nghIa nen k i n h te quoc dan" nhkm cor ban on dinh t i n h h i n h k i n h te - xa hoi, dap ufng yeu cau cap bach thiet yeu nhat cua dcri song nhan dan, giam nhe sir mat can do'i nghiem cua nen k i n h te * Thanh txfu dat diiac: - Trong san xuat nong nghiep va cong nghiep da chan difqc da giam sut cua nhOfng nam 1976 - 1980 - Ve xay di/ng ccf s6r vat chat - k i thuat, nam da hoan hang t r a m cong t r i n h tiicfng do'i lorn, hang nghin cong t r i n h vifa va nho, c6 nhufng ccf sor quan ve dien, dau k h i , x i mang, ccf k h i giao thong, thuy Iqi, Cac hoat dong khoa hoc - k i thuat difqc t r i e n khai, gop phan thuc day san xuat , nhat la san xuat nong nghiep - Trong cai tao quan he san xuat, dai bo phan nong dan mien Nam di vac di/6'ng lam an tap the Cung vori viec ap dung nhufng tifu ve khoa hoc - k l thuat, viec thiic hien rong rai phiiang thufc khoan san pham cuo'i cung den nhom va ngufcfi lao dong - Cham lo dcfi song cua nhan, la nhiem vu thiJcfng xuyen va het sufc kho khan cua Dang va Nha nifcJc ta hoan canh nen k i n h te yeu kem, thien tai don dap, dan so tang nhanh Cac nen k i n h te quoc dan da c6 thu hut them trieu lao dong Sii nghiep van hoa, giao due, y te, the due the thao, van hoc nghe thuat phat t r i e n va c6 nhufng dong gop nhat dinh vao viec xay diJng nen van hoa m d i , ngiTcfi mdri • C a u W d e n D a i hoi I a n thiJ V I ciia D a n g C o n g s a n V i ^ t Nam c h i i trvfcfng doi mdfi dat nifoTc? T h e o a n h (chi) c a n p h a i h i e u doi mdi nhv^ the nao cho diing * Tai vi: - Trong hern mot thap k i thifc hien hai ke hoach Nha ntforc nam (1976 1985), each mang xa hoi chii nghia d nifdfc ta dat difqc nhufng tifu va Uu diem dang ke t r e n l i n h vifc cija dcfi song xa hoi Song each mang cung gap khong i t kho khan, dat nufoc lam vao t i n h trang khung hoang, tri/dfe het la khiing hoang k i n h te - xa hoi Mot nhufng nguyen nhan ccf ban ciia kho khan, yeu kem la mac phai "sai lam nghiem va keo dai ve chii trifcfng, chinh sach lorn, sai lam ve chi dao chien lifqc va to ehufe thifc hien" 198 - De k h a c phuc sai l a m , k h u y e t d i e m diJa da't nLfdc vxigt quan k h u n g h o a n g va day m a n h each m a n g x a h o i chii n g h I a t i e n l e n D a n g va N h a nLfdrc ta phai tien h a n h d o i m d i N h i f vay, d o i m d i l a v a n de cap b a c h , c6 y n g h i a s o n g d o i vdri chQ n g h i a xa h o i d nxidc t a d o n g thcfi l a v a n de p h u hop v d i x u t h e c h u n g ciia t h d i d a i * Can phdi hieu: - D o i mofi d day can p h a i h i e u l a c h i doi m d i ve biidrc d i , cai each l a m cho p h u hcfp hcfn v d i nhuTng quy l u a t k h a c h quan ciia chu n g h i a x a h o i , chijf khong p h a i t h a y d o i muc t i e u t i e n l e n chu n g h i a x a h o i ~ D o i m d i p h a i h i e u r k n g , day l a cong cugc d o i m d i t o a n d i e n , d o i m d i t r e n cac l l n h viic k i n h te, c h i n h t r i , v a n hoa - ttf t i i d n g , n h t f n g t r o n g t a m l a d o i m d i k i n h te D o i m d i k i n h te l a cO so de d o i m d i c h i n h t r i , d o i mdri c h i n h t r i p h a i than t r o n g , l a m t i f n g biidc, vifa l a m vCfa r u t k i n h n g h i e m D o i mdfi c h i n h t r i phai d a m bao sif l a n h dao cua D a n g • C a u N o i d u n g dvfofng lo'i d o i moTi c u a D a n g t a txi D a i h o i I a n thvC V I t h e h i ^ n t r e n h a i l i n h \^ic k i n h te v a c h i n h t r i n h u ! t h e n a o ? * Doi m&i kinh te: - Phat t r i e n k i n h te h a n g hoa nhieu t h a n h p h a n theo d i n h hiidng xa h o i chii n g h i a , n h a m p h a t h u y sufc m a n h cua cac t h a n h p h a n k i n h te m a n h t o n g h g p ciia n e n k i n h te v a tao sijfc nhieu t h a n h phan - C a i tao quan he san x u a t , cai tao cac t h a n h p h a n k i n h te lac h a u k i m h a m sir p h a t t r i e n C a i tao d i d o i vcJi sijf d u n g v a t h i e t l a p quan he s a n x u a t x a h o i chii n g h i a C a i tao p h a i difcfc coi l a n h i e m v u thi/cfng x u y e n , l i e n tuc t r o n g suo't thcfi k i qua - Xoa bo CO che q u a n 11 k i n h te t a p t r u n g , bao cap, h i n h t h a n h cof che t h i tri/cfng CO sir q u a n l i cua N h a nirdc - Thifc h i e n c h i n h sach m d ctfa, mcf r p n g quan he k i n h te d o i n g o a i , m d r o n g sir p h a n cong lao d o n g va hcfp tac k i n h te' quo'c t e , t i c h cifc k h a i thac nguon von, k h a i thac cong n g h e k h a i t h a c t h i tri/cfng * Doi m&i chinh tri: - Xay d y n g l a i N h a nifdtc x a h o i c h i i n g h i a , N h a nxidc cua n h a n d a n , d a n va v i d a n lay l i e n m i n h g i a i cap cong n h a n , n o n g d a n v a t a n g Idfp t r i thijfc l a m n e n t a n g cua N h a nifdc D a n g C o n g san l a n h dao - Xay difng n e n dan chii xa h o i chii nghia, bao d a m quyen liTc thupc ve n h a n dan - ThiTc h i e n q u y e n d a n chu cua n h a n d a n , c h u y e n c h i n h d o i vdfi m o i h a n h dong x a m p h a m I g i i c h To quo'c ciia n h a n d a n - ThiTc h i e n c h i n h sach d a i doan k e t d a n toe, t a p hcfp m o i life li/gng ciia d a n toe, phan dau sii n g h i e p d a n giau, niicfc m a n h , x a h o i cong b k n g , d a n chii, vSn m i n h - Thiic h i e n c h i n h sach doi n g o a i h o a b i n h , hCfu n g h i , h g p tac, " V i e t m u o n la b a n ciia t a t ca cac Nam niXdc" 199 • C a u H a y n e u nhuing t h a n h txiu dat di^gfc bv^dfc d a u ciia t h o T i k i doi mdfi dat nv(6c Nhi?ng ton tai, y e u k e m c u a cong cuoc doi mdfi * Nhitng ti£u: - Ve lifcfng thifc, thiJc p h a m , tCr cho t h i e u a n t r i e n m i e n , c h i i n g t a da vircrn l e n dap ufng n h u cau t r o n g nLfdrc, c6 d i i triif va x u a t k h a u , gop p h a n quan t r o n g 6n d i n h dcfi s o n g n h a n d a n va t h a y doi can can x u a t - n h a p k h a u - H a n g h o a t r e n t h i t r u d n g , n h a t la h a n g t i e u d u n g , doi dao, da d a n g va iuu thong tiiang doi t h u a n lai - K i n h te doi ngoai p h a t t r i e n m a n h , ma r g n g hcfn t n i d c ve quy mo, h i n h thilc da gop p h a n quan t r o n g vao viec thuc h i e n cac muc tieu k i n h te - xa hoi - D a k i m che dLfcfc m o t hxidc da l a m p h a t - Bi/dc dau h i n h t h a n h n e n k i n h te h a n g hoa n h i e u t h a n h phan, van hanh t h e o ccf che t h i triiorng c6 sif q u a n l i cua N h a niidtc - NhCftig t h a n h tUU, lAi diem, t i e n bo dat di/gc chilng to diTcmg loi doi mcfi ciia D a n g la dung, bifcfc d i ciia cong cuoc doi m d i ve ca ban la phii hop Cong cuoc doi mcfi nhU' mot cuoc each mang, c6 t h a n h tiAi, UU diem, nhifng van nhi&u kho k h a n * NhUng ton tai, yeu - kem: D a t nifofc v a n chi/a t h o a t k h o i cuoc k h u n g h o a n g k i n h te - xa h o i - N h i e u v a n de k i n h te - xa h o i nhijfc n h o i chtfa dtfgc g i a i quyet - N e n k i n h te v i n m a t can doi I d n , l a m p h a t v a n cao, ngtfcfi lao d o n g v a n t h i e u viec l a m , h i e u qua k i n h te t h a p - C h i i a CO t i c h l u y tiS n o i bo n e n k i n h te' - Che' t i e n l i j a n g b a t hgp l i , ddi song cua nhGfng nguai chii yeu song b a n g liicfng va t r g cap x a h o i cung n h i i m o t bo p h a n n h a n dan v a n giam siit • C a u Nhitng t h a n h t\i\i v a h a n che thofi k i day m a n h cong nghi^p hoa, h i e n d a i hoa t\i n a m 1996 den 2000 * Nhang tUu dat diicic: - N e n k i n h te vSn giijf difgc n h i p t a n g t r i i a n g k h a , ca cau k i n h te c6 sii c h u y e n d i c h t i c h ciic - C a n can chu yeu t r o n g n e n k i n h te da dtfgc dieu c h i n h t h i c h hgp - K i n h te d o i n g o a i p h a t t r i e n - K h o a hoc v a c o n g n g h e c6 bi/drc chuyen b i e n t i c h cgc Giao due va dao tao CO hxidc p h a t t r i e n mdri ca ve quy mo, chat Itfgng H i n h thufc dao tao va ca sa v a t chat - Cac l i n h vgc v a n h o a - xa h o i c6 hxidc p h a t t r i e n d a n g ke - T i n h h i n h c h i n h t r i - xa h o i ca b a n on d i n h ; quoc p h o n g - a n n i n h diigc t a n g C L f d n g ; q u a n he d o i n g o a i k h o n g ngi/ng di/gc m a r g n g * H a n che: - N e n k i n h te p h a t t r i e n chi/a vCifng chac; n a n g sua't lao d o n g h i e u qua va siifc c a n h t r a n h t h a p - M o t so v a n de ve v a n hoa - xa hoi gay bufc xiic va gay gat cham dugc giai quyet 200 Ph^AN bA Gl(5l THIEU D E THI TUYEN SINH DM TLf NAM 0 D E N HOC 2012 DE THI TUYEN SINH DAI HOC, C A P DANG NAM 2005 Cau I (5,0 diem): Hoan canh lich suf va svl phat t r i e n ciaa cao trao khang Nhat cufu ruidc Y nghia cua cao trao each mang doi vdri Tong khoi nghia thang Tarn 1945? Ho Chi M i n h , Trung liang Dang va Tong bo Viet M i n h da thifc hien nhufng chu trufcfng gi de Viet Nam vdi t i i each la niidc doe lap don tiep quan Dong m i n h va giai giap quan dpi Nhat ? Cau I I (3,0 diem): Nhufng thSng loi lorn cua quan dan mien Nam euoc dau tranh chong chien Itfcrc "Chien t r a n h dac biet" cua M i tii 1961 den 1965? C a u I I I (2,0 diem): Neu nhufng sif kien lich suf tieu bieu the hien t i n h doan ket chien dau giufa hai dan toe Viet Nam va Lao thdi k i cho'ng Phap va chong M i (1945 - 1975) Hl/OfNG D A N L A M B A I • Cau I Hoan c a n h l i c h suf v a s\i phat trien cua cao trao k h a n g Nhat cufu mfofc Y nghia cua cao trao doi vcfi Tong khoTi nghia thang T a m 1945: a Hoan canh lich svt ciia cao trao khang Nhat ctCu niidc - 1\i sau Hoi nghi Trung i/ang Ian thuf (5/1941), Mat tran Viet M i n h phat trien manh, cac doi CulU quoc quan, Viet Nam tuyen truyen giai phong quan dcfi Dau nam 1945, Chien tranh the gidi thuf hai sSp ket thiic, phe phat x i t dufng trirde nguy co that bai gan ke - Dem 9/3/1945 Nhat dao chinh Phap de doc chiem Dong Difong n h k m ranh tay doi vdi quan Dong m i n h Sir kien da thuc day each mang Dong Di/ong thdi k i tien khdi nghia bLfdtc sang t h d i k i mdri - - Tri/dc t i n h h i n h do, Thtfcfng vu Trung ifong Dang hop hoi nghi mor rong, de chu tri/ong mdri (Chi t h i "Nhat - Phap ban va hanh dpng cua chung ta" 12/3/1945) va phat dong cao trao "Khang Nhat cufu nLfdc" Su* phat trien cua cao trao khang Nhat ciJCu niidc - Cao trao khang Nhat cufu nifdfc dien vcfi quy mo Idn va nhieu h i n h thufe dau tranh phong phii, quyet liet, thich ufng vdri thdi k i tien khdi nghia 201 - Phong trao dau t r a n h vu trang va khdi nghia tifng phan Hen tuc dien ra, chinh quyen nhan dan di/dc lap a nhieu dia phiTcfng (can cuf dia Cao Bac - Lang, Ba Tcf) - Hoi nghi quan sif each mang Bac K i (4/1945) quyet dinh thong nhat cAc life Itfc/ng vu trang Viet Nam giai phong quan va phat t r i e n hon nufa life liTcfng vu trang, ban vu trang, xay difng can cuT dia khang Nhat - Thang 6/1945 Khu giai phong Viet B&c dcri, Uy ban lam thcfi khu giai phong thiic hien 10 chinh sach ciia Viet M i n h , Khu giai phong trcr can cuf dia chinh cua ca ntrdrc va la h i n h anh thu nho cua niJdfc Viet Nam mdri - Phong trao pha kho thoc cua Nhat de giai quyet nan d6i da dap iJng difgc yeu cau bufc t h i e t cua quan chiing, thu hut hang trieu ngiidi tham gia, bao triiofc gid hanh dong quyet d i n h sSp tori c Y nghia ciia cao trao khang Nhat citu niidc Qua cao trao khang Nhat cufu nxidc, life lifOng chinh t r i , life \\iOng vu trang dtfoc Cling c6', phat t r i e n viiqt bac; ke thu hoang mang, suy yeu - Cao trao khang Nhat cufu ni/dfc da tap di/qt cho quan chiing dau tranh, sSn sang khcfi nghia gianh chinh quyen k h i thcfi ca