Conceptual metaphors in oscar wilde’s fairy tales

BINH DUONG PROVINCIAL PEOPLE’S COMMITTEE THU DAU MOT UNIVERSITY ĐỖ THỊ MAI LIÊN CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS USED IN OSCAR WILDE’S FAIRY TALES MAJOR: ENGLISH LANGUAGE MAJOR CODE: 8220201 MASTER THESIS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE I BINH DUONG PROVINCE - 2020 BINH DUONG PROVINCIAL PEOPLE’S COMMITTEE THU DAU MOT UNIVERSITY ĐỖ THỊ MAI LIÊN CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS USED IN OSCAR WILDE’S FAIRY TALES MAJOR: ENGLISH LANGUAGE MAJOR CODE: 8220201 MASTER THESIS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE SUPERVISED BY NGUYỄN HOÀNG TUẤN, Ph.D II BINH DUONG PROVINCE - 2020 III STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I declare that this thesis “Conceptual Metaphors in Oscar Wilde’s fairy tales” is created by my findings, and I am the sole author of this thesis This thesis has not also been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution To the best of my knowledge, except for the indication of reference, this thesis is carried out without using any other author’s work and is submitted after carefully checking progress in order to fulfill the requirements of the M.A degree Binh Duong, July 2020 Đỗ Thị Mai Liên I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is completed with lots of working hours and is contributed by a large amount of enthusiasm, effort, and assistance from many people First and foremost, my heartfelt thanks are due to Dr Nguyễn Hoàng Tuấn for his invaluable advice, motivation, immense knowledge and great help His guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis I would like to express my infinite thanks to Dr Lý Quyết Tiến for initial stages, invaluable suggestions and guidance throughout my research Additionally, I am so grateful for all lecturers at Thu Dau Mot University who gave me enthusiasm and beneficial lectures Last but not least, my warmest thanks go to my family for all, who always support and encourage me during the progress of carrying out this thesis II ABSTRACT The thesis is an attempt to study and analyze the fairy tales of Oscar Wilde from the perspective of the conceptual metaphor theory proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) with the hope that it provides more insights into the variable uses of conceptual metaphors in nine stories Through Steen’s methods for conceptual metaphor identification (2009), the data for the analysis was collected from nine fairy tales: The Happy Prince, The Nightingale and the Rose, The Selfish Giant, The Devoted Friend, The Remarkable Rocket, The Young King, The Birthday of the Infanta, The Fisherman and his Soul, The Star Child The findings reveal that there are ten structural metaphors and one orientational metaphor based on linguistic expressions in Wilde's fairy tales Accordingly, the identified structural and orientational metaphors can be divided into two categories: praising beauty, values of life and giving warns, criticism, negative aspects of social life The study also examines the artistic characteristics in forming a system of characters Some implications for teaching, learning English via conceptual metaphors are also put forward in this thesis It also points out the limitations and makes new recommendations about the demand for continuing to study Wilde's other works, including poems, short stories, and novels Keywords: characters, conceptual metaphors, fairy tales, linguistic expressions III TABLES OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii TABLES OF CONTENTS iv Chapter INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the study 1.2 Problem statement………………………………….…………… …… 1.3 Objectives of the study 1.4 Research questions 1.5 Scope of the study 1.6 Significance of the study 1.6.1 In terms of theory 1.6.2 In terms of practice 1.7 Overview of the study Chapter LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Conceptual metaphor 2.1.1 Definitions of conceptual metaphor 2.1.2 Source Domain – Target Domain 10 2.1.3 Cross-Domain Mapping 11 2.1.4 Classification of conceptual metaphor 12 2.1.4.1 Structural metaphor 13 2.1.4.2 Ontological metaphor 14 2.1.4.3 Orientational metaphor 14 2.2 Fairy tales 16 2.3 Previous studies on conceptual metaphors 17 Chapter METHODOLOGY 23 3.1 Research design 23 3.2 Data Collection and Sampling 25 IV 3.3 Data Analysis 27 Chapter FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 31 4.1 HAPPINESS IS GIVING 31 4.2 LOVE IS A JOURNEY 40 4.3 SELFISHNESS IS A CLOSED