Metonymy in english and vietnamesea contrastive analysis

Metonymy in English and Vietnamese-A contrastive analysis ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have completed this study with the help from my teachers and friends Firstly, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor –the Dean of the Department of Foreign LanguagesMaster of Arts Ngơ Đình Phương for his encouragement, great support and constant advice on my study I am grateful to Master of Arts Trần Ngọc Tưởng for his useful advice and enthusiastic help from the early stages of the study I would also like to acknowledge my special thanks to the teachers in the Department of Foreign Languages as well as the teachers in other Departments whose references and advice are useful for my study And lastly, I really like to express my gratefulness to my friends who gave me much advice and great help throughout my study Vinh, May 2003 Trịnh Minh Hải Graduation paper  Trịnh Minh Hải - 40A2 Metonymy in English and Vietnamese-A contrastive analysis TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………….1 TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………….2 PART A: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………… Reasons for choosing the subject……………………………… The aims of the study…………………………………………………4 Scope of the study…………………………………………………… Methods of the study…………………………………………………5 The design of the study …………………………………………… PART B: CONTENTS …………………………………………………5 CHAPTER THEORETICAL PRELIMINARIES …………… 1.1 Theory of General Semantics …………………………………… 1.2 Language habit-Study …………………………………………… 1.3 The meaning of word ……………………………………………… 1.4 Semantic change …………………………………………………… 1.5 The use of word …………………………………………………… CHAPTER METONYMY IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 11 2.1 Definition ………………………………………….…………… … 11 2.2 Features of metonymy …………………………………………… 13 2.3 Types of metonymy ……………………………………… ……… 16 2.3.1Abehavioral-reactions-for-emotionmetonymy ………………16 2.3.2Acontroller- for-controlled metonymy …………………………19 2.3.3 An institution-for people-responsible metonymy ………… 19 2.3.4 An object -used-for -user-metonymy ……………………… 20 2.3.5Apart-for-wholemetonymy ……………………………………… 21 Graduation paper  Trịnh Minh Hải - 40A2 Metonymy in English and Vietnamese-A contrastive analysis 2.3.6Awhole-for-par metonymy ……………………………………….24 2.3.7 A physiological-effects-for-emotion metonymy…………… 24 2.3.8Aplace -for-event metonymy …………………………………… 26 2.3.9Aproducer-for-producmetonymy ……………………………….27 2.3.10Aname-of-author-for- work metonymy …………………….28 2.3.11 Acontainer-fo contained metonymy ………………………… 29 2.3.12Aconcrete-for-abstract metonymy …………………………….31 2.3.13Apartof human body-for-symbol metonymy ……………….32 2.3.14Amaterial-for-thing-made- of- material metonymy ……… 33 2.3.15Aplace-for-institution metonymy ………………………… ….33 CHAPTER THE CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF METONYMY IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE - SUGGESTED EXERCISES 35 3.1 Similarities ………………………………………………………… 35 3.2 Differences ……………………………………………………… 38 3.3 Suggested exercises ……………………………………………… 39 PART C: CONCLUSION ………………………………………… 42 REFERENCES …………………………………………………………43 APPENDIX…………………………………………………………45 Part A INTRODUCTION Graduation paper  Trịnh Minh Hải - 40A2 Metonymy in English and Vietnamese-A contrastive analysis Reasons for choosing the subject In both daily spoken language and literary language in English and Vietnamese, we often meet figurative use of language that is the way of saying something that is different from a literal expression For example, It is a nightmare, A thousands thanks, She is a snake We are really interested in studying them, especially metonymy For example, words such as Volt, Ampere, Penicillin… We can also see that, in fact, language choice not only depends on the speaker or writer’s knowledge, culture but also is a habit Sometimes, people use words without knowing much about their origin and their development of meaning Studying about this phenomenon attracts us very much More ever, metonymy is not only a linguistic phenomenon that exists in English but also popular in Vietnamese It is interesting and helpful to examine and find out some relationships between two languages That is very helpful because we can not only see the beauty of two languages but also apply our understanding to learning and teaching language, especially learning and teaching English +These are the reasons why I choose this subject for my graduation paper The aims of the study This study aims at giving a basic knowledge of metonymy and to some extent, explaining how