den 2, Ho C h i M i n h , T r u n g vfofng D a n g v a T o n g bo V i e t M i n h da thijfc h i $ n nhi^ng c h u tri^ofng gi de V i e t Nam v«5fi t\i e a c h la ni:^ofc doc lap don tiep q u a n Dong m i n h vao giai giap q u a n dpi Nhat? - To chufc Hoi nghi toan quoc Dang cong san Dong Di^ang (13 den 15/8/1945), quyet dinh Tong khdi nghia gianh chinh quyen trtfcfc k h i quan Dong minh vao giai giap quan doi Nhat: to chufc Dai hoi quoc dan (16 den 17/8/1945) thong qua lenh Tong khdi nghia, quyet dinh quoc k i , quoc ca, bau Uy ban dan toe giai phong (tufc Chinh phu lam thcfi sau nay) Ho Chi M i n h lam Chii tich - Chu t i c h Ho Chi M i n h , Dang va Viet M i n h da lanh dao nhan dan gianh chinh quyen th&ng Iqi tren toan quoc chi 15 (14 den 28/8/1945) Cai to Uy ban dan toe giai phong Chinh phii lam thcfi - Chu t i c h Ho Chi M i n h soan thao Tuyen ngon Doc lap va 2/9/1945 thay mat Chinh phu lam thcfi doc Tuyen ngon doc lap, tuyen bd tri/drc quoc dan v a the gidfi ve sir dc;i cua ntfofc Viet Nam dan chii cong hoa • C a u n NhiiCng thdng Icfi lofn cua quan dan mien Nam cupc dau tranh chong chien hide " C h i e n tranh dac bi^t" cua Mi tU 1961 den 1965? - Sau thang Icfi ciia phong trao Dong khcfi, each mang mien Nam chuyen sang the t i e n cong TCr nam 1962, M i t r i e n khai chien \\iac "Chien tranh dac biet" cf mien Nam - Difdfi ngon ccf doan ket cufu nqdfc cua Mat t r a n dan toe giai phong mien Nam Viet Nam Dang lanh dao, Quan giai phong mien Nam cimg vdi nhan dan day manh dau t r a n h chong M l va tay sai, ket hop dau t r a n h chinh t r i vdfi 202 dau tranh vu trang, noi day vdfi tien cong t r e n ca ba vung chien dich bang ca ba mui chinh t r i , quan sir va b i n h van \\iac, tien cong - N a m 1962 quan dan mien Nam danh bai nhieu cuoc hanh quan can quet cua dich vao chien khu D cac can cijf U M i n h , Tay N i n h - Ngay 2/1/1963 quan dan mien Nam gianh thdng Igi vang dpi t r a n Ap Bdc, danh bai cuoc hanh quan can quet quy mo lorn ciia M l - nguy Chien thang Ap Bac chufng m i n h kha nang quan dan mien N a m c6 the danh bai hoan toan "Chien t r a n h dac biet" Ngay sau do, t r e n khap mien N a m day len phong trao " t h i dua Ap Bac, giet giac lap cong" - Cung nam 1963 phong trao dau t r a n h chinh t r i dien manh me, nhat la phong trao Phat Giao cf cac t h i l<Jn n h i i Hue, Da NSng, Sai Gon phan do'i chinh quyen Ngo D i n h Diem, lam rung chuyen che nguy Ngay 1/11/1963 M l giat day lam dao chinh l a t chinh quyen Diem Phong trao tiep tuc dang cao d cac t h i Idn cho'ng chinh quyen Nguyen K h a n h , l a m rol loan them hau phtfong cua dich - Cuoc dau t r a n h cho'ng pha binh dinh dien dai dang, quyet liet Trong nam 1964 va dau nam 1965, ti^ng mang lorn "ap chien iMc" M l - nguy lap nen h i pha vd, nhieu ap chien Itrqc cua dich sau t r d t h a n h lang chien dau cua ta Vung giai phong cang mcf rong, t r d t h a n h hau phi/ang triic tiep va vOng chac ciia each mang - Tii cuoi nam 1964 den giffa nam 1965, Quan giai phong md chien dich tien cong va gianh thang Icfi Idn d B i n h Gia, Ba Gia, A n Lao, Dong Xoai - NhiJng thang Igi Idn cua quan dan mien N a m da lam cho chien \utac "Chien t r a n h dac biet" cua M i dufng triTdc nguy ca pha san hoan toan • C a u I I I N e u nhtfiig s\i k i ^ n l i c h suf t i e u b i e u the h i ^ n t i n h d o a n k e t c h i e n d a u gifia h a i d a n tpc V i e t N a m v a L a o thofi k i chong P h a p v a chong M i (1945 - 1975) a Trong khdng chien chong Phdp (1945 - 1954) - Thang 4/1953, bp dpi Viet Nam pho'i hgp vdi bp dpi Pathet Lao md chien dich Thifgng Lao, giai phong t i n h Sam Ni/a, mot phan t i n h Xieng Klioang va t i n h Phongxah Can cuf khang chien Lao difgc md rong va ndi lien v d i Tay Bac Viet Nam - Thang 12/1953, phoi hgp vdi bp dpi Pathet Lao, bo dpi Viet Nam md chien dich Trung Lao, giai phong t h i xa Tha Khet va toan bp t i n h K h a m Mugn, uy hiep Send - Dau nam 1954, phdi hgp vdi mot so don v i bg dpi Pathet Lao, bp dpi Viet Nam md chien dich Thi/gng Lao, md rong can ctf khang chien cho nifdc ban Lao - Nhufng thang Igi ciia quan dan Viet - Lao giai doan cudi cua cuoc khang chien cho'ng Phap da bugc Phap phai k i Hiep dinh GipnevP (21/7/1954), cong nhan cac quyen dan tgc ca ban cua ba nifdc Dong Difong 203 b Trong khdng chien chong Ml (1954 - 1975) - Sau k h i M i giup bon tay sai lam dao chinh, xoa bo nen trung lap d Campuchia, ba niioic Viet Nam - L^o - Campuchia hop Hoi nghi cap cao (24 25/4/1970) de bieu t h i quyet t a m doan ket chien dau chong M i - Nufa dau nam 1970, quan t i n h nguyen Viet Nam d Lao cCing quan dan Lao dap tan cuoc hanh quan Ian chiem Canh dong Chum, Xieng Khoang, giai phong mot vung rgng lorn d Nam Lao - Thang va thang 3/1971, quan dan Viet Nam phoi hop vdi quan dan Lao dap tan cuoc hanh quan "Lam Son 719" n h k m chiem giOr DiJcJng - Nam Lao cua 4,5 van quan nguy Sai Gon, giijf vCfng hanh lang chien Itfcfc ciia each mang Dong Diiong - Thang Igi cua each mang Viet Nam buoc M i phai k i Hiep dinh Pari (27/1/1973), sau M i phai k i Hiep dinh Vieng Chan vdri Lao (21/2/1973) Chien thSng 30/4/1975 eiia Viet Narii da c6 vu va tao dieu kien cho cuoc khang chien chong M l d Lao gianh thang Igi hoan toan, ni/drc Cong hoa Dan chu Nhan dan Lao dcri (2/12/1975) - Tinh doan ket, phoi hop chien dau giCfa hai dan toe Viet - Lao da tra yeu to thue daiy sii phat trien va thang Igi ciia cuoc khang chien a m6i niicrc DE THI TUYEN SINH DAI HOC, CAO DANG NAM 2006 PHAN CHUNG C H O T A T CA CAC THI SINH C a u I (2 diem): NhCfng thang Igi cua quan Dong M i n h viec tieu diet phat xit Nhat va tac dgng cua nhOng thang Igi doi vdi Viet Nam nam 1945 ? C a u I I (2,5 diem): T r i n h bay nhCifng thuan Igi co ban ciia Viet Nam sau Cach mang thang Tam 1945, nhiem vu eung co chinh quyen dan chii nhan dan dtfgc thiic hien nhtf the nao nam 1946? C a u H I (2,5 diem): Chii tich Ho Chi M i n h vdi viec giai quyet moi quan he Viet Phap bang difcfng hoa binh tii 6/3/1946 den tnidc 19/12/1946 ? PHAN T U CHON: Thi sinh chqn cdu TV.a hoac cdu TV.b C a u rV.a Theo chi/ong t r i n h THPT khong phan ban (3 diem): Hoan canh k i ket, ngi dung va y nghia lich stf cua Hiep dinh Gioneva ve Dong DiJong 21/7/1954? C a u rV.b Theo chifcfng t r i n h THPT phan ban t h i diem (3 diem): Khai quat t i n h h i n h hai mien Bac, Nam Viet Nam tir k h i Hiep dinh Pari diigc k i ket (thang 1/1973) den tri/dc cuoc T6ng tien cong va noi day nam 1975? 204 HI/C(NG D A N L A M BAI • Cau I Nhflng th^ng lofi cua quan Dong minh vi$c tieu di^t phat xit Nhat va tac dOng cua nhuCng th^ng Icifi vofi Vi^t Nam nam 1945 ? - Cuo'i nam 1944 dau nam 1945, quan Dong m i n h phan cong t h a n g I g i : Anh vao M i e n D i e n , M i chiem P h i l i p p i n va nem bom N h a t , cSt duft di/dng bien cua Nhat - T i n h the buoc Nhat dao chinh Phap (9/3/1945) doc chiem Dong Di/cfng, t h i hanh chinh sach cai t r i m<5i; mau thuan giOfa dan toe ta vdfi Nhat trcf nen gay gat Dang Cong san Dong Daong phat dpng cao trao khang Nhat cuTu nufdc - Sau k h i tieu diet phat x i t Dufc, Lien X6 tuyen chien va tieu diet doi quan Quan Dong cua Nhat, M l nem bom nguyen tuf xuQng dat Nhat Nhat tuyen bo dau hang Dong m i n h khong dieu kien (14/8/1945) - Chinh quyen va quan doi Nhat d Dong Ducfng te liet, chinh phu tay sai Tran Trpng K i m cam dau hoang mang cifc Quan Dong m i n h chuan bi vao Dong DiTcfng giai giap Nhat Ta chdfp thcfi ccf quyet dinh Tdng khcfi nghIa gianh chinh quyen ca nirdfc • Cau I I Trinh bay nhiTng thuan Igfi cd ban cua Vi^t Nam sau Cach mang thang Tam Nhif m vu ciing co chinh quyen dan chu nhan dan dxidc thijfc hi$n nhv^ the nao nam 1946? - NhiJng thuan lai ca ban cua niiofc Viet Nam dan chu cpng h6a sau Cach mang thang Tam: + Co chinh quyen each mang ciia nhan dan + Nhan dan lam chu van menh cua m i n h , phan khcfi, t i n tirdng, quyet tam bao ve che mdi + Co sif lanh dao sang sudt, day dan k i n h nghiem cua Dang Cong san Dong Dirotng va lanh tu Ho Chi M i n h + Phong trao each mang tren the gidfi phat t r i e n manh - Nhiem vu ciing co' chinh quyen dan chu nhan dan la nhiem vu cap bach trifdic mat: + Ngay 6/1/1946, Tong tuyen cuf bau Qudc hoi chung ca niidc, hofn 90% cijf di bdu, 333 dai bieu triing cuf + Ngay 2/3/1946, k i hop thuf nha't cua Qudc hoi, t h a n h lap C h i n h phu chinh thufc Hd Chi M i n h dufng dau, lap Ban dii thao H i e n phap + Cac dia phtfong bau cuf Hoi ddng nhan dan, lap U y ban hanh chinh cac cap; bo may chinh quyen dan chu nhan dan bifdc dau difcfc cung co', kien toan + Thang 11/1964, k i hop thiJ hai cua Quo'c hoi thong qua H i e n phap dau tien nifdrc Viet Nam dan chu cong hoa Ik • Xay ditag Toa a n each m a n g va \\ic li/cfng vu t r a n g each m a n g (dan quan tif ve, bo dpi t a p t r u n g , chuyen Ve quoc quan t h a n h Quan dpi quoc gia Viet Nam 5/1946 ), C h i n h p h u r a m o t so s&c l e n h n h k m t r a n ap bon p h a n each mang K e t l u a n : Thifc h i e n n h i e m v u eiing co' c h i n h quyen da n a n g cao uy t i n nxidc V i e t N a m d a n chu cong hoa t r e n triiomg quo'e t e , k h o i day v a p h a t h u y t i n h t h a n l a m c h u , y c h i sSt da cua k h o i doan k e t t o a n d a n , tao co sd p h a p l i vufng chdc cho niidc V i e t N a m d a n chu cong hoa • C a u I I I C h u tich Ho C h i M i n h giai quyet moi quan h$ Vi$t - Phap bang du'cfng hoa b i n h tH 6/3/1946 den tiaToTc 19/12/1946? + Niforc V i e t N a m d a n chu cong hoa r a dcri m o n g m u o n diicfc cong n h a n quyen t\J doc lap P h a p a m miAi chia cat va t h o n t i n h V i e t N a m m o t I a n niJa + P h a p k i h i e p iforc vdri T i f d n g (28/2/1946) d a t V i e t N a m trUdc m o t cuoc c h i e n t r a n h v d i P h a p t r e n quy m o ca niidc C h u t i c h H o C h i M i n h k h a i thac m o i k h a nSng, chij d o n g d a m p h a n de day l u i nguy ca c h i e n t r a n h , t i e p tuc p h a t t r i e n thiTc luc each m a n g m o i m a t l a m co scr cho dau t r a n h ngoai giao + N g a y 6/3/1946, C h u t i c h H o C h i M i n h k i v d i P h a p H i e p d i n h Scf bo Theo do, C h i n h p h i i P h a p cong n h a n V i e t N a m l a m o t quoc g i a tiT c6 c h i n h p h u , n g h i v i e n , q u a n d p i v a t a i c h i n h r i e n g nam phu Viet N a m t r o n g k h o i L i e n h i e p Ph^p; C h i n h t h o a t h u a n cho 15.000 q u a n P h a p vao m i e n Bac t h a y quan Tifdng; h a i b e n n g i f n g b a n , tao k h o n g k h i t h u a n I p i cho viec mcr cupc d a m p h a n c h i n h thufc d P a r i + T i e p tuc h o a h o a n , C h i n h p h u C h u t i c h H o C h i M i n h duTng dau cilr doan d a i bieu t h a m g i a d a m p h a n V i e t - P h a p t a i Phongtenncfblo; P h a p ngoan co n e n d a m p h a n t h a t b a i Q u a n he V i e t - P h a p t r d n e n cang t h a n g , c h i e n t r a n h CO the xay + Tnicfc t i n h h i n h do, C h u t i c h H o C h i M i n h d a n g d t h a m nxidc Phap, dam p h a n va k i vcri d a i d i e n c h i n h p h u Phap T a m licfc 14/9/1946, t i e p tuc n h a n nhiicmg Phap m o t so quyen Ipi k i n h te - v a n hoa, n h k m keo dai thcri gian hoa hoan + Sau k h i k i k e t cac H i e p d i n h v a T a m ifdc n h a n n h i i p n g cho P h a p m o t s6 q u y e n I p i , t h a m c h i chap n h a n t h a m gia k h o i L i e n h i e p P h a p , C h u t i c h H o C h i M i n h c u n g C h i n h p h u t i e p tuc l a n h dao n h a n d a n k i e n t r i dau t r a n h , t i c h ciic c h u a n