GARDEN 43 4.4 SAD IS DOWN 45 4.5 HYPOCRISY IS A FALSE FRIEND 47 4.6 BOASTING IS A FAILING ROCKET 50 4.7 DREAM IS THE MIRROR OF REAL LIFE…… …………………… 52 4.8 APPEARANCE IS THE MIRROR OF FALSE VALUES 55 4.9 TRUE LOVE IS A CHALLENGE 58 4.10 A LOVING HEART IS A HAPPY STAR- CHILD 63 4.11 LOVE IS PAIN 67 4.12 Conceptual metaphor and character system in works of Oscar Wilde 69 4.12.1 The main character group 69 4.12.2 Sub-group of characters 71 Chapter CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 76 5.1 Conclusions 76 5.1.1 Implications 78 5.1.2 Limitations 79 5.2 Recommendations 79 REFERENCES 80 V Chapter INTRODUCTION The first chapter explains why this thesis is carried out by giving an overview of metaphor Particularly, the author provides the background to the study, problem statement, objectives, research questions, scope, significance, and overview of the study 1.1 Background to the study Metaphor has long been acknowledged as an indispensable device in linguistics, literature as well as popular concepts in human life in all ethnic communities In Lakoff and Johnson’s seminal book Metaphors We Live By (1980), metaphor is considered as a statement that people live in a metaphorical world, or in other words, metaphor frequently exists in our lives Furthermore, metaphor from the beginning has been shaped, studied and followed by the progress from classic to modern, from the traditional metaphor to the latest approach - conceptual metaphor Since the publication of Lakoff and Johnson’s work (1980), a large amount of research about conceptual metaphors has been conducted that has confirmed and modified their original ideas Metaphors used in the press are powerful devices for conveying ideological purposes (Black, 2004), and enable them to focus a few aspects of concept while at the same time hiding others (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980) In addition, one of the most interesting sources of data that can be used to conduct surveys, research, analyze conceptual metaphor is literature In Vietnam, there have been numerous inquiries that apply the conceptual metaphor into the analysis of poetry, song lyrics, daily language, proverbs, but none of them have focused on the conceptual metaphors reflected in fairy tales For a long time, fairy tales have gone deeply into each child's subconscious For children, they are always indispensable spiritual food since they contain vivid, eye-catching and attractive images Fairy tales have drawn special attention to them from marvelous and mysterious pictures On opening the stories, they are absorbed in the dance with the gorgeous princess, kindhearted prince, or sometimes familiar animals that have the ability to talk to each other, possess distinct characters like human beings Fairy tales for children with humanistic values, profoundly educational meaning will nurture their soul so as to help them develop the purest and the most positive thinking Andersen, Grimme, and Oscar Wilde are familiar writers associated with childhood in fairy tales Oscar Wilde (1854 - 1900) is one of the famous authors of the Irish literature His life of 46 years left an abundant literary fortune, including two collections of tales named Happy Prince and Other Tales in 1888 and A House of Pomegranates in 1891, which have contributed to his glorious success in his literary career His short stories have been translated into plentiful languages in the world, making readers know him as a writer for children despite the fact that his stories can be suitable for readers of any age Literary devices are built on these stories to highlight the meaning of the story, and the conceptual metaphor is among them Besides, in the tale The Death of the Sun-hero by Andrew Lang in 1889, the readers perceive the reason why the smart child receives the name of “the Sun-Hero” thanks to the conception of metaphors Metaphor not only enriches the vocabulary of a language and the meaning of words but also creates new ways of conveying thinking, and it also provides the speakers with hidden messages to express all their emotions, attitudes Conceptual metaphor leads the way for people to occupy the world According to Lakoff and Turner (1989), the conceptual metaphor is created from a cognitive point of view, which is the method of meaning transformation from a source domain to the target domain, in which knowledge in a source domain maps to the target domain, and the characteristics of the target domain is mapped onto the source domain The metaphor is the breath and appearance