Conceptual metaphors of emotion in hillary clinton’s public talks

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY  - - NGUYỄN THỊ HỒNG ĐIỆP CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS OF EMOTION IN HILLARY CLINTON'S PUBLIC TALKS MASTER THESIS FIELD : English Linguistics CODE : 22 02 01 Supervisor: HÀ THANH HẢI, Ph.D BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN NGUYỄN THỊ HỒNG ĐIỆP ẨN DỤ TRI NHẬN VỀ CẢM XÚC TRONG NHỮNG BÀI PHÁT BIỂU CỦA HILLARY CLINTON Chuyên ngành : Ngôn ngữ Anh Mã số : 22 02 01 Người hướng dẫn : TS HÀ THANH HẢI BÌNH ĐỊNH, 2020 i DECLARATION This thesis represents my own work and due acknowledgment is given whenever information is derived from other sources No material which has been or is being concurrently submitted for any other qualification at any university is found, except where due reference has been made in the text Quy Nhon, 2020 Nguyễn Thị Hồng Điệp ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A number of people helped me when this thesis was on its ways My grateful thanks in particular are to my supervisor, Dr Ha Thanh Hai, who has supported me a lot during the time I work on my thesis I thank him for his kind encouragements, his endless patience, his critical comments and his valuable materials Special thanks are to my parents, and my husband for their love and kind support during the time I was engaged in this work I am also grateful to my friends and classmates for their warm encouragements, help and valuable materials This thesis would not be possible without their contributions iii ABSTRACT Metaphor exists in our daily life, not just in our language, but also in our thought and action Language expressions in most languages are largely shaped by conceptual metaphors, which results in a great number of systems of collocations in which a word could and should be followed by some particular words, not all This phenomenon of language causes difficulties in the study process of language learners with little knowledge on conceptual metaphor This thesis, therefore, aimed to find out conceptual metaphors of different types of emotions in public talks of an English-native political figure to provide English learners with deeper insight in the formation and use of conceptual metaphors of emotion in daily life, thereby facilitating their English learning process The analysis method of the thesis was based on the Conceptual Metaphor Theory suggested by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and the Source-to-Target Mappings by Kovecses (2005) Data of the study were conceptual metaphors identified in public talks of Hillary Clinton, a political figure of the United States of America Results showed that “love” and “fear” were the two types of emotion that received the greatest number of conceptualization, while “sadness” and “surprise” received the least attention Emotion in general was mainly conceptualized by Hillary Clinton via two metaphorical expressions, viz “EMOTION IS LIQUID” and “EMOTION IS A PHYSICAL SENSATION” Besides, each type of emotion was conceptualized with a wide range of conceptual metaphors The common appearance of ontological metaphors and structural metaphors in Hillary Clinton’s speeches was believed to enhance the iv understandability and listener-friendliness of her speeches, resulting in a better chance for her to reach the acceptance and agreement of the audience On the other hand, orientational metaphors were used very rarely, which were believed to make little contribution to her talks One potential implication of this study was for proposing a teaching method to help Vietnamese students learn English phrases expressing emotion more effectively, thereby conveying their ideas in English more accurately v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS v CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 RATIONALE 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1.2.1 Aims of the Study 1.2.2 Objectives of the Study 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 METAPHORS AND CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS 2.1.1 Definition of metaphors and conceptual metaphors 2.1.2 Conceptual metaphor