b i lire Itrpng, de p h o n g t i n h t h e ba't t r a e P h a p gay r a + K i e n t r i g i a i quyet q u a n he V i e t - Phap bang bien phap dam phan, t h i f o n g l i f d n g cua C h u t i c h H o C h i M i n h t h e h i e n t h i e n c h i hoa b i n h ciia C h i n h p h u v a n h a n d a n V i e t N a m ; day n h a n h q u a n Ttfdng ve niTdre va p h a t a n a m mUP P h a p cau k e t v d i Ttfong c h o n g l a i n h a n d a n t a ; keo d a i thofi g i a n hoa b i n h de cung co xay difng liTc l i i p n g c h u a n b i cho cuoc k h a n g c h i e n m a t a b i e t tnfdc l a k h o n g t h e nao t r a n h k h o i 206 • C a u rV H o a n c a n h k i ket, n p i dung v a y n g h i a l i c h suf c u a H i ^ p d i n h GioTnevd ve D o n g DvToTng 21/7/1954? - Hoan canh k i ket Hiep dinh Gicfnevcf: + Lap trLfcfng triidc sau n h u mot cua ta la sSn sang thi/cfng iMng de giai quyet hoa b i n h van de Viet Nam tren ccr sd ton doc lap, chu quyen, thong nhat va toan ven lanh tho + Den cuoi nam 1953 dau nam 1954, that hi nang ne tren chien trLfctog va gap nhieu kho khan, Phap mdi thay doi thai do, chap nhan dam phan vcfi ta + Th^ng 1/1954, Hoi nghi ngoai trifcfng cac ntrdrc Lien X6, A n h , M l , Phap thoa thuan md Hoi nghi t a i Gicfneva (Thuy Si) de giai quyet t i n h h i n h ban dao Trieu Tien, lap l a i hoa b i n h or Dong Difcfng + Ngay 26/4/1954, giCfa liic ta dang chuan bi md tan cong dort Dien Bien Phu, Hoi nghi Gicfneva khai mac Ngay 8/5/1954, Hoi nghi ban ve Dong Di/cfng, phai doan Viet Nam dan chii cong hoa Pho ThCi tiicmg Pham Van Dong d i n dau tham gia hoi nghi Ngay 21/7/1954, Hiep dinh Gicfneva duac k i ket - Noi dung ca ban cua Hiep d i n h Gianeva: + Cac niiofc tham dif hoi nghi cam ket ton cac quyen dan toe ca ban la doc lap, chu quyen, thong nhat va toan ven lanh tho cua nhan dan Viet Nam, Lao, Campuchia, khong can thiep vao cong viec noi bo cija ba nifdrc + Ngitag ban va cham diirt chien t r a n h , lap l a i hoa b i n h CJ Viet Nam lay vl tuyen 17 lam gicri tuyen quan sii t a m thcfi de chuyen quan tap ket Cac nircfc Dong Di/ang khong tham gia bat ciJ lien m i n h quan s\i nao va cac ntfdc ngoai khong difcfc dat can cuf quan sii a Dong Duang + Viet Nam se thiTc hien thong nhat dat ni/drc b^ng cuoc tong tuyen cuf t u ca nifdrc vao thang 7/1956 + Trach nhiem t h i hanh Hiep dinh thuoc ve nhuTng ngtfcfi k i ke't va nhOfng ngi/ofi ke tiep nhiem vu cua ho - Y nghia lich suT ciia Hiep dinh Gianeva: + La van ban phap l i quo'c te ghi nhan cac quyen dan tgc ca ban cua Viet Nam, Lao va Campuchia + Cung vdri chien thang Dien Bien Phu ket thiic cuoc khang chien, cham duft cuoc chien t r a n h xam lirac cua Phap c6 M l giiip sOfc d Dong Dtrang + Mien Bac difcfc hoan toan giai phong, d i len Chu nghia xa hoi, l a m hau thuSn cho each mang mien Nam • C a u V K h a i quat t i n h h i n h h a i m i e n B d c , N a m tH k h i H i # p d i n h P a r i dvidc k i k e t 1973 d e n tri^dfc T o n g t i e n cong v a n o i d a y 1975? - Mien Bac: + Tror l a i hba b i n h , khac phuc h§u qua chien t r a n h (khan trifang thao gd bom, m i n , thuy l o i , khai thong cAc tuyen giao thong chien lLf(?c) 207 + Tap t r u n g khoi phuc va phat t r i e n k i n h te: cuol nSm 1974 san xuat cong, nong nghiep can ban wxiot mijfc so vdi nam 1964 va nam 1971 + Ra sure chi vien sufc ngiTcfi, sure cua cho mien Nam: nam 1973 - 1974 difa vao eac chien triidng 20 van bo doi, hang van nien xung phong, ciing hang van t a n vat chat - Mien Nam: + M l , Nguy pha hoai Hiep dinh Pari (Mi rut quan nhimg van de lai co van va toan bo thiet bi chien tranh, vien t r o cho chinh quyen Thieu, tiep tuc thirc hien Viet N a m hoa chien tranh ) + Quan dan t a dau t r a n h chong dich "binh dinh Ian chiem"; nhiftig khong danh gia het am mUU dich pha hoai Hiep dinh, nen mot so' noi mat dat, mat dan + Ti^ cuoi nam 1973, thiie hien Nghi quyet 21 cua B C H T U Dang, quan dan mien Nam day manh dau t r a n h tren ca mat t r a n quan sU, chinh t r i , ngoai giao gianh thdng loi to Idn (chien dich Duofng 14 - Phifafc Long ) + T i n h h i n h thay ddi mau le, so sanh life Itfcfng cang chuyen bien c6 \ai cho ta Tren ccf sd do, Dang de ke hoach giai phong mien Nam DE THI TUYEN SINH DAI HOC, CAO DANG NAM 2007 PHAN CHUNG CHO TAT CA THI SINH C a u I (2,0 diem): Phong trao yeu niidc cua eac tang Idrp tieu ttf san t r i thilc d Viet Nam nhuTng nam 1919 - 1926 C a u I I , (3,5 diem): Quyen dan toe ecr ban cua Viet Nam dtfcfe ghi nhan nhif the nao Hiep dinh Sa bo (6/3/1946), Hiep dinh Gionevo (21/7/1954) va Hiep d i n h Pari (27/1/1973)? Khai quat qua t r i n h dau t r a n h cua nhan dan ta de tifng biidrc gianh eac quyen dan toe ccf ban sau moi hiep dinh tren C a u H I (2,5 diem): Sau dai thang miia Xuan nam 1975, qua t r i n h thong nhait da't n\i6c v l mat nha niidc d Viet Nam difOc thifc hien nhif the nao? Y nghia cua viec hoan t h a n h thong nhat dat nxidc ve mat nha niidc PHANTXfCHON (Thi sink chi diidc chon lam mot hai cdu: FV.a hoac FV.b) C a u I V , a Theo chufcfng t r i n h T H P T khong phan ban (2,0 diem) S\i sup cua " t r a t tir hai ciie l a n t a " di/cfc the hien n h u the n^o? C a u IV.b Theo chi/0ng t r i n h T H P T phan ban (2,0 diem) T r i n h bay nhCfng thay doi lorn cua the giori tCr sau "Chien t r a n h l a n h " 208 HtfCfNG D A N PHAN C H U N G C H O T A T C A T H I LAM BAI SINH • Cdu I P h o n g t r a o y e u n\i6c c i i a c a c t a n g lofp t i e u tvi s a n t r i thu:c of Vi^t N a m t r o n g n h C n g n a m 1919 - 1926 Cac t a n g Idrp t i e u t\J san t r i thijfc V i e t N a m deu b i thiTc d a n P h a p bac d a i , k h i n h r e ; c6 y thufc d a n toe; c6 d i e u k i e n t i e p xuc cac t r a o liAi t i / ttfcfng v S n hoa tien bo tCf b e n n g o a i ; c6 t i n h t h a n h a n g h a i each m a n g v a l a m o t life Itfong quan t r o n g t r o n g each m a n g g i a i p h o n g d a n toe - Hoat dong tieu bieu: + T h a n h l a p cac to chufc c h i n h t r i : V i e t N a m n g h i a dean, h o i Phue V i e t , hoi H i f t i g N a m , d a n g T h a n h nien , vdri nhCfng h o a t d o n g p h o n g p h u , soi n o i nhif m i t t i n h , b i e u t i n h , b a i khoa + L a p r a cac n h a x u a t b a n : C i i d n g hoc thiT x a (Sai Gon), Q u a n h a i t u n g t h i i (Hue), N a m D o n g t h i f x a ( H a Noi) ; r a bao c h i t i e n bo: C h u o n g r e A n Nam, NgLfW n h a que, A n N a m tre + M o t so p h o n g t r a o da'u t r a n h t i e u b i e u nhif: d o i t h a P h a n B o i Chau (1925), to chufc d a m t a n g P h a n C h u T r i n h (1926) P h o n g t r a o t r e n day m a n g t i n h c h a t d a n chu cong k h a i vdi nhCfng h i n h thufc to ehufe v a h o a t d o n g p h o n g p h u , d i i n r a t a p t r u n g t r o n g nhufng n a m 1925 1926, CO v u m a n h me t i n h t h a n yeu nLfdre - ciia n h a n d a n t a v a gop p h a n c h u a n bi dieu k i e n cho nhOfng p h o n g t r a o dau t r a n h mdri sau • C a u 11 Q u y e n d a n tgc cd b a n nao H i ^ p ciia V i $ t N a m d i n h Srf bp (6/3/1946), H i ^ p dvidc ghi n h a n nhif the d i n h Gitfnevd (21/7/1954) v a H i $ p d i n h P a r i (27/1/1973)? K h a i q u a t q u a trinh dau tranh n h a n d a n ta de ttfng bifdtc g i a n h c a c q u y e n d a n toe cof b a n sau cua moi hi^p d i n h t r e n Doc l a p , chij q u y e n , t h o n g n h a t v a t o a n v e n l a n h t h o l a q u y e n d a n toe ca ban ciia m o i quoc g i a d a n toe T r o n g T u y e n n g o n Doe l a p (2/9/1945), H o Chi M i n h k h a n g V i e t N a m da t r d t h a n h m o t quoc g i a tiT do, doc l a p v a t o a n t h e dan toe V i e t N a m quyet d e m ta't ca t i n h t h a n v a life Itfcfng, t i n h m a n g v a cua cai de giiJ v i l n g q u y e n t i f do, doc l a p ay - Tri/drc nhCfng k h o k h a n ciia V i e t N a m sau Cach m a n g t h a n g T a r n , n h a t l a am miJu t h o n t i n h ciia t h i i c d a n P h a p ; de day n h a n h q u a n d o i T r u n g H o a quoc dan D a n g ve ntfde, n g a n c h a n m o t cuoc c h i e n t r a n h qua sdrm v a t r a n h t h i i thcri gian chuan b i life li/ang eho m o t cuoc k h a n g c h i e n l a u d a i , C h u t i c h H o Chi M i n h k i vdri d a i d i e n C h i n h p h u P h a p H i e p d i n h Scf bo (6/3/1946) T h e o do, C h i n h p h u P h a p cong n h a n nufdre V i e t N a m l a m o t quoc g i a t i f do, c6 c h i n h p h u , nghi vien, quan doi va t a i c h i n h rieng, n a m t r o n g k h o i L i e n hiep Phap 209 N h i r vay, H i e p d i n h c h i cong n h a n t i n h t h o n g n h a t (la m o t quoc gia), n h t f n g chiia cong n h a n n e n doc l a p V i e t N a m b i r a n g buoc vao niJdc Phap - H i e p d i n h t r e n k h o n g difcfc t h q c d a n P h a p t o n t r o n g H o l a p r a c h i n h phu N a m k i tuf t r i , a m mtfu t a c h N a m K i k h o i V i e t N a m (pha yd sir t h o n g n h a t niTOc V i e t N a m m a ho da cong n h a n ) M a t k h a c , ho t i e p tuc b a m giuf l a p trucfng thqc d a n , n u o i h i v o n g g i a n h t h S n g l o i b a n g q u a n sif, xoa bo n e n doc lap m a n h a n d a n t a mori g i a n h diiqc - N h a n dan V i e t N a m phai t i e n h a n h k h a n g chien toan dan, toan dien, trtfcrng k i va t U liTc c a n h s i n h , g i a n h t h S n g l o i t r o n g c a c c h i e n d i c h V i e t Bac 1947, B i e n gidri 1950 , k e t t h i i c bSng cuoc t i e n cong c h i e n li/Oc D o n g - X u a n 1953 - 1954 m a d i n h cao l a c h i e n d i c h D i e n B i e n P h u , diia d e n viec k i k e t H i e p d i n h GionevO 1954 ve D o n g DiiOng - Vdri H i e p d i n h Gicfnevo (21/7/1954), t h y c d a n P h a p buoc p h a i cong n h a n c a c q u y e n d a n toe ccf b a n cua ba niidc V i e t N a m , Lao va C a m p u c h i a l a doc lap, chu q u y e n , t h o n g n h a t v a t o a n v e n l a n h t h o - N e u n h i i t r o n g H i e p d i n h Gicfnevo, nifdc V i e t N a m k h o n g dtfcfc t h o n g n h a t b a n g m o t cuoc t o n g t u y e n cuT, m a b i c h i a cat t h a n h h a i m i e n M i e n Bac hoan t o a n g i a i p h o n g va hiidc vao ihdi k i qua l e n chu n g h i a xa h o i N h i t o g d m i e n N a m , M l t h a y t h e P h a p , a m mifu c h i a cat l a u d a i d a t nifdc t a - N h a n d a n V i e t N a m p h a i t i e n h a n h m o t cuoc c h i e n t r p a h each m a n g , tii p h o n g t r a o " D o n g k h a i " , t i e n l e n l a m t h a t b a i cac c h i e n li/qc " C h i e n t r a n h dac b i e t " , " C h i e n t r a n h cue bo", " V i e t N a m h o a " c h i e n t r a n h a m i e n N a m va chien t r a n h p h a h o a i a m i e n Bac, buoc M i p h a i k i H i e p d i n h P a r i ve c h a m dijft chien t r a n h , l a p l a i h o a b i n h cf V i e t N a m - H i e p d i n h P a r i (27/1/1973) g h i ro: H o a k i va cac nxidc cam k e t t o n t r o n g doc l a p , chu q u y e n t h o n g n h a t va t o a n v e n l a n h t h o ciia V i e t N a m ; Hoa k i r u t het quan viSn c h i n h r a k h o i mien N a m Viet Nam D a y l a t h a n g I q i c6 y n g h i a c h i e n Itfcfc cua q u a n va d a n t a T a da " d a n h cho M l cut", " d a n h cho N g u y n h a o " , g i a i p h o n g m i e n N a m - Mac du cam k e t t o n t r o n g cac quyen dan toe ccf b a n cija V i e t N a m va n j t quan v i l n c h i n h ve nifdc, n h u t i g M i chiia iii bo c h i n h sach thiic dan racfi a m i e n N a m , cung c h i n h quyen Sai Gon p h a hoai H i e p D i n h P a r i , tiep tuc chia cat