of literary works in general To comprehend the full meaning of a sentence, a paragraph, readers must encode the conceptual metaphor coded by the writer based on conventionalized metaphors perception of change leads to a change of psychological action and ends with a fierce death: broken heart and death All three female characters have similar characteristics in innocence That innocence occasionally becomes insensitive, emotionless, or cruel The daughter of the professor promises to go out with the boy if he gives her a beautiful red rose When the chamberlain’s nephew comes first, offers expensive jewelry gifts, the girl immediately proves ungrateful to the student, and coldly refuses the red rose which is made from the nightingale's life The Spanish princess before the death of the little Dwarf does not show a bit of mercy, only responds with one sentence: "Then from now on, only those who not have heart come to play with me" (Wilde, 2012, p.146) The mermaid has the most innocent beauty, but she does not need to know what the fisherman has to do, what to pay to come to her She only welcomes him into the sea as a matter of course Two birds play a vital role in the two stories, meaning as the messengers of love The small swallow is a messenger for the fellow love of the prince, and the nightingale is a messenger to connect the love between the student and the professor's daughter These two little birds devote themselves without hesitation, regret, and having to think much There seems to be an interesting message from here The smaller the condition becomes, the more impartial and beautiful the dedication is The fate ending of the two birds is the same, that is willing to take death to create happiness and opportunities for others Two other special characters are the Remarkable Rocket and the Fisherman's soul For the Rocket, it can be seen as a metaphor for snobbish, boastful, or wiseacre people who always wish to demonstrate that they are better than others but in fact, their value is extremely low least It is both a fake and a lie of people lacking personality and manifestation of a pathological paranoia or psychological disorder The Fisherman can be understood as an entity associated with the reason and emotion of each person This character probably wants to send a message 70 from the author that people must be in harmony between the soul and the body in any circumstances If there is only a body, then surely the mind is ignorant, less lucid, cannot be successful or satisfactory On the contrary, if there is only idea and spirit, not the action, nothing can be done since the body must be relied on to gain the power of physics 4.12.2 Sub-group of characters The sub-characters are not as important as the main characters, but they also serve as indispensable connections in linking the plot and the storyline Secondary characters can also be divided into three small groups: male and female characters, animal and crowd characters Male and female characters can cover all components, social classes, from the poor to the rich, children to adults, inferior positions and high ones, working class to the intellectual people, people without specific names to people with concrete ones In the order of nine stories, it is possible to mention the following characters: mothers taking care of her sick son, poor student, matchmaker, city mayor, art professor, casting workshop supervisor, God, Miller’s son, Miller’s wife, two boys, prime minister, bishop, priest, Star Child’s mother, old beggar, witch, old King, Pope, Duchess, Don Pedro, Great Magistrate The character group of animals can be said to be immensely interesting because they are all personified like humans They can talk, express feelings to each other or to humans These talking animals make Wilde's fairy tales become close to children’s world, loved by children, as well as making each story more lively, fresh, and youthful There are nearly twenty animals in Wilde's fairy tales named: otters, ducks, strippers, frogs, dragonflies, white ducks, geese, lizards, birds, uncle rabbits, woodpeckers, hedgehogs, old owls, mole rats, wrenches, small squirrels, small rabbits Additionally, there are also flowers that are depicted by personification Rose clusters in The Nightingale and the Rose are all talking The flowers in the garden in The Birthday of the Infanta know how to express their emotions 71 The character group of the crowd is the last sub-group in Wilde’s fairy tales, which plays a role in representing a collective personality with views, emotions, and