theory by Lakoff and Johnson 2.1.3 Classification of conceptual metaphors vi 2.2 EMOTIONS AND CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS OF EMOTIONS 14 2.2.1 The concept of emotion 14 2.2.2 Language and emotion 15 2.2.3 Classification of emotions 16 2.3 SOME PREVIOUS RELEVANT STUDIES 17 2.3.1 Studies on emotion conceptual metaphors in the world 17 2.3.2 Vietnamese studies 19 2.4 SUMMARY 20 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY 22 3.1 RESEARCH METHODS 22 3.2 DATA COLLECTION 22 3.3 DATA ANALYSIS 23 3.4 RESEARCH PROCEDURES 24 CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 25 4.1 FINDINGS 25 4.1.1 Identified metaphor expressions in the study 25 4.1.2 Statistics of the identified metaphors 28 4.2 DISCUSSION 33 4.2.1 Conceptualization of emotion in general 33 4.2.2 Conceptualization of love 39 vii 4.2.3 Conceptualization of happiness 43 4.2.4 Conceptualization of sadness 46 4.2.5 Conceptualization of fear 48 4.2.6 Conceptualization of hate 52 4.2.7 Conceptualization of anger 54 4.2.8 Conceptualization of surprise 58 4.2.9 Contributions that metaphors made to Hillary Clinton’s talks 60 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE STUDIES 62 5.1 CONCLUSION 62 5.2 IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY 63 5.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 63 5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE STUDIES 63 REFERENCES 65 APPENDIXES i Identified samples with categorization into metaphorical expressions .i CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 RATIONALE Although metaphor is deemed by most people as a matter of words rather than thought or action, Lakoff and Johnson (1980) have found that metaphor is “pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action” (p.4), which means that metaphors are used in our daily life no matter we realize it or not They also found that most of “our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature” (p.4) According to them, the concepts that govern our thoughts and actions are not just matters of the intellect, but they also take part in structuring “what we perceive, how we get around in the world, and how we relate to other people” (p.4) Because communication comes from our thinking and acting, language is greatly dependent on the conceptual system related to that language Therefore, in order to learn a new language, it is a good idea to start at finding out the conceptual system of people using that language with an investigation into the use of metaphors In fact, conceptual metaphors have been investigated in the fields of literature, grammar, specific discourses, and also in second language teaching where it has been argued that knowing the metaphor-based explanation for idiomatic and polysemic expressions can aid in their learning (Soriano, 2015) There has been much research on the metaphors of emotions in English (Kovecses, 2005; Mashak, Pazhakh & Hayati, 2012; Patowari, 2015; Soriano, 2015), and there have been several investigations into similarities and differences in metaphors of emotions between English and Vietnamese (Huong, i APPENDIXES Identified samples with categorization into metaphorical expressions No Samples Metaphorical Expressions It’s lasted through good times HAPPINESS IS A FLUID IN A that filled us with joy, and hard CONTAINER times that tested us (E1_M1) And my heart just swelled when EMOTION IS A PHYSICAL SENSATION I saw Anastasia Somoza on this stage, representing millions of young people who — because of those changes to our laws — are able to get an education (E1_M2) She said that what worried THE SUBJECT OF FEAR IS A DIVIDED President Kennedy during that SELF very dangerous time was that a war might be started — not by big men with self-control and restraint, but by little men — the ones moved by fear and pride (E1_M3) My heart goes out to all of you, THE OBJECT OF especially those who are the VALUABLE OBJECT first in your family to graduate LOVE IS A ii (E2_M1) Many of you or your friends and EMOTION IS A PHYSICAL SENSATION families are already feeling the squeeze (E2_M2) This is not an easy time to begin SURPRISE IS A FORCE your careers and if any of you