dat niJcfc ta - NTian d a n V i e t N a m p h a i da'u t r a n h chong d i c h p h a h o a i H i e p d i n h P a r i , tao t h e , tao life, md cuoc T o n g t i e n cong va n o i day m i i a X u a n 1975 m a d i n h cao l a c h i e n d i c h H o C h i M i n h , g i a i p h o n g h o a n t o a n m i e n N a m , h o a n t h a n h SLf n g h i e p t h o n g n h a t To quoc Qua 30 n a m c h i e n t r a n h c h o n g chu n g h i a thifc d a n cu va mdri (1945 - 1975), g i a n h t h a n g I q i t i f n g bifdre t i e n l e n g i a n h t h a n g Igi h o a n t o a n , n h a n dan t a da g i a n h difge doc l a p , chu q u y e n , t h o n g n h a t v a t o a n v e n l a n h t h o Quyen d a n toe CO b a n cua V i e t N a m difgc thifc h i e n t r o n v e n 210 • C a u I I I S a u d a i thgng m u a X u a n n a m 1975, q u a t r i n h thong n h a t dat nvfdfc ve mat n h a nu'drc of V i ^ t N a m d\idc ihxic h i ^ n nhvC the nao? Y nghia c u a v i ^ c h o a n t h a n h thong n h a t dat nvCdc ve mat n h a nvCdc Y6i cuoc Tong tien cong va noi day mua Xuan 1975, cuoc khang chien cho'ng Mi cufu niidrc ke't thuc thSng Igi To qudc Viet Nam thong nhat ve mat lanh tho, tao dieu kien cho viec thong nhat dat n L f d c ve mat nha ntrdtc Ban chap hanh trung Lfcfng Danh hop Hoi nghi (24/8/1975) de chii trifang hoan t h ^ n h thong nhat dat nirdrc ve mat nha n L f d c - TCf 15 den 21/11/1975, dai bieu hai mien Bac - Nam hop Hoi nghi hiep thi/ang t a i Sai Gon da hoan nhat t r i vcJi chii tri/ang cua Dang, hoan thong nhat dat nirdfc ve mat nha n L f d c - Ngay 25/4/1976, cuoc tong tuyen cijf bau Quo'c hoi chung diiac to chufc ca ni/drc (Quo'c hoi khoa V I ) - Cuoi thang 6, dau thang 7/1976, k i hop thur nhat cua Quoc hoi khoa V I quyet dinh ten midc la Cong hoa Xa hoi Chu nghla Viet Nam , bau cac co quan lanh dao va chufc vi lanh dao cao nhat cua dat niicfc, vcfi thang Igi cua k i hop thijf nhat cua Quoc hoi khoa V I , qua t r i n h thong nhat dat niJdc da hoan Y nghla: Dap ufng nguyen vong tha thiet ciia nhan dan ca niicfc, phu hop vdi quy luat khach quan cua stf phat trien each mang Viet Nam, cua lich siif dan toe Viet Nam: "Ntidc Viet Nam la mot, dan toe Viet Nam la mot"; tao dieu kien tiep tuc hoan t h a n h thong nhat dat nirdfe tren cac mat eon l a i (chinh t r i , k i n h te, van hoa, xa hoi ); tao dieu kien phat huy sufc manh toan dien dat niidc de tien hanh each mang xa hoi chu nghla, tang eiicfng kha nang quo'c phong, an ninh va mor rong quan he vdi cac nLfde tren the gicfi P H A N T\S C H O N • C a u r V a T h e o chii^ofng t r i n h T H P T k h o n g p h a n b a n : S\i s u p c u a " t r a t ti^ h a i ci^c l a n t a " diio'c the h i ^ n nhi:^ the nao? Sau nhOfng bien dong Icfn d Lien X6 va cac mJdc Dong Au nhijfng nam 1988 - 1991, " t r a t tif hai ciic lanta" da bi pha va Sif sup cua t r a t t\i the hien t r a n cac mat: - Klio'i Dong Au, pham v i anh hifdng ehij ye'u cua Lien X6 tan v5, keo theo SLf giai the ciia lien m i n l i chinh t r i - quan s i f (kho'i Hiep ifdrc Vaexava) va lien minh k i n h te ( Hoi dong ttfong t r g k i n h te) - M l va Lien X6 deu suy giam v i t r i k i n h te va chinh t r i , the hai ctfc ciia sieu CLfdng M l va Lien X6 bi pha va Lien X6 tan v9 iis goc mot Nha n\i6c So vdi tCfng niidrc t h i M i v i n dufng ddu the gidi ca ve k i n h te va quan sii, nhiing so vdri Tay Au va Nhan Ban t h i ve nhieu mat M i b i sut kem hoac dufng hang t h i i hai - Ca Lien X6 va M i deu khong du sufc "bao cap" n h i i trifdrc, phai riit dan sii "c6 mat" nhieu khu viic quan tren the gidfi 211 - Dijfc v a N h a n B a n vi/on l e n m a n h me, va d a n g d o i h o i t r d t h a n h " h a i cifc nuTa", l a m o i lo ciia cac circrng quoc M i , L i e n X6, A n h , Phap • C a u I V b T h e o chv^oTng t r i n h T H P T p h a n b a n : T r i n h b a y nhCTng t h a y d o i lofn c i i a t h e g i d i tijf s a u " C h i e n t r a n h l a n h " - C h i i n g h i a x a h o i b i t a n r a of D o n g A u va L i e n X , k h o i V a c x a v a va k h o i S E V t i i g i a i t h e , t r a t tii t h e gidri h a i C L T C da sup do, n h i f t i g t r a t t i f t h e g i d i m d i l a i d a n g t r o n g qua t r i n h h i n h t h a n h - S i i t a n r a cua L i e n X6 tao cho M i m o t Icfi t h e t a r n thcri G i d i cam quyen M i r a siJc t h i e t Ifip t r a t t i f t h e g i d i m o t cifc de M i l a m ba chu t h e g i d i - H o a b i n h t h e g i d i diiOc cung co, n h i m g cf n h i e u k h u vtic t i n h h i n h l a i k h o n g o n d i n h v d i nhCfng cuoc n o i c h i e n , x u n g dot q u a n sif d i m m a u keo dai - Bi/ofc sang t h e k i X X I , v d i s i i t i e n t r i e n ciia xu t h e hoa b i n h , hop tac va phat t r i e n , cac d a n tpc h i v o n g ve m o t tiicfng l a i t o t dep cua loai ngUdi, nhtfng sxi k i e n ng^y 11/9/2001 d M i m d dau m o t thori I d b i e n dong lorn, dat cac quoc gia dan tpc dijfng tnfcfc t h a c h thufc ciia chu n g h I a k h i i n g bo' No gay r a nhOfng tac dong lofn, phufc t a p doi vcfi t i n h h i n h c h i n h t r i t h e g i d i va cac quan he quoc te - V d i x u t h e p h a t t r i e n ciia t h e g i d i tii cuo'i t h e k i X X , dau t h e k i X X I , n a y cac quoc g i a d a n tpc d a n g duTng trtfdc n h a n g t h d i co p h a t t r i e n t h u a n I p i , d o n g t h d i p h a i d o i m a t v d i n h i J n g t h a c h thufc v6 c u n g gay gSt B E THI TUYEN SINH DAI HOC, C A P DANG NAM 2008 PHAN CHUNG CHO TAT CA THI SINH C a u I (2,5 d i e m ) : T r i n h bay tac d o n g ciia h a i sir k i e n l i c h suf sau day doi v d i c^ch m a n g V i e t N a m t h d i k i 1939 - 1945: - C h i e n t r a n h t h e g i d i thufc h a i b i j n g no (9/1939); - P h a t x i t N h a t dau h a n g D o n g m i n h (8/1945) C a u I I (2,5 d i e m ) : T a i D a n g va C h i n h p h i i p h a t d o n g t o a n quoc k h a n g c h i e n cho'ng thifc d a n P h a p vao 19/12/1946? Neu ngdn gpn diidng loi k h a n g c h i e n D a n g t a de r a t r o n g nhufng n a m 1946 - 1947 C a u I I I (3,0 d i e m ) : Cuoi n S m 1974 - m u a X u a n 1975, sau m o i t h i n g Ipi I d n t r e n c h i e n t r i f d n g , D a n g t a da c6 nhiJng chii trtfcfng, quyet d i n h nao de sdm g i a i phong hoan toan m i l n Nam? PHAN RIENG Thi sink chi dUcfc lam cau: IV.a hoac IV.b C a u rV.a T h e o chi/ong t r i n h k h o n g p h a n b a n (2,0 d i e m ) S u r a dcfi v a b o a t d o n g ciia H o i V i e t N a m each m a n g t h a n h n i e n C a u rV.b T h e o chi/ang t r i n h p h a n b a n (2,0 d i e m ) Stf r a d d i v a h o a t d o n g cua V i e t N a m quoc d a n d a n g 212 HiJCfNG D A N L A M B A I • C a u I T r i n h bay tac dpng ciia h a i sijf k i ^ n l i c h suf s a u day do'i vdi each m a n g V i ^ t N a m thcfi k i 1939 - 1945: - Chien tranh - Phdt xit Nhat the gicfi thiiCc hai bung dau hang Bong no (9 - minh 1939); (8/1945) N g a y 1/9/1939, Dufc t i e n cong B a L a n C h i e n t r a n h t h e gidri thuT h a i b u n g no H a i n g ^ y sau, A n h , P h a p t u y e n c h i e n v d i Dure B o n P h d p or D o n g Diicfng p h a t x i t hoa bo m a y n h a nLfdrc, t a n g ci/cfng vcf v e t hoc lot n h a n d a n v a d a n ap p h o n g t r a o each m a n g , day n h a n d a n t a vao c a n h ngot n g a t ve c h i n h tri, b a n cung ve k i n h te N h i e m v u g i a i p h o n g d a n toe t r nen cap bach H o i n g h i l a n thufc B a n chap h a n h T r u n g ifong D a n g (11/1939) quyet d i n h dat n h i e m v u giai p h o n g d a n toe l e n h a n g dau; t h a n h l a p M a t t r a n d a n toe thong n h a t p h a n de D o n g Dirang ; d a n h dau sir mcr dau cho c h u trifcfng c h u y e n hifdng dau t r a n h cua D a n g , dua n h a n d a n t a bLfdc vao cuoc v a n d o n g g i a i p h o n g dan toe B i t h a t b a i don dap t r e n m a t t r a n chau A - T h a i B i n h Di/cfng, n h a t l a k h i dao q u a n Q u a n D o n g duftig trtide n g u y eo b i H o n g q u a n L i e n X6 t i e u d i e t v a b i M l n e m h a i qua b o m n g u y e n tijf, N h a t B a n d D o n g Di/cfng b i te l i e t , c h i n h p h u T r a n T r o n g K i m h o a n g m a n g eiic T h & i cq cho t o n g k h d i n g h i a g i a n h c h i n h quyen da den H o i n g h i t o a n quoc ciia D a n g quyet d i n h p h a t d o n g t o a n d a n khori n g h i a , gianh c h i n h quyen trufdre k h i quan D o n g m i n h vao D o n g DiiOng D a i h o i quoc dan hop t a i T a n T r a o t a n t h a n h ehu t r i i o n g t o n g k h a i n g h i a ciia D a n g ; t h o n g qua 10 c h i n h sach cua V i e t M i n h , t h a n h lap U y b a n d a n toe g i a i p h o n g V i e t N a m Dtfdfi s i i l a n h dao ciia D a n g v a H o C h i M i n h , n h a n d a n t a n o i day t o n g k h d i nghia g i a n h c h i n h q u y e n t r o n g ca nxidc • C a u I I T a i D a n g va C h i n h p h u phat dong toan quoc k h a n g c h i e n chong thufc dan P h a p vao 19/12/1946? Neu ng^n gon di^ofng loi khang c h i e n Dang ta de r a nhuCng nam 1946 - 1947 C h i n h p h u t a k i e n t r i g i a i quyet m o i q u a n he V i e t - P h a p b a n g eon diTcrng hoa b i n h , thilcfng li/Ong, t h e h i e n qua viec k i k e t va n g h i e m c h i n h thifc h i e n Hiep d i n h So bo (6/3 /1946) v ^ T a r n ifdc (14/9/1946) V d i a m miAi x a m c h i e m l a u d ^ i d a t ntfdc t a , sau k h i t & n g q u a n d e n Dirang, P h a p c h i e m H a i P h o n g , gay x u n g dot d H a Noi N g a y Dong 18/12/1946, chung gcri to'i h a u t h t f d o i t a p h a i g i a i t a n liie lifcmg tu ve c h i e n dau v a giao quyen k i e m soat thu cho chung N e u yeu cau k h o n g dagc chap n h a n thi Phap se tan cong t a vao s a n g n g a y 20/12/1946 213 T i n h h i n h k h a n cap bupc Dang va Chinh phu ta phai c6 nhCfng quyet dinh kip thdi trifdc van nifdc lam nguy Ngay 18 va 19/12/1946, Hoi nghi Ban thiicrng vu Trung l i d n g Dang quyet d i n h phat dong toan quo'c khang chien Ngay dem 19/12/1946, Chu tich Ho Chi M i n h thay mat Trung \iang Dang va Chinh phu Lcri keu goi toan quo'c khang chien Diicfng lo'i khang chien the hien Lai keu goi toan quoc khang chien cua Chu tich Ho Chi M i n h (12/1946), Chi t h i Toan dan khang chien cua cua Ban thiidng vu Trung i/dng Dang (12/1946) va tac pham Khang chien nhdt dinh thdng lai ciia dong chi Tri/dng Chinh (1947) DiTcfng loi khang chien: Toan dan, toan dien, trUcfng k i va i\i liic canh sinh • C a u I I I C u o i n a m 1974 - m u a X u a n 1975, s a u m i thSng Icfi lofn t r e n c h i e n triioTng, D a n g ta d a c6 nhifng chii trtfcyng, quyet d i n h nao de soTm g i a i p h o n g h o a n toan m i e n Nam? Cuoi nam 1974 - dau nam 1975, ta md ddt hoat dong quan sif Dong Xuan vao hifdng Nam Bo; quan ta da gianh thSng lai vang doi chien dich Di/6fng 14 - Phi/dc Long Quan doi Sai gon phan cong, nhiing that bai M i phan LJfng yeu dt T i n h h i n h k h i n g dinh ro them nhan dinh ciia Dang ve SLT Idn manh va kha nang thftng Idn ciia ta Bo chinh t r i de ke hoach giai phong mien Nam nam 1975 va 1976; neu t h d i ca den vao dau hoac cuoi nam 1975 t h i lap idc giai phong mien Nam nam 1975; quyet d i n h md chien dich Tay Nguyen Chien thang Buom M a Thupt da l a m he thong phong thu cua dich d Tay Nguyen rung chuyen, quan dich mat t i n h than, hang ngu rol loan, d i n den sai lam ve chien liidc N g u y i n Van Thieu lenh rut khoi Tay Nguyen Nhan thay thdi ca chien lifac den nhanh, het sufc thuan l a i , k h i chien dich Tay Nguyen tiep