opinions It comprises various people who appear and move in a similar direction, which can be seen as a perspective, an angle reflecting a social reality There are eleven crowd characters appearing in Wilde's fairy tales: weavers, slaves, workers looking for rubies, soldiers, aristocratic teenagers, repertoire performers, parishioner delegations, councilors, angels, children, Rockets in fireworks In short, the system of characters can be divided into several subs-groups, and we can treat them as special structural metaphor systems After all, each character appears with its own role, but all of them aim to reveal the ideological and artistic content value of each story The groups of characters are representative for the categories that are commonly found in fairy tales, which are such pairs as Good- Evil, Good - Bad, High - Low, Bad - True, False Dominated, Great - Small, Faithful - Betrayal, Intentional - Unintentional, Forever - Moment They are related to the orientational conceptual metaphor and make a contribution to the success of each story The findings show that eleven conceptual metaphors were reflected by linguistic expressions in Oscar Wilde’s fairy tales The source and target domain were identified to detect the conceptual metaphors within the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory 72 Stories Sources The Happy Prince; GIVING The Nightingale and The Rose; The Selfish Giant; The Devoted Friend The Nightingale and JOURNEY The Rose The Selfish Giant A CLOSED GARDEN The Devoted Friend The Remarkable Rocket The Young King The Birthday of the Infanta The Fisherman and his Soul The Star-Child The Happy Prince; The Nightingale and The Rose; The Devoted Friend;The Birthday of the Infanta; The Fisherman and his Soul Targets HAPPINESS LOVE Metaphors HAPPINESS IS GIVING LOVE IS A JOURNEY SELFISHNESS SELFISHNESS IS A CLOSED GARDEN DOWN SAD SAD IS DOWN A FALSE HYPOCRISY HYPOCRISY IS FRIEND A FALSE FRIEND A FAILING BOASTING BOASTING IS A ROCKET FAILING ROCKET AN ILLUSION A PERSON‘S DREAM IS THE OUTFIT VALUE MIRROR OF REAL LIFE THE MIRROR APPEARANCE APPEARANCE OF FALSE IS THE VALUES MIRROR OF FALSE VALUES A CHALLENGE TRUE LOVE TRUE LOVE IS A CHALLENGE A HAPPY STAR- A LOVING A LOVING CHILD HEART HEART IS A HAPPY STARCHILD PAIN LOVE LOVE IS PAIN 73 Linguistic expressions Conceptual Metaphors the swallow picked out the great ruby from the prince’s sword; HAPPINESS IS pluck out one of them and take it to him; your life-blood must GIVING flow into my veins, and become mine; It is your garden; Bitter, bitter was the pain, and wilder and wilder grew her song fly over the white and yellow rose tree; lingered on the long LOVE IS A grass with the chest piercing thorns JOURNEY my own garden, allow nobody to play in; the north wind and the SELFISHNESS hail, and the frost and the snow IS A CLOSED GARDEN feel down, kneel down SAD IS DOWN friendship never forgets; the rich Miller never gave little Hans HYPOCRISY IS anything in return; flour is one thing, friendship is another, A FALSE confused friendship never forgets; real friends should have FRIEND everything in common standing in a long, low attic, amidst the whir and clatter of DREAM IS THE many looms; lying on the deck of a huge galley that was being MIRROR OF rowed by a hundred slaves; wandering through a dim wood, REAL LIFE with strange fruits and with beautiful poisonous flowers; Blood in the heart of the ruby, Death in the heart of the pearl crooked legs, huge misshapen head from side to side, little eyes, APPEARANCE perfect horror screamed, twisted and stumpy, hunched back, his IS THE MIRROR head is completely out of proportion with his legs OF FALSE VALUES remarkable rocket, come of remarkable parents, the most BOASTING IS A celebrated Catherine Wheel, renowned, graceful dancing, a FAILING most brilliant descent in a shower of golden rain, a triumph of ROCKET pyrotechnic art;much higher than the stars, much higher than the moon, much higher than the sun, a success, set the whole world on fire, create a great sensation fierce squid dog, an owl that is capable of drawing human souls, TRUE LOVE IS dancing with the dizzy speed with the witch; lying drowned in A CHALLENGE the surf, and clasped in his arms was the body of the little Mermaid saves the small rabbit once when it traps the hunter; set the A LOVING crown upon his head; make little cages out of rushes for the HEART IS A grasshoppers to sing in; brought up the young ones himself; HAPPY STARbuilt a little dovecot for them in the cleft of a pollard elm CHILD