language is enriched This study also gives specific analysis of metonymy in English and Vietnamese and a contrast between them I hope the result of the study will help the readers have a deep understanding about metonymy including its nature, how it is used in daily language as well as in written language, especially in literature and the effects gained when using it Graduation paper  Trịnh Minh Hải - 40A2 Metonymy in English and Vietnamese-A contrastive analysis We also hope that specific analysis and suggested exercises provided will contribute a small part in teaching and learning Semantics in general and metonymy in particular in two languages, especially in English Scope of the study We pay attention to metonymy-its features and types in English and Vietnamese The scope of the investigation is limited to only a few daily spoken languages, some newspapers, science books, literary works in English and Vietnamese Methods of the study - Systematic method - Contrastive method - Analytical method The design of the study Part A INTRODUCTION Reasons for choosing the subject The aims of the study Scope of the study Methods of the study The design of the study PART B CONTENTS Chapter Theoretical preliminaries Chapter Metonymy in English and Vietnamese Chapter The contrastive analysis of metonymy in English and Vietnamese - Suggested exercises Graduation paper  Trịnh Minh Hải - 40A2 Metonymy in English and Vietnamese-A contrastive analysis PART C CONCLUSION REFERENCES APPENDIX CHAPTER THEORETICAL PRELIMINARIES 1.1.Theory of General Semantics Korzybski succeeded in formulating a theory and a method, which gives a means of proper evaluation whenever language is used This body of data and method leading to habits of adequate language-fact relationships he called General Semantics (Ibid p.8) General Semantics, differing from the other ones, gives emphasis on the effectiveness of human communication It provides a method of studying the part language plays in human affairs The scientist is able to use words so accurately that they enable him to build bridges and erect giant super natures Perhaps, the scientist’s use of words may provide a clue to help the teacher; the pupil or anyone evaluate his own language habits There are several things that we can to use language more efficiently and accurately to achieve understanding and agreement: a An awareness of the all-pervasive character of language in human being’s daily affairs from infancy to maturity b A habit of looking to language as a possible clue to some of our misunderstandings and conflicts c An appreciation of scientific method as applied in the physical sciences and a consideration of the possibility of application of that method to language 1.2 Language habit-Study Graduation paper  Trịnh Minh Hải - 40A2 Metonymy in English and Vietnamese-A contrastive analysis An individual’s use of language is a clue to his personal adjustment, his interpersonal relationships, and his degree of maturity A study of language habits should increase self-understanding and promote more effective relationships with others We are born in and live in a language milieu that is tremendously influential in determining what we believe and how we act We listen to and take over existing habits of speaking and thinking which profoundly affects our ways of doing things And if by the vagaries of existence those habits lead to confusion, misunderstanding, and conflicts, we become caught in a kind of system from which escape comes only by much effort According to Lee (in “Language Habits in Human Affairs”), these remains something even more fundamental-the necessity of knowing how to “ talk sense ”of knowing how to use the gift of speech intelligently, of being able to manipulate the language in our own daily living and in our affairs with others so as to avoid the blockages, misevaluation, and cross purposes that seem so much a part of the modern world 1.3 The meaning of word Among the word’s various characteristics, meaning is the most important Word has two main types of meaning: grammatical meaning and lexical meaning Grammatical meaning is the meaning recurrent in identical set of different words and it divides words into group with their own grammatical features For example: The grammatical meaning of “ pen, pencil and room” is that they are nouns Graduation paper  Trịnh Minh Hải - 40A2 Metonymy in English and Vietnamese-A contrastive analysis Lexical meaning is the realization of concept or emotion For example: When we hear the word “school”, our concept is realized and the picture or the image of a school occurs to our mind There