di§n Bo Chinh t r i c6 quyet dinh kip thdi ve ke hoach giai phong hoan toan mien Nam, triidc mat la md chien dich giai phong Hue - Da NSng Sau k h i chien dich Tay Nguyen ket thuc, cung vdi thang lai chien dich Hue - Da NSng, ta da tieu diet va lam t a n mot life lifdng quan cua dich, lam cho chung tiep tuc hoang mang rdi loan, md thdi cd cho each mang mien Nam Bo Chinh t r i nhan dinh thdi ca chien li/ac da den, ta c6 dieu kien hoan sdm quyet t a m giai phdng mien Nam, phai tap t r u n g nhanh nhat Idc Iddng b i n h k h i k i thuat va vat chat, giai phong mien Nam trifdc mua mda 1975 (trddc thang 5/1975) Bo Chinh t r i quyet dinh md chien dich giai phong Sai Gon NhCfng chu trddng va quyet d i n h cuoi nam 1974 - mua Xuan nam 1975 da the hien sd chi dao k i p t h d i , l i n h hoat cua Dang viec giai phong hoan toan mien Nam, ket thiic cuoc khang chien cho'ng M l cufu nddc 214 • Cau IV.a: S i i r a doli v a hoat dong cua Hpi Viet Nam each mang nien, Cuo'i nam 1924, N g u y i n A i Quoc ve Quang Chau, tiep xuc vdri Tair tarn xa ; thang 6/1925, sang lap Hoi Viet Nam each mang nien, chuan b i dieu kien cho sif dcfi cua mot dang Cong san d Viet Nam Nguyin A i Quoc mcf cac l(Jp huan luyen chinh t r i t a i Quang Chau, tU nam 1925 den nam 1927 da dao tao diioc 75 ngucfi So iLfgng hoi vien tang nhanh, nhat la ttf k h i c6 phong trao "v6 san hoa" (1928) Hoi c6 ccf scr ca niidc Ra bao Thanh nien va xuat ban tac pham Duang Kdch menh de phuc vu cong tac huan luyen, tuyen truyen Tac pham Duang Kdch menh vach nhCfng van de ccf ban ve dtfcfng 16'i each mang giai phong dan toe Viet Nam Viec truyen ba chu nghia Mac - Lenin difOc day manh qua phong trao "v6 san hoa" Den nam 1929, dap ijfng yeu cau cua phong trao cong nhan va phong trao yeu nifcrc, chi bo cong san dau tien diTcfc lap t a i Ha Noi (3/1929) Sau Dai hoi Ian thuf nhat (5/1929), Hoi phan hoa hai to chufc: Dong DiJcfng cong san dang (6/1929) va A n Nam cong san dang (8/1929) • C a u rV.b: Si^ r a doTi v a hoat dong ciia V i e t N a m quoc d a n dang Ngay 25/12/1927, Viet Nam quoc dan dang duoc t h a n h lap tren ca sd Nam dong t h u xa; theo khuynh hiTdng each mang dan chu ta san L a n h tu ciia Dang la Nguyen Thai Hoc liic mcJi lap Dang chiia eo muc dich, ton chi ro ret, ma chi neu chung chung la: "triiorc lam dan toe each mang, sau lam the gidri each mang" ChifOng t r i n h hanh dong neu nguyen tac ciia Dang la : "TiJ - B i n h dang Bac ai" ChiiOng t r i n h hoat dong cua Dang chia thcfi k i Thori k i cuo'i la bat hop tac vdri giac, "danh duoi giac Phap, xoa bo ngoi vua, thiet lap dan quyen"; tien hanh "each mang bang sat va mau" To chufc am sat ten t r u m mo phu Badanh d Ha Noi (2/1929) Thiic dan Phap khung bo' da man, Viet Nam quoc dan dang bi ton that nang ne Cac lanh tu ciia dang bi truy lijng, noi bo chia re Trong t i n h the b i dong, Viet Nam quo'e dan dang quye't dinh doc toan bo liic liiang tien hanh euge khdi nghIa Yen Bai (2/1930) vdri tuf tiiong "Khong cong cung nhan!" B i thi/c dan Phap dan ap, cuoe khcfi nghia that bai, ket thuc vai tro lich sijf cua Viet Nam quo'e dan dang DE THI TUYEN SINH DAI HOC, C A P BANG NAM 2009 P H A N C H U N G C H O T A T C A T H I S I N H ( diem) C a u I (2 diem): Tom tat qua t r i n h t i m dtJcfng cufu niidc cua Nguyen A i Quoc tiT nam 1911 den nam 1920 Nguyen A i Quoc da k h i n g dinh sir nghiep giai phong dan toe Viet Nam phai theo diicrng nao? 215 Cau I I (3 diem): Trinh bay va nhan xet chu trtfang tap hop liTc Itfcrng each mang dirac de tai Hoi nghi lap Dang Cong san Viet Nam (1/1930), Hoi nghi Ian thuT nhat Ban Chap hanh Trung ifcfng lam thcfi Dang Cong san Viet Nam (10/1930) va Hoi nghi Ian thuT tam Ban Chap hanh Trung Ucfng Dang Cong san Dong Di/cfng (5/1941) Cau I I I (2 diem): Trong thc^i k i 1954 - 1975, phong tr^o dau tranh nko danh dau biidfc phat trien cua each mang a mien Nam Viet Nam tiT the giOr gin life Itfcfng sang the tien cong? Trinh bay nguyen nhan dan den sif bung no phong trao d6 PHAN R I E N G Cau IV.a Theo chiTong trinh Chuan (3 diem): Hay phan tich cac giai doan cua each mang Lao tU nam 1946 den nSm 1975 va tom tat dien bien ciia tCfng giai doan Cau rV.b Theo chi/crng trinh Nang cao (3 diem): Neu npi dung, tiJu va ban che cua chien ItfOc kinh te hi/dmg noi va chien \\iac kinh te hiidng ngoai cua nhom ni/dc sang lap ASEAN HUCING D A N L A M BAI PHAN CHUNG CHO T A T CA T H I SINH • Cau I Tom tat qua trinh tim dviiing cufu nifdfc cua Nguyen Ai Quo'c ta nam 1911 den nam 1920 Nguyin Ai Quoc da khang dinh sijf nghi^p giai phong dan tpc Viet Nam phai theo dvCdng nao? - TCr nam 1911, Nguyen Ai Qudc di tim dtfcfng cufu niiorc, hiTdng tori phiTcfng Tay, den nLfdc Phap; roi qua nhieu nLfdrc, nhieu chau luc khac Nguyen Ai Qudc da nhan tha'y d dau bon de quoc, thiic dan cung tan bao, doc ac, d dau nhufng ngUcri lao dong cung bi ap bufc, boc lot da man - Cudi nam 1917, Nguyin Ai Qudc tii Anh tror lai Phdp, boat dong Hoi nhufng ngLfcfi Viet Nam yeu nifdc d Pari; viet bao, truyen dcfn, tham gia cac budi mit tinh, gia nhap Dang Xa hoi Phap (1919) - Thang 6/1919, Ngi/cfi gufi den Hoi nghi Vecxai Ban yeu sdch cua nhan dan An Nam, doi thiTa nhan cac quyen tif do, dan chu, quyen binh d^ng va quyen dan toe txi quyet ciia dan toe Viet Nam - Giufa nam 1920, Ngiidi doe Sa thdo Idn thii nhat nhilng luan cUang ve vdn de dan tgc va vdn de thugc dia cxia V.L Lenin, khang dinh dudng gianh doc lap, tif cua nhan dan Viet Nam - Thang 12/1920, tai Dai hoi Ian thuf XVIH cua Dang Xa hoi Phap (Dai hoi Tua), Nguyin A i Qud^c bo phieu tdn gia nhap Qudc te Cong san va tham gia lap Dang Cong san Phap 216 - Nguyen A i Qudc k h i n g d i n h , m u o n cufU nUdc va g i a i p h o n g d a n toe p h a i theo di/cfng each m a n g v6 san Cau II, T r i n h bay m a n g dvidc v a n h a n x e t c h u trifcfng t a p hoTp li^c Ixidng de r a t a i H p i n g h i t h a n h lap D a n g C p n g each san Viet Nam (1/1930), H p i n g h i I a n thvt n h a t B a n C h a p h a n h T r u n g v^ofng l a m thofi D a n g C p n g s a n V i ^ t N a m (10/1930) v a H p i n g h i I a n thuf t a m B a n h a n h T r u n g v(dng D a n g C g n g s a n D o n g Dvtdng Chap (5/1941) a H o i n g h i t h a n h l a p D a n g C o n g san V i e t N a m t h o n g qua Cifcfng linh chinh t r i dau t i e n - Xac d i n h lire Itfcfng each m a n g l a eong n h a n , n o n g d a n , t i e u tii san, t r i thurc; p h u n o n g , t r u n g t i e u d i a ehu t h i I g i d u n g hoae t r u n g l a p - N h a n xet: + H o i n g h i d a tha'y ro t h a i c h i n h t r i v a k h a n S n g c^ch m a n g cua m o i giai cap t r o n g x a h o i V i e t N a m thuoc d i a , xac d i n h d u n g v a i t r o , v i t r i cua t i f n g giai cap, t a n g Idp + P h a t h u y sufc m a n h d a n toe, p h a n hoa v a c6 l a p ke t h i j de thife h i e n n h i e m v u g i a i p h o n g d a n toe b H o i n g h i \An thuf n h a t B a n C h a p h a n h T r u n g liang l a m thdi Dang Cong san D o n g Difcfng vdri b a n L u a n cUcfng c h i n h t r i t h a n g 10/1930 - Xac d i n h d o n g life cua each m a n g l a g i a i cap cong n h a n va n o n g d a n - N h a n xet: + D a xac d i n h dtfOe d o n g life each m a n g , n h i t o g k h o n g d d n h g i a d u n g k h a nang each m a n g eiia t a n g Idp t i e u ttf s a n , k h a n S n g cho'ng de quo'c v a phong k i e n d miifc n h a t d i n h ciia t\i san d a n toe, k h a n a n g l o i keo m o t bo p h a n t r u n g , t i e u d i a ehu t h a m g i a m a t t r a n tho'ng n h a t cho'ng de quo'c v a t a y sai + D a y l a d i e m k h a c vdri Ctfcrng l i n h dau t i e n eua D a n g v a c u n g l a h a n che' cua L u a n cUcfng c h i n h t r i t h a n g 10/1930 c H o i n g h i Ian thtf t a m B a n Chap h a n h T r u n g tfcfng D a n g Cong san D o n g Difcfng (5/1941) - C h u trifcfng t h a n h l a p M a t t r a n V i e t N a m dSc l a p d o n g m i n h , d o i t e n H o i p h a n de t h a n h H o i Cufu quo'c, n h k m t a p h o p r o n g r a i m o i t a n g Idrp, g i a i cap va ca n h a n yeu ni/drc - N h a n x6t: + C h u tri/cfng t r e n da h u y d o n g d e n mufc cao n h a t life Itfctog t o a n dSn toe thiTc h i e n n h i e m v u s6' m o t l a g i a i p h o n g d a n t6c, g i a n h doc l a p , t U + K h d c phue h a n ehe eua L u a n cifcfng c h i n h t r i v a k h i n g d i n h chii trvTcfng dung d a n t r o n g Cucfng l i n h c h i n h t r i dau t i e n cua D a n g , gop p h a n triTc t i e p dtfa e a c h m a n g t h a n g T a m d e n t h a n h cong 217 • C a u I I I T r o n g thcfi k i - 1975, p h o n g t r a o d a u t r a n h n a o d a n h d a u bufo'c p h a t r i e n c u a e a c h m a n g of m i e n N a m V i ^ t N a m tu* t h e g i u " g i n lijfc li:^cfng s a n g t h e t i e n c o n g ? T r i n h b a y n g u y e n n h a n d a n d e n sxi b u n g n o p h o n g t r a o d o a P h o n g t r a o " D o n g k h d i " (1959 - 1960) d a n h d a u bLfdc p h a t t r i e n each m a n g m i e n N a m tiT t h e giuf g i n life l i f g n g s a n g t h e t i e n cong b Nhffng nguyen - nhan dan tcfi phong trao Life liicrng each m a n g a m i e n N a m di/gc g i a g i n v a p h a t t r i e n qua t h i i c t i e n dau t r a n h c h i n h t r i , hoa b i n h , doi t h i h a n h Hiep d i n h Gionevd, t i e n len d u n g bao liTc, k e t h o p d a u t r a n h c h i n h t r i vdri dau t r a n h v u t r a n g , chuan h i cho sir b u n g no p h o n g t r a o each m a n g m d i - C h i n h q u y e n N g o D i n h D i e m t a n g cifcrng d a n ap p h o n g t r a o dau t r a n h cua n h a n d a n (1957 - 1959), l a m cho m a u t h u a n giiifa n h a n d a n m i e n N a m v d i de quo'c M i x a m lifoc v a t a y s a i p h a t t r i e n gay g a t , d o i h o i p h a i c6 m o t b i e n p h a p quyet l i e t de Alia each m a n g vifOt qua k h o k h a n , thuf t h a c h - H o i n g h i I a n thuf 15 B a n C h a p h a n h T r u n g ifong D a n g (1/1959) k h S n g d i n h di/cfng each m a n g bao liic, xae d i n h phiTong hifdrng eo b a n cua each m a n g m i e n N a m l a k h d i n g h i a g i a n h c h i n h quyen ve t a y n h a n d a n b a n g di/cfng d a u t r a n h c h i n h t r i l a c h u y e u , k e t h o p vori d a u t r a n h v u t r a n g , m d ductng cho each m a n g m i e n N a m t i e n l e n PHAN • RIENG C a uIV.a Theo chxidng trinh Chuan: H a y p h a n tich c a c giai doan c u a e a c h m a n g L a o tijf n a m d e n n a m v a t o m t a t d i e n b i e n c u a ttfng g i a i d o a n a Giai doan 1946 - 1954: Khdng chien chong thi/c dan Phap - T h a n g 3/1946, thiTc d a n P h a p trcr l a i x a m lu'ge L a o N h a n d a n L a o m o t I a n nufa p h a i c a m s i i n g k h a n g c h i e n bao ve n e n doc l a p - DiTdi sir l a n h dao cua D a n g Cong san D o n g Difong va sir giiip dor cua quan t i n h nguyen V i e t N a m , cuoc k h a n g chien chong Phap ciia Lao eang phat t r i e n - Sau c h i e n t h a n g D i e n B i e n P h u , t h i / c d a n P h a p k i k e t H i e p d i n h G i o n e v o (7/1954), c o n g n h a n doc l a p chu quyen v a t o a n v e n l a n h t h o ciia L a o b Giai doan 1954 - 1975: Khdng chien chong de quoc Mi - Sau H i e p d i n h G i o n e v o , M i t i e n h a n h cuoc c h i e n t r a n h x a m li/gc L a o Ducfi s i i l a n h dao cua d a n g N h a n d a n L a o , cuoc d a u t r a n h c h o n g M i difoe t i e n h a n h t r e n ca b a m a t t r a n : q u a n sir, c h i n h t r i , n goa i giao - Q u a n d a n L a o I a n