fainter and fainter grew her song; his death; his body was found LOVE IS PAIN the next day, floating in a great pool of water; 74 In light of the preceding analysis of nine stories, it seems delighted to see again popular images from the world of Andersen, Greek mythology, princesses, princes, mermaids, birds, dwarves, giants In this thesis, we have appreciated the writing of one of the most celebrated authors not only in Europe but in the world as well, Oscar Wilde in the 19th century, especially, his works bear some relevance to the present day Eleven conceptual metaphors have been found out specifically to bring out powerful messages as may be intended by the author Aside from positive aspects and images in life, Wilde’s critical and suspicious view has revealed through a series of stories such as The Nightingale and the Rose, The Devoted Friend, The Remarkable Rocket, The Birthday of the Infanta Wilde is not the one who completely loses faith in good things As an illustration via stories such as The Happy Prince, The Selfish Giant, The Young King, The Fisherman and his Soul, people still meet the praises of fellowcreature love, love of the couple, help and mercy, kindness and compassion To sum up, Oscar Wilde is known for his simple fairy tales that hold so much meaning and real-life value The author really appreciates his works and they are regarded as great fairy tales for people of all ages to read and learn 75 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter comprises two parts First, the major points of the study are presented Then, on the grounds of discussion of the findings shown in chapter 4, recommendations are put forth in accordance with the problem which has been identified 5.1 Conclusions The thesis approaches ideological and artistic content values in Oscar Wilde's fairy tales from the perspective of conceptual metaphors Conceptual metaphors are divided into three broad categories, but in fact, only two categories that are widely used in Wilde's works are structural metaphor and orientational metaphor, in which structural metaphor is a subtype playing a central role In the nine stories were researched and analyzed, there are eleven metaphors, including ten structural metaphors and one orientational metaphor through linguistic expressions that reflect the conceptual metaphors that have been specified as follows: HAPPINESS IS GIVING LOVE IS A JOURNEY SELFISHNESS IS A CLOSED GARDEN SAD IS DOWN HYPOCRISY IS A FALSE FRIEND BOASTING IS A FAILING ROCKET DREAM IS THE MIRROR OF REAL LIFE APPEARANCE IS THE MIRROR OF FALSE VALUES TRUE LOVE IS A CHALLENGE A LOVING HEART IS A HAPPY STAR- CHILD LOVE IS PAIN Oscar Wilde's structural metaphors give the readers deep, penetrating lessons about life and human life The problems which he set out are universal 76 for all ethnic communities as well as all times These are the issues of fundamental and primary values for everyone, enabling society to exist in the kindest way, aiming at sustainable values such as the True, the Good, and the Beauty of life Wilde's fairy tales, not only written for children but it is also a gift for adults via their deep thought content and the latest problems in modern society In the structural metaphors Wilde poses, there are two metaphors that are repeated various times through stories, which are HAPPINESS IS GIVING, LOVE IS A JOURNEY The metaphor HAPPINESS IS GIVING appears in The Happy Prince, The Nightingale and the Rose, The Devoted Friend, and The Selfish Giant stories HAPPINESS IS GIVING comes from any individual, any creature on the earth Despite as small as a bird, as big as a giant, luxurious as the statue of the prince, they are all willing to devote themselves, their best to bring joy and happiness to others, and true values to the community Their lives, therefore, are reborn in the lives of others and their images remain forever in nostalgia, in the hearts of those who are alive by the spiritual value they leave The structural metaphor of the love value TRUE LOVE IS A CHALLENGE is repeated through four stories: The Young King, The Star-Child, The Nightingale and the Rose, and The Fisheman and his Soul Only when there is sincere love can the prince be able to ascend to the throne in the acclaim of all people, ascending to the throne, and his heart is really gentle and serene The clothes he wore were given by God, which corresponded to his own virtue and dignity The clothes of God, simple but gorgeous, helps the young man - the king - to overcome the guilt concerning the clothes people