are two types of lexical meaning They are direct meaning and indirect meaning Direct meaning is the meaning that directly denotes something without comparing it or associating it with other things in other words, we not need a context Direct meaning is also called “literal meaning” Indirect meaning is the meaning that indirectly denotes something To understand it, we have to compare it or associate with other thing, in other words, we need contexts Indirect meaning is also called “figurative meaning” For example: When we hear the word “skirt” we are most likely to think of a type of clothes That is direct meaning But when we put it in the sentence “He is always running after the skirt”, we are not talking about a real skirt in other words, its literal meaning In this context, “skirt” refers to a woman or a girl that is indirect meaning Indirect meaning affects the use of figures of speech, that are ways of saying thing without saying them directly such as metaphor, simile, metonymy and so on Figures of speech can be used primarily to attain some specific effect on the reader, for declarative or purely aesthetic purpose 1.4 Semantic change The systems of meanings of polysemantic words evolve gradually The older a word is, the better developed is its semantic structure So, what are causes of development of new meanings? The first group of causes is new meaning can also be developed due to linguistic factors such as the influence of other words, mostly synonyms Graduation paper  Trịnh Minh Hải - 40A2 Metonymy in English and Vietnamese-A contrastive analysis For example: The word “deer ”used to be used to denote any kind of beast, this meaning is influenced by that of a borrowed word “animal” and now it denotes a certain kind of beast The second group of causes is historical or extra-linguistic We have observed evidence that we live in a world of constant changes and motion at all levels Different kinds of changes in a nation’s social life, its cultures, knowledge, technology, art lead to gaps appearing in the vocabulary which beg to be filled New created objects, new notion and phenomena must be named; otherwise, our speech will not correspond to the moving, changing world about us We already know two ways for providing new names for newly created notion: Making new words (word - building): For example: Air - line, matchbox , postman , And borrowing foreign ones: For example: Animal, crisis, and criterion One more way of filling such vocabulary gaps is by applying some old words to a new object or notion For example: The word “mill” originally meant “a building in which corn is ground into flour” When the first textile factories appeared in English, it was applied to these early industrial enterprises and the new meaning was “textile factory” 1.5 The use of word The fact that a limited number of words must serve to cover an unlimited number of things leads to confusion and misunderstanding There is no such thing as the real sense of a word There is only the sense in which word is used Even though the English tongue contains many thousands of words and many of these have more than one recognized dictionary meaning yet we are far from having one word for each fact Each word and even each dictionary Graduation paper  Trịnh Minh Hải - 40A2 Metonymy in English and Vietnamese-A contrastive analysis meaning of each word, must heavy duty, representing a great number and variety of facts According to Johnson, a rather large share of our misunderstandings and disagreements arises not so much because we are constitutionally stupid or stubborn, but simply because we have to use the same words to refer to so many different things (People in Quandaries) For example: Mother says: “ I need some new glasses” Her daughter buys a dozen water glasses for a present while what mother meant is eyeglasses Hayakawa in his “ Language in Thought an Action”, says that: “ If we can get deeply into our consciousness the principle that no word ever has the same meaning twice, we will develop the habit of automatically examining contexts, and this enables us to be aware of the fact that any word may have a whole list of uses, what is being said may not represent what they assumes it does” CHAPTER METONYMY IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 2.1 Definition Before giving definition of English metonymy and going into specific discussion about it, we will analyze some examples extracted from a literary work and daily spoken language: Milton! Thou shouldst be living at this hour England hath need of thee: She is a fen Of stagnant waters: altar, sword and pen Fireside, the