l i f o t d a n h b a i cac k e h o a c h c h i e n t r a n h cua M l D e n nhijfng n S m 70, viang g i a i p h o n g difOc m d r o n g vdri 4/5 l a n h t h o - T h a n g 2/1973, cac p h a i d L a o da t h o a t h u a n k i H i e p d i n h V i e n g C h a n , l a p l a i h o a b i n h , t h i i c h i e n h o a h o p d a n toe d L a o 218 - Tii t h a n g d e n t h a n g 12/1975, dtfcfc sijt c6 v u cua t h a n g \ai X u a n 1975 d Viet N a m , q u a n d a n Lao n d i day g i a n h c h i n h quyen t r o n g ca n\Jdc - N g a y 2/12/1975, ntrdrc C o n g hoa D a n chu N h a n d a n Lao c h i n h thijfc dugc lap • C a u rV.b T h e o chu'ofng t r i n h N a n g c a o : N e u n p i d u n g , t h a n h ti^u v a h a n c h e c u a c h i e n IvCdc k i n h te ht^dng n p i v a c h i e n IvCdc k i n h htfofng n g o a i c i i a n h o m midc a Chien - liicic hiictng te sang lap A S E A N noi N o i d u n g : D a y m a n h p h a t t r i e n cac n g a n h cong n g h i e p s a n x u a t h a n g tieu d u n g n o i d i a t h a y t h e h a n g n h a p k h a u , l a y t h i tri/cfng t r o n g nUdfc l a m ch6 difa de p h a t t r i e n san x u a t - T h a n h tifu: dap ijfng diiqc n h u cau ca b a n ciia n h a n d a n t r o n g nifofc, p h a t t r i e n m o t so" n g a n h che b i e n , che tao, gop p h a n g i a i quyet n a n t h a t n g h i e p - H a n che: t h i e u von, nguyen lieu v a cong nghe , dcfi song ngiicfi lao dong kho k h a n , chiia g i a i quyet ducfc moi quan he giCfa t a n g t n i d n g v a cong b k n g xa h o i Chien - litofc kinh te hiicfng ngoai N o i d u n g : " m d cijfa" n e n k i n h t e , t h u h u t v o n , k i t h u a t ni/orc n g o a i , t a p t r u n g san x u a t h a n g hoa de x u a t k h a u , p h a t t r i e n n g o a i t h i i o n g - T h a n h tifU: t i t r o n g cong n g h i e p t r o n g n e n k i n h te' quo'c d a n da I d n h o n nong n g h i e p , m a u d i c h do'i n g o a i t a n g t r i i d n g n h a n h - H a n che: p h u thuoc vao v o n v a t h i t r i i d n g b e n n g o a i qua I d n , dau t i i b a t hop l i DE THI TUYEN SINH DAI HOC NAM 2010 P H A N C H U N G C H O T A T C A T H I S I N H (7,0 d i e m ) C a u I (3,0 d i e m ) : T r i n h bay n o i d u n g ca b a n c h i e n Iticfc t o a n cau cua M i tii sau C h i e n t r a n h t h e g i d i thijf h a i den n a m 1973 v a viec t r i e n k h a i c h i e n liiqc d T a y A u t r o n g nhufng n a m 1947 - 1949 C a u I I (2,0 d i e m ) : N e u v a n h a n xet ve n h i e m v u v a liic ItfOng C a c h m a n g diigc xdc d i n h t r o n g Ciicfng l l n h c h i n h t r i dau t i e n cua D a n g C o n g s a n V i e t N a m C a u I I I (2,0 d i e m ) : B S n g nhiJng s i i k i e n l i c h siif cd c h o n Ipc t i i n a m 1941 d e n n a m 1945, h a y l a m s a n g t o v a i t r o cua N g u y e n A i Quo'c H o C h i M i n h do'i v d i t h a n g I g i cua Cach m a n g t h a n g T a m 1945 P H A N R I E N G (3,0 d i e m ) T h i s i n h c h i diigc l a m m o t t r o n g h a i cau (cau V I a hoac V L b ) C a u I V a Theo Chiicfng t r i n h C h u a n (3,0 d i e m ) : Chie'n d i c h chu d o n g t i e n cong Idn dau t i e n cua bo d o i chij liic t a t r o n g cuoc k h a n g c h i e n c h d n g t h i i c d a n P h a p (1945 - 1954) l a c h i e n d i c h nao? T o m t a t h o a n c a n h l i c h sijf, chu t r i i o n g cua t a va y n g h l a ciia c h i e n d i c h 219 C a u rv.b Theo Chi/ang t r i n h Nang cao (3,0 diem): Cuoc tien cong chien li/dc nao cua quan va dan ta cf mien Nam da buoc M l phai tuyen bo " M l hoa" trcr lai chien tranh xam li/gc Viet Nam? Tom tat hoan canh lich suf, di§n bien va ket qua cua cuoc tien cong HtfCfNG D A N L A M B A I PHAN CHUNG • C a u I : NOi d u n g coT b a n c h i e n IvCdc toan c a u c u a M i 1945 - 1973: - Tii sau Chien t r a n h the gidi thuf hai, vdi tiem life ve k i n h te v ^ quan sii to Idn, M i da t r i e n k h a i chien lifdc toan cau vdfi tham vong ba chii the gidfi Noi dung CO ban: + Ngan chan, day l u i va tien t d i x6a bo hoan toan chu nghia xa hoi tren the gidi + Dan ap phong trao giai phong dan toe, phong trao cong nhan va cong san quoc te, phong trao cho'ng chien t r a n h , v i hoa binh, dan chii tren the gidri + Khong che, chi phoi cac niidc tut ban dong m i n h ciaa M i Viec t r i e n k h a i chien liioc toan cau d Tay Au 1947 - 1949: - Ngay 12/3/1947, tdng thong M l Truman doc thong diep trtidc quoc hoi M i , khang dinh: sii ton t a i cua Lien X6 la nguy cd Idn dol vdi nifdc M i va de nghi vien t r d khan cap 400 trieu USD cho hai ntfofc H i Lap va Tho N h i K i - Dau thang 6/1947, M i de "ke' hoach Macsan" vdi khoan vien tro 17 t i USD de giijp cac ni/dc Tay Au phuc hoi nen k i n h te h i tan pha sau chien tranh Va thong qua ke hoach M i n h k m tap hop cac niidc Tay Au vao lien m i n h quan sif chong Lien X6 va cac niidc Dong A u - Ngay 4/4/1949, M i lap khoi quan sir - To chufc Hiep lidc Bac Dai Tay Dtfdng (NATO) Day la lien m i n h quan sii Idn nhat cua cac niidc tif ban phi/cfng Tay M i cam dau nhkm chong Lien X6 va cac niidc xa hoi chu nghia Dong Au • C a u I I N e u v a n h a n xet ve n h i ^ m v u v a li^c IvCdng C a c h m a n g dv^dc xac d i n h Ctftfng l i n h c h i n h t r i d a u t i e n ciia D a n g Cpng s a n Vi$t Nam N h i e m vu each mang dticfc xac dinh CLfong l i n h chinh t r i dau tien cua Dang Cong san Viet N a m : danh de quoc Phap, bon phong kien va phan each mang, l a m cho Viet N a m Aiiac doc lap t i i do; lap chinh phu cong - nong b i n h ; to chufc quan dpi cong - nong, tich thu het san nghiep Idn cua de quoc; tich t h u ruong dat cua de quoc va bon phan each mang chia cho dan cay ngheo, tien hanh cai each ruong dat - Nhan xet: Day 1^ nhiem vu dung dan va sang tao, sdm ket hdp van de dan toe va giai cap Doc lap va tii la ttf ttfdng chu yeu 220 Life lifong each mang dxiac xae dinh Cifcfng l l n h chinh t r i dau tien cua Dang Cong san Viet Nam: cong nhan, nong dan, tieu ttf s a n , t r i thufc Doi v<Si phii nong, trung tieu dia chu va t i i ban t h i \ai dung hoae t r u n g lap, dong thcfi phai lien lac v6i cac dan toe bi ^p bufc va v6 san the gidri - Nhan xet: The hien dtfoe van de doan ket dan toe rong rai de danh duoi ke thu, rat phu hop vdi hoan eanh mot nifdc thuoc dia nhtf Viet Nam Nhudn nhuyin ve quan diem giai cap, tham di/gm t i n h dan toe va nhan vSn • C a u I I I B ^ n g nhiyng si^ k i ^ n l i c h suf c6 c h o n loc tvC n a m 1941 den nam 1945, hay l a m s a n g to v a i tro c u a N g u y e n A i Q u o c - H o C h i M i n h doi vofi thang lofi c i i a C a c h m a n g t h a n g T a m 1945 Sau 30 nSm bon ba d hai ngoai, den 28/1/1941, Nguyen A i Quo'e ve ni/6c trifc tiep lanh dao each mang Sau do, Ngtfcji to chuTc va chu t r i H o i nghi Ian thijf Ban Chap hanh Trung tfcfng Dang t a i Pac Bo (Cao Bang) tii 10 den 19/5/1941 de hoan chu triicfng chuyen htfdng chi dao chien \\Jac da difcfc de Hoi nghi Trung tfong thang 11/1939, la: - Gitfong cao hcfn nUa ngon ed giai phong dan toe - Giai quyet van de dan toe khuon kho tiTng ntrdrc Dong Diiong N h i i vay, tai m6i niTdrc Dong Dtforng phai lap mat t r a n thong nhat ciia niidc minh de lanh dao each mang Do do, tai Viet Nam lap M a t t r a n Viet Nam doe lap dong m i n h , goi tat la Mat t r a n Viet M i n h - De chii trifong khcri nghia gianh chinh quyen, d i t\i k h d i nghia tCrng phan tien len tong khcfi nghia k h i thcfi co thuan Igi; dat nhiem vu chuan hi khcfi nghia vu t r a n g la t r u n g tam Hoat dong chuan b i tien t6i khcfi nghia vu trang gianh chinh quyen: - Sang lap M a t t r a n Viet M i n h (19/5/1941), mot h i n h thiJc mat t r a n c6 quy mo va to chufc rong khap ca nifdrc Ngiicri dufng dau, l a mot t r u n g t a m doan ket dau t r a n h chong Phap - Nhat dg gianh doc lap - Ra chi t h i lap dpi Viet Nam Tuyen truyen giai phong quan (22/12/1944), la doi quan chinh qui each mang dau tien - To chufc xay difng can cijf dia each mang, ban dau la can cuf Cao Bang, den thang 6/1945 lap Khu Giai phong Viet Bac U y ban chi huy lam thdi Khu giai phong di/pc lap Khu giai phong Viet Bac l a h i n h anh thu nho cua niidrc Viet N a m mdri - Nam 1942 va 1945, Ngifcfi di Trung Quoc lien he de t r a n h t h u sif ung ho cua cac life iLfpng dong m i n h chong phat xit - Sang suot dii doan thcfi ccf each mang va k h i thcfi ccf den, NgiTcfi ciing vcfi Trung iTcfng Dang va Tong bo Viet M i n h lap iiy ban khcfi nghia toan quoc, ban bo "Quan lenh so 1", chinh thijfe phat dong tong khcfi nghia ca ni/drc 221 - Tii 14 den 15/8/1945, Ngiicfi cung vdri Trung ifcfng Dang trieu tap Hoi nghi toan quoc tai Tan Trao (Tuyen Quang), Hoi nghi thong qua ke hoach lanh dao toan dan Tong khdi nghia va quyet dinh nhufng van de quan ve chlnh sach doi noi, doi ngoai sau k h i gianh diigc chinh quyen - Tii 16 den 17/8/1945, NgiTcfi cCing vdi Tong bo Viet M i n h trieu tap Dai hoi Quoc dan cung of Tan Trao Dai hoi tan chij trtfong Tong khcfi nghIa cua Dang, thong qua 10 chinh sach cua Viet M i n h , cuf Uy ban Dan tgc giai phong Viet Nam Ngi/cri lam chu tich - Ngay 28/8/1945, theo de nghi ciia NgUcfi, Uy ban dan toe giai phong Viet Nam cai to t h a n h Chinh phij lam thcri ni/drc Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa Ngiicfi dufng dau Ngi/cfi soan thao va cong bo Tuyen ngon Doc lap, khai sinh niidc Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa (2/9/1945) PHAN RIENG • C a u rV.a C h i e n d i c h c h i i d p n g t i e n c o n g loTn d a u t i e n c u a bo chii liic ta cupc k h a n g 1954) c h i e n c h o ' n g thufc d a n P h a p (1945 l a c h i e n d i c h n a o ? T o m t^t h o a n c a n h l i c h s i i , c h u trvtdng doi - ciia ta v a y n g h i a c i i a c h i e n d i c h Chien dich chii dong tien cong \dn dau tien ciia bo dpi chu li/c ta cuoc khang chien cho'ng thiic dan Phap (1945 - 1954) la chien dich Bien gidri Hoan canh lich stf: hxidc sang nam 1950, cuoc khang chien cua ta c6 them nhieu thuan Icfi: - Ngay 1/10/1949, each mang Trung Quoc cong, ntfofc Cong hoa Nhan dan Trung Hoa dcfi - Ngay 18/1/1950, chlnh phii Cong hba Nhan dan Trung Hoa, 30/1/1950 chinh phu Lien X6 va vong mot thang sau, cac nirdrc phe xa hoi chu nghia Ian lifcft cong nhan va dat quan he ngoai giao vdri niidrc Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hoa Day la thdng Icfi to Idfn cua each mang Viet Nam - Cuoc khang chien ciia nhan dan ta difgc sii dong t i n h , ling ho ciia nhan dan the gicJi Chii trtrong ciia ta: thang 6/1950, Dang va Chinh phii quyet dinh ma chien dich Bien gidri nh&m tieu diet mot bo phan quan sinh Iqc dich; khai thong ducfng sang Trung Quoc va the gidri; ma rong va ciing co c&n cH dia Viet Bac, dong thdi tao nhiJng thuan Icfi mdri thiic day cuoc khang chien tien len Y nghia: vdi chien thSng bien gidi, di/dng lien lac ciia ta vdri cac nifdc X H C N difgc k h a i thong Quan doi ta da triTong thanh, gianh difoc the chii dong chien liTcfc t r e n chien triTcfng chinh (BSc Bo), md hudc phat trien mcfi ciia cuoc khang chien 222 • C a u rV.b C u o c t i e n cong c h i e n Ixidc nao ciia q u a n v a d a n t a of m i e n Nam d a M i p h a i t u y e n bo "Mi h o a " t r d l a i c h i e n t r a n h buQC xam IvCdc Vi$t Nam? T o m tat h o a n c a n h l i c h suf, d i i n b i e n v a k e t qua c i i a cupc t i e n cong Cuoc tien cong chien \iigc cua quan v a dan t a cf mien Nam d a buoc M l phai tuyen bo " M i hoa" t r d lai chien t r a n h xam liTcfc Viet Nam l a cuoc tien cong chien \\iac nam Hoan canh