prepared for him, bring in its blood and tears of innocent, hard-working workers It is also the love that is praised and shined through the conceptual metaphor A LOVING HEART IS A HAPPY STAR-CHILD in the story of The Star-Child, associated with the mental change of the principal character in the story Only when there is genuine love, Star-Child is considered as a true person That love helps him reunite with his family, and is also the most basic value to ascend the throne and continue to care and love all the people in his kingdom 77 Reconsidering the structural metaphors Wilde poses, it is possible to put them into two dominant groups: structural metaphors of praising beauty, values of life, and structural metaphors showing the other side of social life The latter is expressed in conceptual metaphors SELFISHNESS IS A CLOSED GARDEN, HYPOCRISY IS A FALSE FRIEND, and BOASTING IS A FAILING ROCKET We can see that the mapping between two domains reflects the themes in Wilde’s works are relevant to people’s negative characters in today’s modern world In addition to the structural and orientational metaphors originated from each work, other perspectives on conceptual metaphors from setting up character systems to the psychological depiction art give us a more complete and comprehensive view of Wilde's work, drawing the highest attention of the reader as well as the compelling charm of each writer's work 5.1.1 Implications So far from what has been discussed in the findings mentioned in chapter 4, it can be concluded that in study or teaching, we need to concentrate on sorts of conceptual metaphors in Vietnamese and foreign works Therefore, conceptual metaphors should be taken into consideration to students while teaching so that they are able to master them as an excellent way to analyze literary works In particular, in teaching English through metaphors, teachers need to assist the learners in understanding metaphorical linguistic expressions Besides that, with the help of conceptual metaphor, numerous language devices become easier and easier for students to master A good illustration is that English learners recognize why the following expressions are used to express their feelings and emotions by English speakers in this way I'm feeling up My spirits rose You're in high spirits I'm feeling down He's really low these days 78 More importantly, thanks to the fact that through conceptual metaphors, students have some understanding of valuable lessons to be able to motivate them to train themselves to become exemplary citizens in society All in all, the pedagogical implications as given above are expected to make English teaching more interesting and widen a path with easy access to literary works for learners through conceptual metaphors 5.1.2 Limitations This thesis opens a way to approach Wilde from the perspective of conceptual metaphor The author does not confirm to have explored every corner of the works on account of not having enough time for further analysis, especially the artistically descriptive expressions of the author Oscar Wilde is an author with special hidden corners in fate and life These things surely have a significant impact on his works In the author’s opinion, it is possible to continue to review and analyze works from a wide variety of perspectives In other respects, this research only focuses on conceptual metaphors in fairy tales The next studies should be conducted to survey more and more and collate with the other writers about metaphors 5.2 Recommendations Fairy tales are the only part of the literary fortune Wilde left behind Wilde's literary fortune and his fate are extremely interesting and mysterious aspects that need to be studied further and more thoroughly In addition to fairy tales, he is the author of five volumes of poetry, nine plays, two novels, a collection of short stories, and a collection of letters All his literary fortunes need to continue to be researched in many angles Particularly for Wilde's fairy tales, it is vital to continue applying a variety of other theories and methods to discover more interesting and unique things in his works 79 REFERENCES In English Baake, K (2003) Metaphor and Knowledge: The Challenges of Writing Science UN: State University of New York Press Bettelheim, B (1977) The use of enchantment: The meaning and importance of fairy tales New York: Vintage Books Black, C (2004) Corpus approaches to critical metaphor analysis New York: Palgrave MacMillan Brickman, L., & 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