heroic welth of hall and bower (“London 1802” William Words Worth) The kettle is boiling Graduation paper  10 Trịnh Minh Hải - 40A2 Metonymy in English and Vietnamese-A contrastive analysis Especially, it is used much in literature, for example, in poetry, folksongs for rhetorical purpose Great meanings are conveyed beyond simple words For example: - Kháng chiến ba ngàn ngày không nghỉ Bắp chân đầu gối săn gân (Tố Hữu) - Một làm chẳng nên non Ba chụm lại nên núi cao (Ca dao) - Nhận khứ đê vỡ, nạn đói, ta làm nên mùa vàng năm tấn, bảy (Chế Lan Viên) Bắp chân đầu gối săn gân  Bravery, strong will Một  Little amount Ba  Abundant amount  Ba chụm lại Strength created by the alliance of many people Hòn núi cao  Great power Đê vỡ, nạn đói  Exhaust, devastation Mùa vàng năm bảy  Comfortable life 2.3.13 A part-of-body-for-symbol metonymy: Is a metonymy in which a part of human body is used as symbol for different abilities of human For example: - To have a good eye - To have a kind heart - To have a clever head Eye Heart Graduation paper   Experience, understanding Personality  32 Trịnh Minh Hải - 40A2 Metonymy in English and Vietnamese-A contrastive analysis  Head Intelligence In Vietnamese we can meet the same way of saying -Khen cho mắt tinh đời For example: Anh hùng đoán trần già ( Truyện Kiều) - Chúng tơi có bụng chưa biết ý vương tử (Kiêu binh loạn) Con mắt  Bụng  Experience, understanding Thought 2.3.14 A material-for – thing –made – of - material metonymy : Is a metonymy in which material is used to stand for thing made of the material For example: - A taffeta  A dress made of taffeta - A mink  A mink coat - A jersey  A knitted shirt or sweater  - A glass A container made of glass In Vietnamese , this type of metonymy is also used - Cái thau  A container made of the alloy of For example: tin and copper ( Thau)  Mirror made of glass - Gương - Đồng  A kind of money made of copper 2.3.15 A place-for-institution metonymy: Is a metonymy in which a reference to the place at which an institution is located is used to stand for the institution itself For example: - The White House is not saying anything - Wall Street has reacted positively to the change in interest rates - Paris is introducing longer skirts this season Graduation paper  33 Trịnh Minh Hải - 40A2 Metonymy in English and Vietnamese-A contrastive analysis (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryof linguistic terms/whatisametonymy.htm.) - The White House (the place where the home and office of the president of the United States is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington D.C)  The office of the U.S government -Wall Street (the street which is the center of New York’s financial district where the New York stock Exchange is situated)  The stock Exchange or America’s Economy - Paris (the capital of France)  The kingdom of the world fashion Place-for-institution metonymy is also widely used in Vietnamese For example: - Bắc Ninh triển khai sáu biện pháp nâng cao chất lượng hệ thống trị sở (Báo Nhân Dân) - Kết thúc giải hạng quốc gia, Bình Định Đà Nẵng dẫn đầu, dành quyền dự giải chuyên nghiệp mùa bóng 2001-2002 (Báo Thể thao Văn hố) Bắc Ninh  Bình Định, Đà Nẵng  The administration of Bac Ninh province The football teams of Binh Dinh and Da Nang province Graduation paper  34 Trịnh Minh Hải - 40A2 Metonymy in English and Vietnamese-A contrastive analysis CHAPTER THE CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF METONYMY IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE - SUGGESTED EXERCISES We have just discussed about metonymy in English and Vietnamese Now it is the time for us to make a contrast between them 3.1 Similarities Although English is an inflectional language and Vietnamese is an isolated one, metonymy in these two languages share much similarities 3.1.1 The nature of metonymy in English and Vietnamese is the same to each other It is the transference of name from one object to another based on contiguity of notions The concept of contiguity in this case is understood not only as referring to spatial proximity but also as general term for other associations in the spatial, temporal or causal relation That means the two objects involved may be associated together because they often appear in common situations or they may be associated based on part-whole relation, container-contained relation, For example: In English: - He is always running after the skirt In this context, “skirt” refers to a woman or a girl The metonymy is implemented based on the fact that this item of clothing often worn by women(part-for-whole metonymy) In Vietnamese: - Bóng hồng nhác thấy nẻo xa Xuân lan thu cúc mặn mà hai ( Truyện Kiều) “Bóng hồng” is originally a classic reference derived from Chinese language In the past, Chinese women often wore red shirt And now, Graduation paper  35 Trịnh Minh Hải - 40A2 Metonymy in English and Vietnamese-A contrastive analysis Vietnamese people use it as a metonymy to indicate women Similar to English, the metonymy is also implemented based on part- whole relation 3.1.2 Metonymy is widely used in English as well as in Vietnamese and it is one of popular and useful ways to enhance the expressing ability of each language Metonymy is a part of everyday speech and people use them quite unconsciously For example: In English: Volt, Watt, China, In Vietnamese: Một Jeans, đôi Adidas, 220 Volt, In this case, they are linguistic metonymies and have no rhetorical meaning Metonymy is also widely used in written language Metonymy is used much in imaginative writing such as fiction, poetry, to clarify and enhance image In this case they are stylistic metonymies The authors use them for the purpose for generating rhetorical meaning For example: paragraph of George In English: Take one sentence from the opening Eliot’s Adam Bede (1859) for example: …With this drop of ink at the end of my pen, I will show you the roomy workshop of Mr Johnathan Burge carpenter and builder ,in the village of Hayslope, as it appeared on the eighteenth of June, in the year of our Lord 1799… A “ drop of ink”, of course, can not describe the workshop to readers, but the words used by a writer can The “drop of ink” thus serves as a metonymy for “word” This way of saying is imaginative and impressive In Vietnamese: For example: Những hồn Trần Phú vơ danh Sóng xanh biển xanh núi ngàn Graduation paper  36 Trịnh Minh Hải - 40A2 Metonymy in English and Vietnamese-A contrastive analysis (Tố Hữu) Name of the great hero “Trần Phú” is used as a metonymy to indicate people who have laid down their lives for our country 3.1.3 The classification of metonymy in English and Vietnamese is quite similar to each other Both English and Vietnamese have the same main types of metonymy which are used based on different relations such as: - Part-whole relation: For example: We often say: In English: - I used to live without a roof over my head In Vietnamese: - Chúng sống mái nhà - Relation between container and the thing contained: For example: In English: - Take me a bottle, please! - The whole theatre was in tears In Vietnamese: - Mấy thùng (gạo, ) - Một tủ (vải vóc, ) - Anh giết gà ngày mai làng biết (Nam Cao) - Relation between the author and his work: For example: In English: - Can I borrow your Shakespears? In Vietnamese: …Đọc Hàn Mặc Tử người ta thường chia thuộc “hàng chử gấm”, thuộc “mắt mờ lệ” ( Tinh hoa thơ Mới) - Relation between the concrete and the abstract one: For example: In English: Graduation paper - From the cradle to the grave  37 Trịnh Minh Hải - 40A2 Metonymy in English and Vietnamese-A contrastive analysis In Vietnamese: - Anh Uỷ có trán vng bánh chưng, người có bùa xông xao chục trận mà chưa phải bôi thuốc đỏ … ( Triệu Bôn ) - Relation between the parts of human body and what they symbolize: For example: In English: - Two heads are better than one - She has a good ear for music In Vietnamese: - Vai vế (social position) - Tai mắt (social relation) - Relation between event and the place where it occurs: For example: In English: - Watergate changed our politics policy (Helicon) In Vietnamese: - Khởi nghĩa Yên Thế, Trận Bạch Đằng, - Relation between material and thing made of the material: For example: In English: - An iron ( a tool with flat base heated for smoothing clothes made of iron) In Vietnamese: - Mì (noodle made of wheat) … 3.2 Differences Although metonymy in English and Vietnamese share surprising similarities, there are some differences between them There are some differences caused by cultural factors 3.2.1 Vietnamese and English are spoken by people of different cultures The differences of culture are reflected mainly and clearly in each language Graduation paper  38 Trịnh Minh Hải - 40A2 Metonymy in English and Vietnamese-A contrastive analysis Vietnamese’s culture is an agricultural one Their lives are closely related to the nature, so, in Vietnamese language in general and in Vietnamese metonymy in particular natural factors appear much  Country For example: - Đất nước - Lúa khoai, khoai sắn  Food - Xuân,thu,đông,…  Year - Mấy gốc cam  Some orange trees 3.2.2 Some metonymies belong to the same type of metonymy but they are expressed differently in English and Vietnamese For example: Metonymy like “tongue” and “tiếng” in English and Vietnamese To denote “language”, English speakers use an organ of speech “tongue” while Vietnamese speakers use the sound of speech “tiếng” 3.2.3 Chinese influences Vietnamese language much In Vietnamese, metonymy is an important way in which Chinese words change their meanings to become Vietnamese-Chinese words For example: - Thế gian (life or a stage of life )  People who live in that time - Thế gian dại chưa khôn Sống mặc áo rách, chết chôn áo lành ( Ca dao ) - Tật (uncured diseases)  Bad character, objectionable action - Chứng tật (Tục ngữ ) - Bia (memorial stela)  Target for rumor - Trăm năm bia đá mịn Nghìn năm bia miệng trơ trơ Graduation paper  39 Trịnh Minh Hải - 40A2 Metonymy in English and Vietnamese-A contrastive analysis ( Phương ngôn ) 3.3 Suggested Exercises Although metonymy is widely used in English and Vietnamese and it is more objective in comparison with metaphor, people still find it difficult to identify it in some cases These suggested exercises are given out in order to help the learners understand more about metonymy and practise effectively I What each sentence would mean? The hostess kept a good table The butler brought a meal to the crown Washington made a speech earlier this morning I True/ False Write a T if the statement is a metonymy and a F if the statement is not a metonymy The picture told a good story You can turn off the stove as soon as the pots are boiling Mother punished me for arriving home too late The office had a party III State the Metonymy Write the metonymy on the blank beside each sentence 1.The book said he was an inventor 2.Mother warmed the rolls 3.I am out of gas 4.The jockey galloped to a win IV Explain what the metonymy in each sentence means The army said that the man was too old The bench ruled on the criminal’s punishment All the schools in this area issue rules Graduation paper  40 Trịnh Minh Hải - 40A2 Metonymy in English and Vietnamese-A contrastive analysis We will have the fatal wreck for you on the noon newscast V Say if the sentences of phrases below are Metaphor or Metonymy His hands were vine shoots He took to the bottle after his wife’s death There was not a soul in the street Ivory teeth The dinner cost us twenty pounds per head Would you like a scotch? He is afraid of the evil one The music of her laugh He is a wet blanket He was a man of cloth VI Identify any Metonymy in the following statements The pound has risen in strength today against the dollar It is about time you put your foot down The bench has decreed that the case be dismissed Japan is sometimes referred to as the land of the rising sun The whole city will welcome this grant from the government In the entire Homer, there is no finer view or Greece than this VII In his poem “Out, out “Robert Frost uses metonymy in the following lines when the main character of the poem has cut his hand off in a buzz-saw Can you identify the metonymy? What are the two items (A and B) of the figure? The boy’s first outcry was a rueful laugh As he swung toward them holding up the hand Half in appeal, but half as if to keep Graduation paper  41 Trịnh Minh Hải - 40A2 Metonymy in English and Vietnamese-A contrastive analysis The life from spilling out PART C CONCLUSION Heraclitus said : “You can not walk through the same stream twice” The world is in process Therefore , language must develop to satisfy the demand of the communication Metonymy as a result, is widely used It becomes a part of daily speech Furthermore, it is also used in written language such as newspaper, science books, especially in literature for rhetorical purpose.Metonymy is used in different languages even those of different typologies, for example, English and Vietnamese However, apart from some differences, they share surprising similarity This study presents the readers a detail description of metonymy in English and Vietnamese including its definition, features and types A contrastive analysis of metonymy between two languages is also given out so that the reader can see some similarities and differences between them The study also gives a lot of exercises with the hope that the reader can practise more perfectly Although the study is implemented with much effort, errors are unavoidable I would be grateful to receive any suggestion and comment from all of you Graduation paper  42 Trịnh Minh Hải - 40A2 Metonymy in English and Vietnamese-A contrastive analysis REFERENCES HOA ,NGUYEN An introduction to Semantics, VN publishing House ANTRUSHINA,G.B English Lexicology, Moscow Higher School Publishing House, 1985 3.TUONG, HOANG TAT Basic