lich SIJT, dien bien va ket qua: - Biidrc vao nam , quan t a m a cuoc tien cong chien I L T O C tii / , lay Quang T r i lam h i r i n g t i e n cong chu yeu ben canh c a c h i / d t n g Dong Nam Bo v a Tay Nguyen, roi phat t r i e n rpng r a khap chien t r U c f n g mien N a m - Quan t a t i e n cong dich v d f i c i i c J n g d o manh, quy mo I6n, t r e n hau khap c a c dia ban chien Itfcfc quan trpng Chi thcfi gian ngan (cuo'i thang den cuo'i thang / ) , quan t a choc thung b a phong tuyen manh nhat cua dich l a : Quang T r i , Tay Nguyen, Dong Nam Bo, loai khoi vong chien dau han van ten dich, giai phong nhieu vung dat dai rong Idm v a dong dan - Sau don md d a u bat ngd cua quan t a , quan doi Sai Gon c6 sii yem t r p cua Mi d a phan cong lai, gay cho t a nhieu ton that; M i gay t r d lai chien t r a n h pha hoai mien Bdc tii / / - Cuoc tien cong chien liiac n a m da giang don n a n g n e v a o chien lifgc "Viet Nam h o a chien tranh", buoc M i phai tuyen bo' " M i h o a " t r d lai chien tranh x a m lUgfc (tuTc l a thCfa nhan t h a t b a i c u a "Viet Nam h o a chien tranh") DE THI TUYEN SINH DAI HOC NAM 2011 P H A N C H U N G C H O T A T C A C A C T H I S I N H (7 diem) C a u I : (3 diem) Phan tich nguyen nhan di t i m difdng cufu niiotc cua Nguyen Tat Thanh C a u I I : (2 diem) Luan citang Chinh tri thang / cua Dang Cong san Dong Difang c6 nhijfng diem gi khac so vcri Cuang link chinh tri dau tien ciia Dang Cong san Viet Nam? Nhufng van de diicfc giai quyet nhif the nao giai doan 9 - 1945? C a u H I : (2 diem) Trong cuoc khang chien chong M i , cufu ntrdrc ( - ) , nhan dan Viet Nam da cSn ban hoan nhiem vu "danh cho M i ciit" b&ng thSng Icfi nao? Neu tac dong cua thSng Icfi doi vdfi sif phat t r i e n ciia each mang mien Nam 223 PHAN R I E N G (3 diem) Thi sinh chi dv^ofc lam mot hai cau (cau FV.a hoac cau IV.b) Cau rV.a: Theo chu-cfng trinh Chuan (3 diem) K h a i quat qua t r i n h h i n h t h a n h va p h a t t r i e n ciia to chufc Hen k e t c h i n h t r i k i n h t e I d n n h a t h a n h t i n h tii n a m 1951 - 2000 Cau rV.b: Theo chifcfng trinh Nang cao (3 diem) T o m t a t sir r a dcfi cua cac quoc g i a doc l a p a D o n g N a m A t r o n g n a m 1945 Hl/ClNG D A N L A M B A I PHAN CHUNG CHO T A T CA CAC THI SINH • Cau I: (3 diem) Phan tich nguyen nhan di tim difcTng cviu nvidc ciia Nguyen Tat Thanh - Ddt nitac bi xdm lugc, gidi phong dan toe Id yen cau cap thiet + Di/dri Ach t h o n g t r i cua thifc d a n P h a p , cac t a n g Idrp g i a i cap t r o n g xa h o i V i e t N a m k h o n g c h i h i hoc l o t ve k i n h te, m a p h a i c h i u n o i nhuc m a t nifdc Doc l a p tiT l a k h a t v o n g cua ca d a n toe V i e t N a m + M a u t h u i n t r o n g x a h o i V i e t N a m cang sau sSc, t r o n g chu yeu l a m a u t h u S n giOfa t o a n t h e d a n toe V i e t N a m vcri t h i i c d a n P h a p va p h a n dong t a y sai nicac SvC khung hodng ve duang Idi dat yeu cau phdi tim duang ciiu mai + Cuo'i t h e k i X I X , n h i e u cuoc khcfi n g h i a vu t r a n g chong P h a p h i dan ap d a m maa , di/cfng g i a i p h o n g d a n toe dtrdi ngon ecf p h o n g k i e n da h i t h a t bai + D a u t h e k i X X , cac s i p h u yeu nifdc t i e p t h u t r a o Itfu t t f t i f d n g mdfi, t i e n h a n h cuoc v a n d o n g cufu i\\i6c t h e o k h u y n h hi/dfng d a n chu tiT san , n h i t o g cung k h o n g t h a n h eong Sif n g h i e p g i a i p h o n g d a n toe l a m vao t i n h t r a n g k h u n g h o a n g sau sSe ve difdng l o i - Nguyen dong Tat Thanh sam c6 chi "ddnh duoi thiic ddn Phdp, gidi phong boo" + T i e p t h u t r u y e n t h o n g yeu niidrc cua gia d i n h v a que hLfong, N g u y e n Tat T h a n h sdrm c6 c h i d a n h d u o i thifc d a n P h a p , g i a i p h o n g d o n g bao NgiTcri r a t k h a m phuc t i n h t h a n yeu nifdrc eua cac v i t i e n bo'i, n h i i n g k h o n g t a n t h a n h difcrng eua h o , n e n q u y e t d i n h t i m eon diicfng cijfu niJdfc mdri + Dircfe t i e p xuc vdri v a n m i n h P h a p , N g u y i n T a t T h a n h quyet d i n h sang phi/ang T a y de t i m h i e u x e m nirdrc P h a p v ^ cae niidre k h a c l a m t h e nao, r o i t r d ve g i u p d o n g bao g i a i p h o n g d a n toe 224 • C a u I I : (2 d i e m ) Ludn Cpng s a n D o n g Dvtdng tri ddu tien citcmg Chinh tri t h a n g 10 n a m 1930 c u a c n h f i n g d i e m g i k h a c s o vofi Ci/crng Dang linh chinh c u a D a n g C p n g s a n V i e t N a m ? N h i f n g v a n d e du'cifc g i a i quyet n h i f t h e n a o t r o n g g i a i d o a n 1939 - 1945? - NhUng diem khdc + Ve n h i e m v u each m a n g : N a n g ve dau t r a n h g i a i cap v a each mang ruong d a t , k h o n g dtfa n g o n cd d a n toe l e n h a n g dau + Ve life l i r g n g each m a n g : D a n h g i a k h o n g d i i n g k h a n a n g each m a n g cQa tieu t\i s a n ; k h a n a n g c h o n g de quoc cua t i f san d a n toe; k h a n S n g 161 keo mot bo p h a n t r u n g , t i e u d i a chu c h o n g de quoc v a t a y sai - Trong giai doan 1939 ~ 1945 + Ve n h i e m v u each m a n g : cac h o i n g h i B a n C h a p h a n h T r u n g ifOng Dang ( t h a n g 11/1939 va t h a n g 5/1941) d a t n h i e m v u g i a i p h o n g d a n tpc l e n hang dau, t a m gac k h a u h i e u each m a n g r u o n g dat + Ve life l i i o n g each m a n g : H o i n g h i B a n C h a p h a n h T r u n g Ucfng D a n g (thang 11/1939) chii t r t f o n g t a p h o p life l i i o n g cac d a n toe, g i a i cap, t a n g Idip M a t t r a n T h o n g n h a t D a n toe p h a n de D o n g Difcfng H o i n g h i B a n C h a p hanh T r u n g tfang D a n g ( t h a n g 5/1941) chu triJOng t h a n h l a p M a t t r a n Viet M i n h , doan k e t t o a n t h e d a n toe V i e t N a m • C a u I I I : (2 d i e m ) Trong cuoc khang chien chong MT, cvlu n\i6c (1954 - 1975), n h a n d a n V i e t N a m d a c a n b a n h o a n t h a n h n h i e m v u " d a n h c h o M I c u t " b a n g t h a n g Idi n a o ? N e u t a c d o n g c u a t h i n g Itfi do'i vofi s«f p h a t t r i e n c u a e a c h m a n g m i e n N a m - Vdri viee k i k e t H i e p d i n h P a r i ve c h a m dijft c h i e n t r a n h , l a p l a i h o a n b i n h d V i e t N a m (27/1/1973), n h a n d a n V i e t N a m da cSn b a n h o a n t h a n h n h i e m v u "danh cho M i c u t " - Tdc dong doi vai sU phdt trien cua each mang mien Nam + So s a n h liTc lifcfng t r e n c h i e n tri/cfng m i e n N a m t h a y d o i eo l a i cho each mang: M l p h a i r i i t q u a n ; q u a n d o i Sai G o n cang suy y e u : liTc lircrng each mang dtfcfc t a n g ciTcfng + Tao CO c0 p h a p l i de day m a n h cuoc dau t r a n h t r e n cac m a t t r a n q u a n sif, c h i n h t r i , ngoai giao c h o n g a m miAi v a h a n h d o n g m d i ciia M l v a c h i n h quyen Sai G o n + V u n g g i a i p h o n g duoc giCf viifng va m d rong, tao t h e v a liJc, t i e n t d i cuoc Tong t i e n cong v a noi day g i a i p h o n g h o a n t o a n m i e n N a m , t h o n g n h a t d a t ni/6c 225 PHAN RIENG • C a u I V a : T h e o chvCdng t r i n h C h u a n (3 diem) K h a i quat qua t r i n h h i n h t h a n h v a p h a t t r i e n c i i a to chuTc l i e n k e t c h i n h t r i - k i n h te loTn n h a t h a n h t i n h tH n a m 1951 - 2000 - To chufc lien ket k i n h te - chinh t r i Idn nhat the gidi la Lien m i n h chau Au (EU) - Nam 1951, sau nUdc Tay Au da ISp "Cong dong Than - Thep chau Au" (ECSC); den nam 1957 lap "Cong dong Nang li/ong nguyen tit chau Au" (URATOM) va Cong dong K i n h te chau Au (EEC) - Nam 1967, ba to chiJc tren hop nhat "Cong dong chau Au" (EC) Nam 1991, cac niJdc vien EC k i hiep \ldc Maxtrich (c6 hieu luc til nam 1993) doi ten t h a n h Lien m i n h chau Au (EU) - C^c ni/dc t h a n h vien E U hop tac, lien m i n h tren nhieu l i n h viic: k i n h te, tien te, chinh t r i , dol ngoai va an n i n h ; bau mot Nghj vien chung (Nghi vien chau Au); suT dung dong tien chung (EURO) - Nam 1995, bay ntfdtc E U hiiy bo viec kiem soat di lai cua cong dan cac ni/drc qua bien gidi cua - Den cuoi thap k i 90 ciia the k i XX, E U c6 15 nifdfc vien, chiem hon 1/4 GDP cija the gidri • C a u I V b : T h e o chvfcfng t r i n h N a n g cao (3 diem) T o m t a t s\i r a dcfi ciia c a c quoc gia doc l a p of Dong N a m A n a m 1945 - Indonexia + Ngay 17/8/1945, sau k h i quan phiet Nhat dau hang quan Dong m i n h , Xucacno doc ban Tuyen Ngon Doc lap, tuyen bo lap ntfdc Cong hoa Indonexia Hiidng ufng Tuyen Ngon Doc lap, nhan dan ca niJdc noi day gianh chinh quyen + Ngay 18/8/1945, Hoi nghi ciia U y ban t r u bi doc lap Indonexia, thong qua Hien phap, bau Xucacno lam Tong thong nifdc Cong hoa Indonexia - Viet Nam + Thang 8/1945, Dang va M a t t r a n Viet M i n h quyet d i n h phat dong Tong khcfi nghia, lap Uy ban Dan toe Giai phong Ho Chi M i n h lam Chu tich Ca dan toe Viet Nam vung day tong khai nghia thang loi + Ngay 2/9/1945, Chii tich Ho Chi M i n h doc ban Tuyen ngon Doc lap lap nUdrc Viet N a m Dan chii Cong hoa - Lao + Thang 8/1945, Igi dung thcfi ca Nhat dau hang quan Dong m i n h , nhan dan L^o n6i day gianh chinh quyen + Ngay 12/10/1945, Chinh phu Lao mat quoc dan va tuyen bo doc lap 226 DE THI T U Y E N SINH DAI H Q C NAM 2012 I P H A N C H U N G C H O T A T C A T H I S I N H (7 diem) Cau I : (2 diem) Cugc khai thac thuoc dia cua thifc dan Phap da t^c d6ng nhiT the nao den nen kinh te Viet Nam? Cau I I : (2 diem) Tir nam 1919 den nam 2000, lich suf Viet Nam da t r a i qua nhCTng thdi k i nao? Khai qu^t noi dung chinh ciia thdi k i lich stf dien sxi k i e n quan va dan ta dap tan tap doan cuf diem manh nh§ft Dong Dtfcfng ciia thiTc dan Phap Cfiu I I I : (3 diem) Cuoi thang 3/1975, Bo Chinh t r i Trung licfng Dang da c6 quyet dinh gi de hoan scfm quyet tam giai phong mien Nam? Quyet dinh duac de diia tren nhOfng ca sd nao? Tom tat d i l n bien chien dich Ho Chi M i n h (thang 4/1975) II P H A N R I E N G (3 d i e m ) Thi sinh c h i dvidc l a m mpt h a i c a u c u a p h a n r i e n g ( c a u I V a hoac c a u IV.b) Cau r V a T h e o chi^cfng t r i n h C h u a n (3 diem) Khai quat chinh sach doi ngoai cua Nhat Ban thcri k i Chien tranh lanh? Cau I V b T h e o chuTofng t r i n h N a n g cao (3 diem) TLT nam 1950 - 2000, v i the cang nang cao t r e n triXcfng quoc te cua A n Do di/gc the hien nhir the nao tren l l n h vifc k i n h te, khoa hoc - k i thuat va chinh sach doi ngoai? Hl/CfNG D A N L A M B A I P H A N C H U N G C H O T A T C A T H I S I N H • C a u I : (2 diem) C U Q C k h a i t h a c thupc d i a ciia thi^c d a n p h a p da tac dpng nhvC the nao d e n n e n k i n h te V i e t N a m ? - TiT nam 1919 den nam 1929, thiic dan Phap tien hanh cuoc khai thac thuoc dia M n thijf hai Diem noi bat la thuc dan Phap day manh dau t i i von sang thuoc dia Nhieu nhat la dau t i i vao nong nghiep, nhat la cao su - Cong nghiep md rong ve quy mo, khai thac mo duoc coi trong, dac biet la mo than Thiicfng m a i , giao thong van t a i , t a i chinh ngan hang deu c6 bi/drc phat trien 227 - Thiic dan Phap t h i hanh cac bien phap tang thue, vay ngSn s^ch Dong Diicfng tang len N h i n chung k i n h te Viet Nam c6 biidrc phat trien mdi CO dau tif nhan liJc va k i thuat, song rat han che - Co cau k i n h te Viet Nam van mat can do'i Sii chuyen bien kir;h te chi mang t i n h cue bo, t i n h t r a n g lac hau vfin la bien K i n h te Viet Nam bi cot chat vao nen k i n h te Phap, la t h i tri/dng doc chiem cua