are feeling overwhelmed by what you’ll be walking into, well, I’m a little familiar with that feeling (E2_M3) Well, fear is always with us, THE SUBJECT OF FEAR IS A DIVIDED but we just don’t have time for SELF it, not now (E2_M4) And over the last 50 years, I’ve FEAR IS AN OPPONENT seen just about every response to fear that a person can have and what I’ve learned over and over again is that we all have a choice (E2_M5) Fear can paralyze us or spur us FEAR IS A TORMENTOR/MOTIVATOR on (E2_M6) 10 Is there something you’re doing THE OBJECT OF HAPPINESS IS A just because it brings you joy? VALUABLE OBJECT (E2_M7) iii 11 These are frightening times, but FEAR IS A HIDDEN ENEMY as Eleanor Roosevelt’s husband said, “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” (E2_M8) 12 To be a college graduate is a HAPPY IS UP wonderful thing, but to be a Hunter graduate—that is something to shout from the rooftops (E3_M1) 13 I don't personally know any of HAPPY IS LIGHT you who are graduating, but I have to tell you, I've been up there just beaming like I'm related to most of you (E3_M2) 14 You have to stir up public EMOTION IS LIQUID opinion, put pressure on political leaders, shift policies and priorities, and win elections (E3_M3) 15 Well, I was shocked [laughter] SURPRISE IS A FORCE but over the years Yale has been a home away from home for me, a place I've returned to time and again (E4_M1) 16 One of my personal heroes, THE SUBJECT OF FEAR IS A DIVIDED Eleanor Roosevelt, said, "You iv gain strength, courage and SELF confidence by every experience in which you really stop to look fear in the face (E4_M2) 17 You've learned that you don't ANGER IS A CAPTIVE ANIMAL need to be an immigrant to be outraged when a classmate's father, a human being who contributes to his family and his country, is unjustly deported (E4_M3) 18 Leaders willing to exploit fear FEAR IS A RESOURCE and skepticism have tools at their disposal that were unimaginable when I graduated (E5_M1) 19 It matters because it undermines THE CAUSE OF confidence in government as a TRESPASSING whole, which in turn breeds more cynicism and anger (E5_M2) 20 Don’t be afraid of your ANGER IS AN OPPONENT ambition, of your dreams, or even your anger – those are powerful forces (E5_M3) 21 And you build that village by LOVE IS AN EXCHANGE ANGER IS v investing love and time into your relationships (E5_M4) 22 One of the things that gave me THE OBJECT OF HAPPINESS IS A the most hope and joy after the VALUABLE OBJECT election, when I really needed it, was meeting so many young people who told me that my defeat had not defeated them (E5_M5) 23 It is great to be back in San THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS A Francisco, a place that has a big VALUABLE OBJECT big spot in my heart and to be able to speak with all of you this afternoon (E6_M1) 24 It is disheartening to hear EMOTION IS A PHYSICAL SENSATION women at the highest level of their profession say things are no better for the young women beginning their careers today (E6_M2) 25 We need to resist bias and HATE IS AN OPPONENT bullying, we need to resist hate FEAR IS AN OPPONENT and fear (E6_M3) 26 If it had been signed into law FEAR IS A FLUID IN A CONTAINER millions of families would not be living in fear of being torn vi apart and our economy would benefit from the millions of workers coming out of the shadows (E7_M1) 27 I wish you and your family all THE OBJECT OF HAPPINESS IS A the happiness in the world You VALUABLE OBJECT have earned it (E7_M2) 28 I know many of you are deeply SADNESS IS A FLUID IN A IS A disappointed about the results of CONTAINER the election (E8_M1) 29 It was about the country we love THE OBJECT OF LOVE and about building an America VALUABLE OBJECT that is hopeful, inclusive and bighearted (E8_M2) 30 No child should have to live THE SUBJECT OF FEAR IS A DIVIDED with fear like that (E8_M3) 31 SELF So there is a lot of work to as FEAR IS A FLUID IN A CONTAINER long as any child in America lives in poverty, as long as any child in America lives in fear, as long as any child—not just here but in the world—faces these challenges, there is work to (E8_M4) 32 So I urge you—I urge you, THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS A vii don’t please, lose heart VALUABLE OBJECT (E8_M5) 33 Love never fails, it tells us, and THE SUBJECT OF LOVE IS A DIVIDED I believe that (E8_M6) 34 SELF She found a way to offer me the THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS A boundless love and support she VALUABLE OBJECT never received herself (E8_M7) 35 You poured your hearts into this LOVE IS A FLUID IN A CONTAINER campaign (E9_M1) 36 My friends, let us have faith in THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS A each other, let us not grow VALUABLE OBJECT weary and lose heart, for there are more seasons to come and there is more work to (E9_M2) 37 Imagine him plunging us into a THE war under because his CAUSE OF ANGER somebody got TRESPASSING very thin skin (E10_M1) 38 I've had the great honor of SADNESS IS AN EXCHANGE getting to know their mothers, who have turned their grief into action and their mourning into a movement (E10_M2) IS viii 39 It just made me boil when ANGER IS A HOT FLUID Donald Trump disrespected a Gold Star Family Mr and Mrs Khan (E11_M1) 40 Honestly, I don't know how anyone would want to rub salt EMOTION IS A PHYSICAL SENSATION in the wounds of a grieving family (E11_M2) 41 Now that, honestly, breaks my THE heart (E11_M3) 42 OF LOVE IS A VALUABLE OBJECT She gets under his thin skin like THE nobody else (E12_M1) 43 OBJECT CAUSE OF ANGER IS TRESPASSING All of this talk about the EMOTION IS LIQUID election being rigged, trying to stir up people who are supporting him at his rallies, that is a direct threat to our democracy (E12_M2) 44 I am proud to see Americans HATE IS AN OPPONENT coming together, democrats, republicans, independents who reject hate and division (E12_M3) 45 This is a heart-wrenching story EMOTION IS A PHYSICAL SENSATION on a lot of levels (E12_M4) ix 46 You certainly don't need to be THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS A LOVE IS A Catholic to be inspired by the VALUABLE OBJECT humility and hearts of the Holy Father Pope Francis, or to embrace his message (E13_M1) 47 So I have taken this concept to THE OBJECT OF heart in this campaign, the daily VALUABLE OBJECT heat and back and forth of a presidential campaign, to ask how we can more for each other and better for each other (E13_M2) 48 It has helped people deal with SADNESS IS A BURDEN the sorrows that come [ ] and it has [ ] the world outside challenged the faith that comes from belief (E14_M1) 49 They have different, and deeper FEAR IS A FLUID IN A CONTAINER fears about the world that their grandchildren face (E14_M2) 50 It makes my heart ache, when EMOTION IS A PHYSICAL SENSATION kids like Zianna, are going through this and trying to make sense of the senseless (E14_M3) absolutely x 51 But because my grandchildren FEAR IS A HIDDEN ENEMY are white, because they are the grandchildren of a former president and secretary of state, let's be honest here—they won't face the kind of fear that we heard from the young children testifying before the city council (E14_M4) 52 They should not be facing fear, FEAR IS A HIDDEN ENEMY they should be learning and growing, imagining who they can be, and what their contributions to our country could be as well (E14_M5) 53 Please don't let hate infect your HATE IS A DISEASE heart (E14_M6) 54 Now, there are some out there ANGER IS FIRE who see this as a moment to fan the flames of resentment and division (E14_M7) 55 Who want to exploit people's FEAR IS A RESOURCE fears, even though it means tearing our nation even further apart (E14_M8) xi 56 Let us not grow weary in doing THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS A LOVE IS A LOVE IS A LOVE IS A good, for at the proper time we VALUABLE OBJECT will reap a harvest if we not lose heart (E14_M9) 57 We will not grow weary and we THE will not lose heart (E14_M10) 58 OBJECT OF VALUABLE OBJECT I'm trying to end the campaign THE OBJECT OF focusing on issues that are VALUABLE OBJECT really close to my heart—and this is one of them (E15_M1) 59 Now, I've carried those words THE OBJECT OF with me ever since I heard them VALUABLE OBJECT as a little girl, and it's an idea that really got into my head and my