English Lexicology, Hanoi University of foreign language teacher, 1996 DAVID CRYSTAL, Encyclopaedia of language 5.THOM, NGUYEN XUAN An outline of English and American Literature ROSS MURFIN AND SUPRYIA M.RAY, The Bedford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms 7.X.J KENEDY Literature an Introduction to Fiction, Poetry and Drama J PAUL HUNTER The Norton Introduction to Poetry HELICON The Hutchinson Encyclopaedia 10.THOMAS HARDY Far from the Madding Crowd 11.ANNE BRONTE Jane Eyre 12 EARNEST HEMINGWAY A Fawell to Arms 13.http: //www.art.hist.lu.se/kult sem/encyclo/Metonymy.htm 14.http ://www.stedwards.edu/num/klawiter/poetics/Metonymy.htm Graduation paper  43 Trịnh Minh Hải - 40A2 Metonymy in English and Vietnamese-A contrastive analysis 15.http://www.parkland.sk.ca/shelllake/grassroots2/Metonymy.htm 16.http://www.bibl.gen.nz/amos/glossary/Metommnymy.htm 17.GIAP,NGUYEN THIEN Dẫn luận ngôn ngữ học, NXB Giáo dục 18.LAC, DINH TRONG 99 biện pháp tu từ Tiếng Việt, NXB Giáo dục 19.QUYNH, NGUYEN HUU Từ vựng học Tiếng Việt đại 20 HAN , LE BA Tinh hoa Thơ Mới, thẩm bình suy nghĩ, NXB Văn học 21 DUC , HA MINH Văn học Việt Nam đại, NXB Giáo dục 22 Lich sử 6, NXB Giáo dục 23 Lịch sử Triều đại phong kiến Việt Nam, NXB Giáo dục 24.TU, NGUYEN VAN Từ vốn từ Tiếng Việt đại 25 Cơ sở văn hoá Việt Nam 26.Báo Thể thao hàng ngày 27.CHARLES DICKENS David Copperfield 28.CHAU, DO HUU Từ vựng ngữ nghĩa Tiếng Việt 29.http://.sil.ogr/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/whatisametonymy htm APPENDIX The numbers in square brackets indicate the page number of the reference the examples are taken from and the page number of the graduation paper where they are used When there are numbers inside the square brackets separated by a semicolon, the former indicates the page number of the reference, the later indicates the page number of the graduation paper The square brackets around a number indicates the page number of the graduation paper only Graduation paper  44 Trịnh Minh Hải - 40A2 Metonymy in English and Vietnamese-A contrastive analysis 1.The Harbrace anthology of poetry: [233,11] ; [244,16] ; [249,22] 2.http://sil.org/linguistics/glossary of linguistic term/whatisametonymy.htm: [12] ; [20] ; [34] 3.ROSS MURFIN AND SUPRYIA M.RAY The Bedford glossary of critical and literary Terms: [237,12] 4.HOA, NGUYEN An introduction to semantics: [68,12] 5.THOM, NGUYEN XUAN An outline of English and American Literature: [130,14] ; [290,29] ; [185,30] 6.QUYNH, NGUYEN HUU Tiếng Việt đại: [54,13] 7.CHAU, DO HUU.Từ vựng ngữ nghĩa Tiếng Việt: [161,13] 8.Văn-Tiếng Việt NXB Giáo dục : [22,14] ; [23,37] 9.Vietnam news No 192 of the year 2000 : [3,14] 10 Báo Thể thao hàng ngày No 44 of the year 2001: [2,14] 11.Văn-Tiếng Việt NXB Giáo dục: [9,16] 12.Văn học 12 NXB Giáo dục: [208,18] ; [244,26] ; [237,26] 13.Những hát hay chọn lọc NXB Văn nghệ 1998: [46,18] 14.Tuyển tập thơ Tố Hữu NXB Văn học: [30,18] ; [45,19] ; [50,23];[56,23] ; [65,31] ; [92,32] ; [142,36] 15 Các triều đại phong kiến Việt nam: [327,19] 16 The Consumer Society and the Law: [10,20] 17 Báo Nhân dân No 17405 of the year 2003: [3,20] ; [2,20] 18.Truyện Kiều NXB Văn học: [42,23] ; [63,33] ; [72,35] 19.Lịch sử 11.NXB Giáo dục: [14,27] ; [23,27] 20 Lịch sử NXB Giáo dục: [11,27] ; [34,27] 21 HOAI THANH, HOAI CHAN Thi nhân Việt Nam: [14,29] 22 GIAP, NGUYEN THIEN Dẫn luận ngôn ngữ học: [63,21] Graduation paper  45 Trịnh Minh Hải - 40A2 Metonymy in English and Vietnamese-A contrastive analysis 23 X.J.KENEDY Literature an Intoduction to Fiction, Poetry and Drama: [244,31] 24.Ca dao trữ tình Việt nam NXB Văn học:[192,32] 25.LAC, DINH TRONG 99 biện pháp tu từ Tiếng Việt: [27,32] 26.Văn học 11.NXB Giáo dục:[37,33] 27.Báo Nhân dân No 17425: [3,34] 28.Báo thể thao Văn hoá No 194 :[2,34] 29.HAN, LE BA Tinh hoa thơ Mới: [332,37] 30.HELICON The Hutchinson Encyclopaedia: [323,43] 31.TU, NGUYEN VAN Từ vốn từ Tiếng Việt đại, NXB Giáo dục: [294,39] ; [295,39] ; [295,39] Graduation paper  46 Trịnh Minh Hải - 40A2 ... Metonymy in English and Vietnamese Chapter The contrastive analysis of metonymy in English and Vietnamese - Suggested exercises Graduation paper  Trịnh Minh Hải - 40A2 Metonymy in English and. .. and learning Semantics in general and metonymy in particular in two languages, especially in English Scope of the study We pay attention to metonymy- its features and types in English and Vietnamese... uses, what is being said may not represent what they assumes it does” CHAPTER METONYMY IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 2.1 Definition Before giving definition of English metonymy and going into specific