tii ban Phap • C a u I I : (2 d i e m ) Txi n a m 1919 d e n n a m 2000, l i c h sijf V i ^ t N a m d a t r a i q u a nhifng thcfi k i nao? K h a i quat npi dung c h i n h ciia thcrt k i Jich svt d i e n r a s\i k i ^ n q u a n v a d a n ta dap t a n tap doan cii d i e m m a n h n h a t D o n g Dxidng c i i a thiic d a n P h a p Tii nam 1919 den nam 2000, lich sCf Viet Nam trai qua nam thcfi k i : 1919 - 1930; 1930 - 1945; 1945 - 1954; 1954 - 1975; 1975 - 2000 - Thcfi k i 1945 - 1954 (tCf sau Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945 den 21/7/1954), la thcfi k i dien sii kien chien thang Dien Bien Phu nam 1954, dap tan tap doan cuf diem manh nhat Dong Dtfong ciia Phap - Sau Cach mang thang Tam, t i n h h i n h dat niJdrc gap muon van kho khan Nhan dan ta viia xay difng chinh quyen each mang, giai quyet cac kho khan, Vila phai dau t r a n h cho'ng ngoai xam, noi phan va tii cuo'i nam 1946, cho'ng thiJc dan Phap md rong xam ItfOc - Khang chien va kien quoc la hai nhiem vu chien Itfcfc ciia cuoc khang chien chong Phap (1945 - 1954), nhiem vu khang chien diJcfc danh dau bang nhiJng chien thang tieu bieu nhtf Viet Bac 1947, Bien Gidri 1950, Dong - Xuan 1953 - 1954, Dien Bien Phu va Hiep dinh Gionevcf nam 1954 • C a u I I I : (3 diem) C u o i t h a n g 3/1975, Bp C h i n h t r i T r u n g ifcfng Dang d a C O q u y e t d i n h gi de h o a n t h a n h sdfm quyet t a m g i a i phong m i e n N a m ? Q u y e t d i n h ditofc de r a dx^a t r e n nhuTng cof sof nao? T o m tat d i i n b i e n c h i e n d i c h Ho C h i M i n h (thang 4/1975) * Quyet dinh ciia Bo Chinh - tri Sau thang loi cua hai chien dich Tay Nguyen va Hue - Da NSng, Bo Chinh t r i quyet d i n h : "Phai tap trung nhanh nhat life lifcfng, binh k h i k i thuat va vat cha't giai phong mien Nam trtforc mua mJa (trifdc thang 5/1975)" Chien dich giai phong Sai Gon - Gia D i n h mang ten "Chien dich Ho Chi M i n h " * Ccf sd de quyet dinh - Cuoi nam 1974 - dau nam 1975, Bo Chinh t r i nhan manh: "neu thcri ccf den vao dau hoac cuoi nam 1975 t h i lap tufc giai phong mien Nam nam 228 1975" Sau chien dich Tay Nguyen, cuoc khang chien cua ta da chuyen sang giai doan m6i: Tir tien cong chien li/gc d Tay Nguyen chuyen sang Tong tien cong chien li/gc tren toan mien Nam - NMm b^t thcfi ccf chien lUcrc den nhanh, Bo Chinh t r i c6 quyet d i n h kip thcri ke hoach giai phong Sai Gon toan mien Nam Sau chien dich Hue - Da M n g , Bo Chinh t r i nhan dinh: "Thcri co chien luoc da den, ta c6 dieu kien ho^n s&m quyet t a m giai phong hoan to^n m i l n Nam" * Tom tat dien bien cua chien dich Ho Chi Minh - Ngay 26/4/1975, quan ta dtfcfc lenh no sung mcr dau chien dich N a m canh quan vifot qua tuyen phong thu vong ngoai cua dich tien vao t r u n g tam Sai G6n, danh chiem cac co quan dau nao cua chung - Ngay 30/4, quan ta tien vao D i n h Doc Lap, bat song toan bo Noi cac Sai Gon Difong Van M i n h - Tong thong chinh quyen Sai Gon tuyen bo' dau hang khong dieu kien - 11 gior 30 phut, 30/4, chien dich Ho Chi M i n h thang Igi, tao dieu kien de quan dan cac t i n h lai tien cong va noi day giai phong hoan toan mien Nam II P H A N R I E N G Cau rVa T h e o chvfofng t r i n h C h u a n (3 diem) K h a i quat c h i n h s a c h do'i ngoai c u a N h a t B a n thofi k i C h i e n t r a n h l a n h ? * Tii nam 1947 den nam 1952 - Nhat Ban chu tnlcfng lien minh chat che v6i M i bkng viec k i hai hiep lidc: Hiep i/6c hoa binh Xan Phranxixco va Hiep ifdc an ninh M i - Nhat (thang 9/1951) - Theo cac Hiep iTdfc do, Nhat Ban chap nhan duTng diidri "chie'c 6" bao ho hat nhan c u a M i , de cho M i dong quan va xay dtfng can cuf quan sii t r e n lanh tho Nhat Ban * Ta nam 1952 den nam 1973 - Nhat Ban tiep tuc lien m i n h chat che vdi M i (Hiep \idc an n i n h M i - N h a t duac keo dai v i n h vi§n) N a m 1956, Nhat Ban binh thi/dng quan he ngoai giao v6i Lien X6 va tham gia vao L i ^ n hop quoc - Tuy vay, phong trao nhan dan Nhat Ban chong Hiep Lfdrc an n i n h M i - Nhat len cao, phong trao chong chien t r a n h cua M l d Viet Nam va cac cuoc dau tranh theo mua luon d i i n manh me * Tu" nam 1973 den nam 1989 - Vdfi tiem life k i n h te cang Idn manh, Nhat Ban bat dau dtfa chinh sach doi ngoai mdri, the hien qua cac Hoc thuyet PhuciJda va Kaiphu 229 - Cac Hoc thuyet c6 noi dung tSng ctfdng quan he k i n h te, c h i n h t r i , vSn hoa, xa hoi v6i cac niidc Dong Nam A to chuTc ASEAN Nhat Ban thiet lap quan he ngoai giao vdi Viet Nam vao thang 9/1973 • C a u I V b T h e o chufcfng t r i n h N a n g cao (3 diem) Tvt n a m 1950 - 2000, v i the c a n g n a n g cao t r e n trvfofng quoc te c i i a A n Dp dvfofc the h i $ n nhrf the nao t r e n l i n h vijfc k i n h te, k h o a hoc - k i thuait v a c h i n h s a c h do'i ngoai? * Tren linh vUc kinh te, khoa hgc - ki thug.t - Nong nghiep: N h d t h a n h tiJu cua cuoc "Cach mang xanh" nong nghiep, tiT giiJa nhOng nam 70 ciia the k i XX, A n Do da tif tiic lifcfng thiTc cho gan t i ngudi va c6 xuat khau - Cong nghiep: San xuat cong nghiep tang, dac biet 1^ cong nghiep nang Co sd t a n g duoc xay difng n g a y cang hien dai - Cong nghe: Trong ba t h a p nien cuo'i the k i XX, A n Do dau tii nhieu vao l i n h viic cong nghe cao, trtfofc het la cong nghe thong t i n va v i e n thong, co g a n g vUOn len hang cac cUcrng quoc ve cong nghe p h a n mem, cong nghe hat nhan, cong nghe vu tru - Khoa hoc - k l thuat: Tit nhijfng nam 90, An Do thifc hien "Cach m a n g chat xam", tr& t h a n h mot nhijfng quoc gia san xuat p h a n mem 1cm n h a t the gidi Cac linh viic khoa hoc - k i thuat khac cung c6 nhOCng bi^dc t i e n nhanh chong * Vie chinh sdch dot ngog,i - A n D Q t h i h a n h chinh sach hoa b i n h , t r u n g lap t l c h cifc, ung ho cac cuoc dau t r a n h gianh doc lap cua cac dan tpc A n Do la mot nhuTng nifdrc sang lap Phong trao khong lien ket A n Do thiet lap quan he ngoai giao vcfi nhieu nude, c6 Viet Nam - Tii nam 1950, A n Do da thtfc hien nhi^u ke h o a c h dai han, dat difgrc cac t h a n h tUu to Idrn t r e n cac l i n h viic k i n h te, khoa hoc - k l thuat, do'i ngoai, da tifng bi/drc nang cao v i the ciia m i n h t r e n tri/cfng quoc te 230 Muc L u c T H N G K I ^ N THIjrC LjCH SLT T H ^ GI6I PhAN MQT TIT NAM 945 D^N NAM 0 I T R A T T L / T H ^ G]6\U C H I E N T R A N H THE GlCil T H Q H A I ( - 9 ) II L I E N XO V A C A C NU6C DONG AU (1945 - 1991) L I E N B A N G N G A (1991 - 2000) III G A G N J d C A , PHI V A Ml L A T I N H (1945 - 2000) IV Ml, T A Y A U , N H A T BAN (1945 - 2000) 12 V Q U A N H E Q U O G T E (1945 - 2000) 18 VI C A C H M A N G K H O A H O C - C O N G N G H E V A X U T H E T O A N C A U H O A 19 VII N H A N DjNH C H U N G V E L I C H S L / T H E G I T Q S A U C H I E N T R A N H T H E G i d l T H L / H A I D E N N A M 2000 CAU HOI ON TAP PhAN liAi 20 22 HE THdNG KIEN THLTC U C H VlfiT NAM TLT NAM 1919 D E N NAM 0 V I E T NAM T C / N A M 1919 D E N NAM 1930 I P H O N G T R A O D A N TOC D A N C H U V I E T N A M T u N A M 1919 D E N N A M 1925 56 II PHONG T R A O D A N T O C D A N C H U d V I E T NAM T Q N A M 1925 D E N N A M 1930 58 III DANG C O N G SAN V I E T NAN/feRA D | CAU HOI ON TAP > ; 60 62 V I E T N A M TO N A M D E N N A M I PHONG T R A O C A C H MANG - 1935 80 II PHONG T R A O D A N C H U 1936 - 1939 82 III PHONG T R A O GIAI PHONG D A N T O C VA T O N G K H | N G H I A T H A N G T A M ( 9 - 1945) NUdC V I E T NAM D A N C H U C O N G H O A R A Odi CAU HOI ON TAP V I E T NAM Tt/ N A M D E N N A M 84 90 1954 I NUC5C V I E T NAM D A N C H U C O N G H O A T Q S A U NGAY 2/9/1945 D E N TRUdC N G A Y 19/12/1945 116 II N H Q N G N A M D A U C U A C U O C K H A N G CHIEN TOAN Q U O G CHONG THi;C D A N P H A P (1946 - 1950) 119 III BUdC DAU P H A T T R I E N CUA C U O C K H A N G CHIEN T O A N Q U O C CHONG THl/C D A N P H A P (1951 - 1953) III C U O C K H A N G CHIEN TOAN Q U O G CHONG THl^C DAN PHAP KET THUC ( - 1954) CAU HOI ON TAP 122 124 127 231 V I E T NAM TL/ NAM 1954 D E N NAM 1975 I X A Y D l ^ N G C H U N G H I A X A H O I d M I E N B A C , D A U T R A N H C H O N G DE Q U O C Ml V A CHiNH Q U Y E N S A I G O N M I E N N A M ( - ) II 149 N H A N D A N H A I M I E N T R U C T I E P C H I E N D A U C H O N G D E Q U O C Ml X A M L U O C , N H A N D A N M I E N B A G V L / A C H I E N D A U VLfA S A N X U A T ( - ) 152 III K H O I P H U C V A P H A T T R I E N K I N H T E - X A H O I M I E N B A C , GIAI P H O N G H O A N T O A N M I E N N A M (1973 - 1975) CAU HOI 156 6N TAP V I E T N A M lis 159 NAM 1975 D E N NAM 2000 I TiNH HiNH H A I M I E N B A C - N A M S A U N A M 189 II K H A C P H U C H A U Q U A C H I E N T R A N H , K H O I P H U C V A P H A T T R I E N K I N H T E - X A H O I H A I MIEN D A T NUdC 190 190 IV D A T NU6C BU6C D A U D I L E N C H U N G H T A X A H O I ( - ) 190 III H O A N T H A N H T H O N G N H A T D A T NUOC V E M A T N H A NUdC ( - ) V DUC3NG L O I D O I U6\T NUOC C U A D A N G ( - 0 ) VI 191 Q U A T R I N H D A T NUdC THUC H I E N D U O N G L O I D O I M | ( - 0 ) 192 T O N G K E T L ! C H SLT V I E T N A M T Q N A M 9 D E N N A M 0 I C A C THdl Ki P H A T T R I E N LICH S L / D A N T O C 193 IL N G U Y E N N H A N T H A N G L O I V A B A I H O C K I N H N G H I E M CAU 195 HOI ON TAP PkAN bA 196 ClOl THIEU D E THI TUYEN SINK DA! HOC TLT NAM 0 D^N 2 204 D E T H I T U Y E N S I N H D A I HQC, CAO D A N G N A M 0 201 D E THI T U Y E N SINH D A I H Q C , C A O D A N G N A M 0 DE THI T U Y E N SINH DAI HOC,C A O D A N G N A M 2007 208 223 D E T H I T U Y E N S I N H DAI H O C N A M 1 219 D E THI T U Y E N S I N H D A I HOC N A M 215 D E THI T U Y E N S I N H D A I HOC, C A O D A N G N A M 0 212 D E THI T U Y E N S I N H DAI H O C , C A O D A N G N A M 0 D E THI T U Y E N S I N H D A I H O C N A M 2 227 232 'w^w^vv n h a s a c h h o n g a n c o r n v n E m a i l : b a o l o n g c o h £a <JSS> \ n n N X n I S D N g u y i n T h | M I n h K h a l - Q.1 - T P H C M BT: 3824670e - 08083021 - 39107095 * Fax: 08083017 'TfttPi LUYEN T H I CAP TOC LUYEN T H I CAP T6C tcMc ct^: GIAICKTlfiT) nfc THI CHflfH THtJC MAiifeTBTBI , Giai nhanh BANG NHIEU CACH Be Ihi tuyen sinh Oai hoc T U r E N S I N H B A I HOC - CAO B A N G C T s a c h N a m C i / d n g , & P h a n B p i C h a u - H ^ i P h p n g *DT: ( 3 ) 9 - 259Le Duan - TP.Vinh - DT: 0383.554777 - T T n h 10 - T h j t r a ' n C u C h i - T P H C M - D T : ( ) - X V i ^ ' t N g l n e TTnIn - C a n T h d - D T : , (0710) 3818891 - L e T h a i T o - VTnh L o n g - D T : 9 / , - 04 L y Thai T o - TP Da N i n g - DT: 0511.3823421 45B Ly ThUdng Kiet - Hoan K i e m - Ha N p i - 67 N g u y i n Khoai - Ha Npi * DT: (04) 39845439 - PInan C h u T r i n h - D a N S n g * O T : - 25 Le Lpi - T p T h a n h Hoa * DT: 3857099 - N S L i e n S U d n g , T r a n Quo'c T u a n - T r a V i n h - NS N h a T r a n g - C a m R a n h * D T : 3854496 - NS D o n g H o - R a c h Gla - K l e n G i a n g - 278 L e H o n g P h o n g - Q u y N h o n * DT: 3823453 - C a c h M ^ n g T h a n g T a r n - ThCi D a u M p t - B D - 295 D U d n g 30/4 - T a y N i n h *DT: 3827249 - T r U d n g C h i n h - B u o n IVIa T h u o t * D T : - 01 Hai B a T r i / n g - B u o n M e T h u p t * D T : 3951984 - 496 V T h j Sau, 3/5 T o n Dufc T h i n g - L o n g X u y e n 66 L y T h a i T o - T X Q u ^ n g T r j - H a n g T r e - Ha N p i * D T : (04) 38246605 fie xac djnh sacli cliinit pliam, cJiiing toi in cliim h bia va chif: ^ "NS HONG AN" 9 Gid: 45.000d