heart (E15_M2) 60 Where's Val? Val—I know— HAPPY IS UP got this crowd really whipped up , and I want you to stay whipped up for Val (E16_M1) 61 I was just blown away by this A SURPRISE PERSON IS A BURST nine-year-old girl—her CONTAINER confidence and how much she loved her sister (E16_M2) 62 You've shown the world what LOVE IS A RESOURCE Orlando is made of—strength, xii love and kindness (E16_M3) 63 And right now, in too many THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS A LOVE IS A LOVE IS A ways, we are falling short VALUABLE OBJECT We've got to face that and better for everyone's sake because this really does go to the heart of who we are as Americans (E16_M4) 64 And, by the way, I'm proud that THE OBJECT OF some of the Democrats and VALUABLE OBJECT Republicans who passed that landmark bill are supporting my campaign because they know where my heart is on this (E16_M5) 65 Now, one advocate after another SADNESS IS A BURDEN has told me the same thing, "We don't want pity (E16_M6) 66 This issue is very close to my THE OBJECT OF heart (E16_M7) VALUABLE OBJECT 67 It broke her heart (E16_M8) EMOTION IS A PHYSICAL SENSATION 68 We see, as Lauren said, too FEAR IS A FLUID IN A CONTAINER many young black men and women made to feel like their lives are disposable; too many xiii immigrants living in fear of deportation; too many young LGBT Americans bullied; too many young women and men sexually assaulted on campus or in the military or at home (E17_M1) 69 It's been painful for her—a lot HATE IS AN OPPONENT of hate has come her way and the gun lobby is so powerful— but Erica won't give up (E17_M2) 70 When I learned about this many LOVE IS FIRE years later, I asked how she managed to grow up into a warm, loving person and not become bitter and broken (E17_M3) 71 My heart went out to her and I THE wanted to help (E17_M4) 72 OBJECT OF LOVE IS A LOVE IS A VALUABLE OBJECT I learned that to drive real THE OBJECT OF progress, you have to change VALUABLE OBJECT both hearts and laws (E17_M5) 73 We have to stand up to this hate HATE IS AN OPPONENT (E17_M6) xiv 74 I've heard many heartbreaking EMOTION IS A PHYSICAL SENSATION stories over this campaign (E18_M1) 75 Those stories really hurt my EMOTION IS A PHYSICAL SENSATION heart (E19_M1) 76 John, they've got friends from THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS A LOVE IS A LOVE IS A LOVE IS A LOVE IS A Arkansas here—but across this VALUABLE OBJECT great country, you've welcomed me into your congregations with open arms and open hearts (E20_M1) 77 I've been privileged to see your THE OBJECT OF love in action with my own VALUABLE OBJECT eyes (E20_M2) 78 I've seen the love at Mount Zion THE OBJECT OF Missionary Baptist Church in VALUABLE OBJECT Cedar Rapids, Iowa (E20_M3) 79 I've seen the love at Tabernacle THE OBJECT OF Community Baptist Church in VALUABLE OBJECT Milwaukee (E20_M4) 80 I've seen the love at the Triumph THE OBJECT OF Baptist Church in Philadelphia VALUABLE OBJECT where Reverend James Hall, guided by what he calls the three E's of evangelism, xv education, and economic development, has been led to set up a credit union to help people in the community overlooked or ignored by the banks so they can get a small business loan, save for college, or put something away for retirement (E20_M5) 81 I've seen the love at Dexter THE OBJECT OF LOVE Avenue King Memorial Baptist VALUABLE OBJECT Church in Montgomery, Alabama (E20_M6) 82 As president, I will be your LOVE IS AN EXCHANGE partner in this work of translating love into action (E20_M7) IS A ... metaphors of emotion in public talks of Hillary Clinton in English, and (ii) to figure out what contributions that the used metaphors made to Hillary Clinton’s public talks 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS In. .. Regarding the conceptualization of happiness, Hillary Clinton, in her 20 investigated public talks, utilized metaphors of happiness which were categorized into metaphorical expressions HAPPINESS... Following was the statistics of conceptual metaphors identified in 20 public talks of Hillary Clinton under the investigation of the study Table Types and quantity of identified conceptual metaphors